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Cheng C, Ma W, Chen R, Zhu Y, Zheng L, Li W, Hu D. Study on Carbonation of Porcine Blood Hydrogel in the Composite Mortar of Ancient Chinese Architectural Painting. Gels 2024; 10:191. [PMID: 38534609 DOI: 10.3390/gels10030191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In the ancient Chinese recipe for composite mortar used in the construction of ground layers for architectural painting, the mixture of porcine blood and lime water is one of the constituent materials. Herein, according to the traditional recipe, the interaction between porcine blood and lime water was systematically and deeply investigated. The experimental investigation demonstrated that porcine blood mixed with lime water at the ratio found in the recipe can form a hydrogel with a hydrophobic surface. During air-drying, the lime water in porcine blood hydrogel can react with CO2 to form calcium carbonate. The crystal morphology of the formed calcium carbonate depends on the surrounding micro-environment of calcium ions in the porcine blood hydrogel. The formed morphology of calcium carbonate includes small calcite crystallites, small graininess calcite crystals with round features, calcite aggregates with layered ladder-like structures, and amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC). Interestingly, the calcium carbonate formed in the inner part of the porcine blood hydrogel exhibits lamellar distribution due to a Liesegang pattern formation. Based on the findings that the porcine blood hydrogel has surface hydrophobicity and brittleness, it can be predicted that in the preparation process of composite mortar for ancient building color painting base course, porcine blood used in the form of a hydrogel is not only easier to be dispersed in hydrophobic tung oil than in liquid porcine blood but also the affinity between porcine blood gel and tung oil is enhanced. As constituent material dispersed in the composite mortar, the layered distribution of calcium carbonate in the porcine blood hydrogel may presumably be beneficial to reduce the internal stress of the composite mortar material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Cheng
- Engineering Research Center of Historical Cultural Heritage Conservation, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Wenhua Ma
- Engineering Research Center of Historical Cultural Heritage Conservation, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Historical Cultural Heritage Conservation, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Yeting Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of Historical Cultural Heritage Conservation, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Lizhen Zheng
- School of Historical Culture and Tourism, Xi'an University, Xi'an 710065, China
| | - Wei Li
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center of Controllable Neutron Source, School of Electronic Information, Xijing University, Xi'an 710123, China
| | - Daodao Hu
- Engineering Research Center of Historical Cultural Heritage Conservation, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
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2
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Giuri D, Ravarino P, Tomasini C. Transparent Organogels as a Medium for the Light-Induced Conversion from Spiropyran to Merocyanine. Gels 2023; 9:932. [PMID: 38131918 PMCID: PMC10742928 DOI: 10.3390/gels9120932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Low-molecular-weight peptide gelators are a versatile class of compounds able to form gels under a variety of conditions, even via simple ultrasound sonication. In this paper, the ability of Boc-L-Phe-D-Oxd-L-Phe-OBn to gelate three organic solvents (toluene, tert-butyl methyl ether, and ethanol) was evaluated. The rheological behaviour of the materials was assessed via strain sweep analysis, while the fibrous network was analysed via optical microscopy on the wet gels. The gel obtained from toluene is a highly transparent material, and the one from ethanol appears translucent, while the one from tert-butyl methyl ether is opaque. These gels were used to study the reversible light-induced transformation from spyropiran (SP) to merocyanine (MC) and back, as a model system to check the effect of the gel medium onto the rection kinetic. We observed that the solvent used to form the organogels has a crucial effect on the reaction, as gels from aprotic solvents stabilize the SP form, while the ones from protic solvents stabilize the MC form. We thus obtained a solid support to stabilize the two photochromic species just by changing the solvent polarity. Moreover, we could demonstrate that the self-assembled gels do not interfere with the light-driven conversion process, either starting from SP or MC, thus representing a valid and economical photochromic material.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Claudia Tomasini
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Piero Gobetti 85, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (D.G.); (P.R.)
