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Sun J, Gong Y, Xu M, Chen H, Shao H, Zhou R. Coaxial 3D Bioprinting Process Research and Performance Tests on Vascular Scaffolds. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:463. [PMID: 38675274 PMCID: PMC11051886 DOI: 10.3390/mi15040463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Three-dimensionally printed vascularized tissue, which is suitable for treating human cardiovascular diseases, should possess excellent biocompatibility, mechanical performance, and the structure of complex vascular networks. In this paper, we propose a method for fabricating vascularized tissue based on coaxial 3D bioprinting technology combined with the mold method. Sodium alginate (SA) solution was chosen as the bioink material, while the cross-linking agent was a calcium chloride (CaCl2) solution. To obtain the optimal parameters for the fabrication of vascular scaffolds, we first formulated theoretical models of a coaxial jet and a vascular network. Subsequently, we conducted a simulation analysis to obtain preliminary process parameters. Based on the aforementioned research, experiments of vascular scaffold fabrication based on the coaxial jet model and experiments of vascular network fabrication were carried out. Finally, we optimized various parameters, such as the flow rate of internal and external solutions, bioink concentration, and cross-linking agent concentration. The performance tests showed that the fabricated vascular scaffolds had levels of satisfactory degradability, water absorption, and mechanical properties that meet the requirements for practical applications. Cellular experiments with stained samples demonstrated satisfactory proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) within the vascular scaffold over a seven-day period, observed under a fluorescent inverted microscope. The cells showed good biocompatibility with the vascular scaffold. The above results indicate that the fabricated vascular structure initially meet the requirements of vascular scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarun Sun
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (J.S.); (Y.G.); (H.C.); (H.S.)
| | - Youping Gong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (J.S.); (Y.G.); (H.C.); (H.S.)
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Manli Xu
- The 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310005, China
| | - Huipeng Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (J.S.); (Y.G.); (H.C.); (H.S.)
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Huifeng Shao
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (J.S.); (Y.G.); (H.C.); (H.S.)
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Equipment and Manufacturing, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Rougang Zhou
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (J.S.); (Y.G.); (H.C.); (H.S.)
- Mstar Technologies, Inc., Room 406, Building 19, Hangzhou Future Science and Technology City (Haichuang Park), No. 998, Wenyi West Road, Yuhang District, Hangzhou 311121, China
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2
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Becerra D, Xu Y, Wang X, Hall LM. Impact of Molecular-level Structural Disruption on Relaxation Dynamics of Polymers with End-on and Side-on Liquid Crystal Moieties. ACS NANO 2023; 17:24790-24801. [PMID: 38047918 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c05354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
In side-chain liquid crystal polymers (SCLCPs), short side chains are attached on a flexible polymer backbone, and each side chain can have a liquid crystal (LC) group attached at the final bead in either an end-on or a side-on configuration. SCLCPs with random sequences of end-on and side-on LC moieties exhibit nonmonotonic thermal behavior as a function of composition, with some mixed sequences having a lower isotropic to LC phase transition than either purely end-on or side-on configurations. The origin of this nonmonotonic thermal trend lies in the disruption of molecular-level positional ordering and alignment due to the different preferred types of ordering of the different LC attachment types. We compare coarse-grained molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and experiments on SCLCP systems with only one type of LC moiety and demonstrate qualitative agreement in the observed mesophases of end-on and side-on SCLCP systems. Specifically, end-on SCLCPs display a smectic B-like mesophase, with layers of polymer between LC layers, while side-on SCLCPs exhibit a quasi-hexagonal columnar structure of polymer and a nematic surrounding the LC mesophase. Detailed analysis of SCLCP systems with various compositions of these types of LC attachments via MD reveals structural disruption in systems with intermediate compositions. Simulation snapshots and anisotropy ratio measurements show how random SCLCP systems deviate from the expected behavior of prolate or oblate systems in terms of their conformation. This molecular disruption in random SCLCP systems, particularly with a high composition of side-on LC moieties, also significantly impacts the relaxation dynamics. Modifying the composition of the LC type of attachment (molecular structure) is a possible route to tuning both the phase behavior and mechanical response of these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Becerra
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Yang Xu
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Xiaoguang Wang
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Sustainability Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Lisa M Hall