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Ward M, Taylor CR, Mulvee MT, Lampronti GI, Belenguer AM, Steed JW, Day GM, Oswald IDH. Pushing Technique Boundaries to Probe Conformational Polymorphism. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2023; 23:7217-7230. [PMID: 37808905 PMCID: PMC10557047 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.3c00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
We present an extensive exploration of the solid-form landscape of chlorpropamide (CPA) using a combined experimental-computational approach at the frontiers of both fields. We have obtained new conformational polymorphs of CPA, placing them into context with known forms using flexible-molecule crystal structure prediction. We highlight the formation of a new polymorph (ζ-CPA) via spray-drying experiments despite its notable metastability (14 kJ/mol) relative to the thermodynamic α-form, and we identify and resolve the ball-milled η-form isolated in 2019. Additionally, we employ impurity- and gel-assisted crystallization to control polymorphism and the formation of novel multicomponent forms. We, thus, demonstrate the power of this collaborative screening approach to observe, rationalize, and control the formation of new metastable forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin
R. Ward
- Strathclyde
Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, U.K.
| | - Christopher R. Taylor
- Computational
Systems Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.
| | - Matthew T. Mulvee
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.
| | - Giulio I. Lampronti
- Department
of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University
of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Rd, Cambridge CB3 0FS, U.K.
| | - Ana M. Belenguer
- Yusuf
Hamied Department of Chemistry, University
of Cambridge, Lensfield
Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K.
| | - Jonathan W. Steed
- Department
of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K.
| | - Graeme M. Day
- Computational
Systems Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K.
| | - Iain D. H. Oswald
- Strathclyde
Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, U.K.
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Sabitha Mohan MR, Pavithran R, Hubert JI, Sindhu TK, Aswathy P. Chelated Calcium 1D Coordination Polymer: Crystal Growth, Characterization and Z scan studies. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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5
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Designing Heat-Set Gels for Crystallizing APIs at Different Temperatures: A Crystal Engineering Approach. CHEMENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemengineering6050065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An organic salt crystallizes through different kinds of charge-assisted hydrogen-bonded networks depending on carboxylic functionality number and the degree of amine. These H-bonded packing patterns are often robust and predictable, so one can design a supramolecular salt with a certain purpose. In some cases, two different crystalline packing patterns can be found in Primary Ammonium Dicarboxylate (PAD) salts at different temperatures. Two kinds of supramolecular bonding, namely, charge-assisted hydrogen bonding and weak van der Waals interactions stabilize the two states. A small increase in the carbon chain length in a primary amine enhances the additional van der Waals interactions with the packing so that the 2D hydrogen-bonded network (HBN) transforms into a 1D HBN at room temperature. Such van der Waals interactions can be controlled by external heat, so a temperature-dependent 1D to 2D phase change is feasible. When certain moieties, such as azo and bipyridine, are introduced into the carboxylic acid backbone, the acids become insoluble in most organic solvents, raising their melting point, and resulting in heat-set gels. In the presence of an API, temperature and solvent-dependent polymorphic crystals can be grown in the heat-set gel medium and by simply cooling down the mixture, the API crystals can be separated easily.
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Synthesis of zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 and gold nanoparticles in a sustained out-of-equilibrium state. Sci Rep 2022; 12:222. [PMID: 34996999 PMCID: PMC8741818 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03942-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The design and synthesis of crystalline materials are challenging due to the proper control over the size and polydispersity of the samples, which determine their physical and chemical properties and thus applicability. Metal − organic frameworks (MOFs) are promising materials in many applications due to their unique structure. MOFs have been predominantly synthesized by bulk methods, where the concentration of the reagents gradually decreased, which affected the further nucleation and crystal growth. Here we show an out-of-equilibrium method for the generation of zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) crystals, where the non-equilibrium crystal growth is maintained by a continuous two-side feed of the reagents in a hydrogel matrix. The size and the polydispersity of the crystals are controlled by the fixed and antagonistic constant mass fluxes of the reagents and by the reaction time. We also present that our approach can be extended to synthesize gold nanoparticles in a redox process.