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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Anokhin D, Maryasevskaya A, Abukaev A, Ozkose UU, Buglakov A, Ivanov DA, Améduri B. Synthesis of Calamitic Fluorinated Mesogens with Complex Crystallization Behavior. Molecules 2023; 28:8002. [PMID: 38138492 PMCID: PMC10745429 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28248002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This work presents the synthesis and self-organization of the calamitic fluorinated mesogen, 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-2-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-4-iodobutoxy)ethanesulfonic acid, a potential model for perfluorosulfonic acid membranes (PFSA). The compound is derived in three steps from 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-2-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-2-iodoethoxy)ethanesulfonyl fluoride, achieving a 78% overall yield. The resulting compound exhibits intricate thermal behavior. At 150 °C, a crystal-to-crystal transition is observed due to the partial disordering of calamitic molecules, which is followed by isotropization at 218 °C. Upon cooling, sample ordering occurs through the formation of large smectic liquid crystalline phase domains. This thermotropic state transforms into a layered crystal phase at lower temperatures, characterized by alternating hydrophilic and hydrophobic layers. Using X-ray diffraction, crystalline unit cell models at both room temperature and 170 °C were proposed. Computer simulations of the molecule across varying temperatures support the idea that thermal transitions correlate with a loss of molecular orientation. Importantly, the study underscores the pivotal role of precursor self-organization in aligning channels during membrane fabrication, ensuring controlled and oriented positioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Anokhin
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, 1-3 Leninskiye Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia (A.A.); (A.B.); (D.A.I.)
- Scientific Center for Genetics and Life Sciences, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Ave., 354340 Sochi, Russia
| | - Alina Maryasevskaya
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, 1-3 Leninskiye Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia (A.A.); (A.B.); (D.A.I.)
| | - Ainur Abukaev
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, 1-3 Leninskiye Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia (A.A.); (A.B.); (D.A.I.)
| | - Umut Ugur Ozkose
- Institut Charles Gerhardt, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France;
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Letters, Piri Reis University, Tuzla, Istanbul 34940, Turkey
| | - Alexander Buglakov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, 1-3 Leninskiye Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia (A.A.); (A.B.); (D.A.I.)
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds RAS, Vavilova ul., 28, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dimitri A. Ivanov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, 1-3 Leninskiye Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia (A.A.); (A.B.); (D.A.I.)
- Scientific Center for Genetics and Life Sciences, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Ave., 354340 Sochi, Russia
- Institut de Sciences des Matériaux de Mulhouse-IS2M, CNRS UMR 7361, Jean Starcky 15, 68057 Mulhouse, France
| | - Bruno Améduri
- Faculty of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, 1-3 Leninskiye Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia (A.A.); (A.B.); (D.A.I.)
- Institut Charles Gerhardt, CNRS, University of Montpellier, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France;
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Becerra D, Jois PR, Hall LM. Coarse-grained modeling of polymers with end-on and side-on liquid crystal moieties: Effect of architecture. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:2895229. [PMID: 37290072 DOI: 10.1063/5.0152817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesogens, which are typically stiff rodlike or disklike molecules, are able to self-organize into liquid crystal (LC) phases in a certain temperature range. Such mesogens, or LC groups, can be attached to polymer chains in various configurations including within the backbone (main-chain LC polymers) or at the ends of side-chains attached to the backbone in an end-on or side-on configuration (side-chain LC polymers or SCLCPs), which can display synergistic properties arising from both their LC and polymeric character. At lower temperatures, chain conformations may be significantly altered due to the mesoscale LC ordering; thus, when heated from the LC ordered state through the LC to isotropic phase transition, the chains return from a more stretched to a more random coil conformation. This can cause macroscopic shape changes, which depend significantly on the type of LC attachment and other architectural properties of the polymer. Here, to study the structure-property relationships for SCLCPs with a range of different architectures, we develop a coarse-grained model that includes torsional potentials along with LC interactions of a Gay-Berne form. We create systems of different side-chain lengths, chain stiffnesses, and LC attachment types and track their structural properties as a function of temperature. Our modeled systems indeed form a variety of well-organized mesophase structures at low temperatures, and we predict higher LC-to-isotropic transition temperatures for the end-on side-chain systems than for analogous side-on side-chain systems. Understanding these phase transitions and their dependence on polymer architecture can be useful in designing materials with reversible and controllable deformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Becerra
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Pranav R Jois
- Department of Mathematics and Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Lisa M Hall
- William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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Shah S, Joga R, Kolipaka T, Sabnis Dushyantrao C, Khairnar P, Phatale V, Pandey G, Srivastava S, Kumar S. Paradigm of lyotropic liquid crystals in tissue regeneration. Int J Pharm 2023; 634:122633. [PMID: 36690130 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The liquid crystalline phase has attracted tremendous attention from researchers across the globe due to its intriguing properties. In this article, we enumerate the different classes of liquid crystals. Lyotropic liquid crystals (LLCs) exhibit their liquid crystalline nature based on the surrounding solvent media, which opens novel horizons in drug delivery and tissue regeneration. The advantages of LLCs in the said fields and the thermodynamic mechanistic insights responsible for their structural stabilization have been conveyed. Various fabrication and characterization techniques, along with factors influencing the formation of LLCs, have been discussed. Applications in novel therapeutic avenues like bone extracellular matrix, cardiac remodeling, wound management, and implants have been unveiled. Also, regulatory considerations, patent, and clinical portfolios to circumvent the hurdles of clinical translation have been discussed. LLCs could be a promising approach in diverse avenues of tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Shah
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Laboratory (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Ramesh Joga
- Department of Regulatory Affairs, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Tejaswini Kolipaka
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Laboratory (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Chetan Sabnis Dushyantrao
- Department of Regulatory Affairs, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Pooja Khairnar
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Laboratory (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Vivek Phatale
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Laboratory (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Giriraj Pandey
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Laboratory (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Saurabh Srivastava
- Department of Regulatory Affairs, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India.
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Regulatory Affairs, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India.
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Mandle RJ. Implementation of a cylindrical distribution function for the analysis of anisotropic molecular dynamics simulations. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0279679. [PMID: 36584026 PMCID: PMC9803122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The cylindrical distribution function (CDF) is a convenient anisotropic analogue of the radial distribution function, the difference being the use of cylindrical shells for binning. As such, CDF analysis can be a powerful tool for the analysis of positional correlations within anisotropic systems, such as liquid crystals. Here we describe a lightweight Python tool, cylindr, for the calculation of cylindrical distribution function, which is compatible with the output of a number of popular MD engines. We demonstrate the use of cylindr in computing the CDF of a number of exemplar materials: classical and ferroelectric nematics; lamellar and columnar liquid crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Mandle
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom,School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom,* E-mail:
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7
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Kocot A, Loska B, Arakawa Y, Mehl GH, Merkel K. Study of the Experimental and Simulated Vibrational Spectra Together with Conformational Analysis of Thioether Cyanobiphenyl-Based Liquid Crystal Dimers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23148005. [PMID: 35887352 PMCID: PMC9316788 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23148005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infrared spectroscopy (IR) and quantum chemistry calculations that are based on the density functional theory (DFT) have been used to study the structure and molecular interactions of the nematic and twist-bend phases of thioether-linked dimers. Infrared absorbance measurements were conducted in a polarized beam for a homogeneously aligned sample in order to obtain more details about the orientation of the vibrational transition dipole moments. The distributions to investigate the structure and conformation of the molecule dihedral angle were calculated. The calculated spectrum was compared with the experimental infrared spectra and as a result, detailed vibrational assignments are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoni Kocot
- Institute of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia, ul. 75. Pułku Piechoty, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland; (A.K.); (B.L.)
| | - Barbara Loska
- Institute of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia, ul. 75. Pułku Piechoty, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland; (A.K.); (B.L.)
| | - Yuki Arakawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Life Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, Toyohashi 441-8580, Japan;
| | - Georg H. Mehl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK;
| | - Katarzyna Merkel
- Institute of Materials Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia, ul. 75. Pułku Piechoty, 41-500 Chorzów, Poland; (A.K.); (B.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-32-349-7630
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