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Lemanowicz M, Mielańczyk A, Walica T, Kotek M, Gierczycki A. Application of Polymers as a Tool in Crystallization-A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13162695. [PMID: 34451235 PMCID: PMC8401169 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of polymers as a tool in the crystallization process is gaining more and more interest among the scientific community. According to Web of Science statistics the number of papers dealing with “Polymer induced crystallization” increased from 2 in 1990 to 436 in 2020, and for “Polymer controlled crystallization”—from 4 in 1990 to 344 in 2020. This is clear evidence that both topics are vivid, attractive and intensively investigated nowadays. Efficient control of crystallization and crystal properties still represents a bottleneck in the manufacturing of crystalline materials ranging from pigments, antiscalants, nanoporous materials and pharmaceuticals to semiconductor particles. However, a rapid development in precise and reliable measuring methods and techniques would enable one to better describe phenomena involved, to formulate theoretical models, and probably most importantly, to develop practical indications for how to appropriately lead many important processes in the industry. It is clearly visible at the first glance through a number of representative papers in the area, that many of them are preoccupied with the testing and production of pharmaceuticals, while the rest are addressed to new crystalline materials, renewable energy, water and wastewater technology and other branches of industry where the crystallization process takes place. In this work, authors gathered and briefly discuss over 100 papers, published in leading scientific periodicals, devoted to the influence of polymers on crystallizing solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Lemanowicz
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Process Design, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (T.W.); (M.K.); (A.G.)
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (A.M.); Tel.: +48-32-237-28-32 (M.L.); +48-32-237-15-73 (A.M.); Fax: +48-32-237-14-61 (M.L.); +48-32-237-15-09 (A.M.)
| | - Anna Mielańczyk
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (A.M.); Tel.: +48-32-237-28-32 (M.L.); +48-32-237-15-73 (A.M.); Fax: +48-32-237-14-61 (M.L.); +48-32-237-15-09 (A.M.)
| | - Tomasz Walica
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Process Design, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (T.W.); (M.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Milena Kotek
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Process Design, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (T.W.); (M.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Andrzej Gierczycki
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Process Design, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; (T.W.); (M.K.); (A.G.)
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Giuri D, Marshall LJ, Dietrich B, McDowall D, Thomson L, Newton JY, Wilson C, Schweins R, Adams DJ. Exploiting and controlling gel-to-crystal transitions in multicomponent supramolecular gels. Chem Sci 2021; 12:9720-9725. [PMID: 34349943 PMCID: PMC8293982 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02347k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicomponent supramolecular gels provide opportunities to form materials that are not accessible when using the single components alone. Different scenarios are possible when mixing multiple components, from complete co-assembly (mixing of the components within the self-assembled structures formed) to complete self-sorting such that each structure contains only one of the components. Most examples of multicomponent gels that currently exist form stable gels. Here, we show that this can be used to control the mechanical properties of the gels, but what is probably most exciting is that we show that we can use a magnetic field to control the shape of the crystals. The gelling component aligns in a magnetic field and so results in anisotropic crystals being formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demetra Giuri
- Dipartimento di Chimica Giacomo Ciamician, Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna Via Selmi, 2 40126 Bologna Italy
| | | | - Bart Dietrich
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Daniel McDowall
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Lisa Thomson
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Jenny Y Newton
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Claire Wilson
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Ralf Schweins
- Large Scale Structures Group, Institut Laue-Langevin 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 20156 F-38042 Grenoble CEDEX 9 France
| | - Dave J Adams
- School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
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Hany I, Kanies B, Yang G. Controllable solute-diffusion gel-growth of BCHT: an effective approach towards large functional material single crystal synthesis. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce00800a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An underutilized, but highly advantageous, method of growing functional-single-crystals, the gel-growth technique, is highlighted. Large nonlinear optical crystals, BCHT, were grown and their dehydration phase-transformation to β-BTC were studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Hany
- Department of Nuclear Engineering
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | - Bryant Kanies
- Department of Nuclear Engineering
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | - Ge Yang
- Department of Nuclear Engineering
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
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