|
1
|
Zhang L, Wong C, Li Y, Huang T, Wang J, Lin C. Artificial intelligence assisted diagnosis of early tc markers and its application. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:172. [PMID: 38761260 PMCID: PMC11102422 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-01017-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Thyroid cancer (TC) is a common endocrine malignancy with an increasing incidence worldwide. Early diagnosis is particularly important for TC patients, because it allows patients to receive treatment as early as possible. Artificial intelligence (AI) provides great advantages for complex healthcare systems by analyzing big data based on machine learning. Nowadays, AI is widely used in the early diagnosis of cancer such as TC. Ultrasound detection and fine needle aspiration biopsy are the main methods for early diagnosis of TC. AI has been widely used in the detection of malignancy in thyroid nodules by ultrasound images, cytopathology images and molecular markers. It shows great potential in auxiliary medical diagnosis. The latest clinical trial has shown that the performance of AI models matches with the diagnostic efficiency of experienced clinicians, and more efficient AI tools will be developed in the future. Therefore, in this review, we summarized the recent advances in the application of AI algorithms in assessing the risk of malignancy in thyroid nodules. The objective of this review was to provide a data base for the clinical use of AI-assisted diagnosis in TC, as well as to provide new ideas for the next generation of AI-assisted diagnosis in TC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laney Zhang
- Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Chinting Wong
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yungeng Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | | | - Jiawen Wang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Chenghe Lin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
|
2
|
Rood K, Yamauchi CR, Sharma U, Laxa RT, Robins C, Lanza G, Sánchez-Ruiz K, Khan A, Kim HS, Shields A, Kennedy K, Mirshahidi S, Perez MC, Firek A, Munir I, Simental AA, Khan S. Regulatory and Interacting Partners of PDLIM7 in Thyroid Cancer. Curr Oncol 2023; 30:10450-10462. [PMID: 38132395 PMCID: PMC10742985 DOI: 10.3390/curroncol30120761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Enigma protein, encoded by the PDLIM7 gene, is overexpressed in thyroid cancer in a stage-dependent manner, suggesting a potential involvement in the initiation and progression of thyroid cancer. The Enigma interacts with several cellular pathways, including PI3K/AKT, MDM2, and BMP-1. The Enigma is regulated by microRNAs. Specifically, we showed that the Enigma protein upregulation corresponds to the downregulation of Let-7 family genes. There is limited research on the interactions and regulation of the Enigma with other proteins/genes in thyroid cancer tissues, indicating a gap in current knowledge. Our aim is to establish the Enigma as a biomarker. We also aim to study the interacting partners of the Enigma signaling pathways and their probable miRNA regulation in thyroid cancer progression. Using Western blotting, densitometric analysis, immunoprecipitation (IP), and reverse IP, we detected the protein expression and protein-protein interactions in the corresponding papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs). Utilizing real-time qPCR assay and Pearson's correlation test, we highlighted the correlation between PDLIM7 and Let-7g gene expression in the same tissues. The results showed the differential upregulations of the Enigma protein in different stages of PTCs compared to benign tissues along with AKT, VDR, BMP-1, and MDM2 proteins. Loss of DBP was observed in a subset of PTCs. Strong interactions of the Enigma with PI3K/AKT and MDM2 were noted, along with a weaker BMP-1 interaction. Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis between PDLIM7 and let-7g gene expression was significant (p < 0.05); however, there was a weak inverse correlation (r = -0.27). The study suggests the potential utility of the PDLIM7-qPCR assay as a biomarker for thyroid cancer. The Enigma's interactions with key signaling pathways may provide valuable insights into the development of thyroid cancer. The study contributes to understanding the molecular mechanisms involving the Enigma protein in thyroid cancer and highlights its potential as a biomarker.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristiana Rood
- Division of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (K.R.); (C.R.Y.); (R.T.L.); (C.R.); (G.L.); (K.S.-R.); (A.K.); (H.S.K.)
- Division of Otolaryngology, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (K.K.); (M.C.P.); (A.A.S.)
- Center for Health Disparities & Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Celina Romi Yamauchi
- Division of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (K.R.); (C.R.Y.); (R.T.L.); (C.R.); (G.L.); (K.S.-R.); (A.K.); (H.S.K.)
- Division of Otolaryngology, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (K.K.); (M.C.P.); (A.A.S.)
- Center for Health Disparities & Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Umang Sharma
- School of Public Health, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA;
| | - Ria T. Laxa
- Division of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (K.R.); (C.R.Y.); (R.T.L.); (C.R.); (G.L.); (K.S.-R.); (A.K.); (H.S.K.)
- Division of Otolaryngology, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (K.K.); (M.C.P.); (A.A.S.)
- Center for Health Disparities & Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Collin Robins
- Division of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (K.R.); (C.R.Y.); (R.T.L.); (C.R.); (G.L.); (K.S.-R.); (A.K.); (H.S.K.)
- Division of Otolaryngology, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (K.K.); (M.C.P.); (A.A.S.)
- Center for Health Disparities & Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Gerardo Lanza
- Division of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (K.R.); (C.R.Y.); (R.T.L.); (C.R.); (G.L.); (K.S.-R.); (A.K.); (H.S.K.)
- Division of Otolaryngology, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (K.K.); (M.C.P.); (A.A.S.)
- Center for Health Disparities & Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Kidianys Sánchez-Ruiz
- Division of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (K.R.); (C.R.Y.); (R.T.L.); (C.R.); (G.L.); (K.S.-R.); (A.K.); (H.S.K.)
- Division of Otolaryngology, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (K.K.); (M.C.P.); (A.A.S.)
- Center for Health Disparities & Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Aminah Khan
- Division of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (K.R.); (C.R.Y.); (R.T.L.); (C.R.); (G.L.); (K.S.-R.); (A.K.); (H.S.K.)
- Division of Otolaryngology, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (K.K.); (M.C.P.); (A.A.S.)
- Center for Health Disparities & Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Hae Soo Kim
- Division of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (K.R.); (C.R.Y.); (R.T.L.); (C.R.); (G.L.); (K.S.-R.); (A.K.); (H.S.K.)
- Division of Otolaryngology, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (K.K.); (M.C.P.); (A.A.S.)
- Center for Health Disparities & Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Andrea Shields
- Department of Pathology & Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA;
| | - Kari Kennedy
- Division of Otolaryngology, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (K.K.); (M.C.P.); (A.A.S.)
| | | | - Mia C. Perez
- Division of Otolaryngology, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (K.K.); (M.C.P.); (A.A.S.)
- Department of Pathology & Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA;
| | - Anthony Firek
- Comparative Effectiveness and Clinical Outcomes Research Center (CECORC), Riverside University Health System, 26520 Cactus Ave, Moreno Valley, CA 92555, USA;
- Department of Endocrinology, Riverside University Health System, 26520 Cactus Ave, Moreno Valley, CA 92555, USA;
| | - Iqbal Munir
- Department of Endocrinology, Riverside University Health System, 26520 Cactus Ave, Moreno Valley, CA 92555, USA;
| | - Alfred A. Simental
- Division of Otolaryngology, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (K.K.); (M.C.P.); (A.A.S.)
| | - Salma Khan
- Division of Biochemistry, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA; (K.R.); (C.R.Y.); (R.T.L.); (C.R.); (G.L.); (K.S.-R.); (A.K.); (H.S.K.)
- Division of Otolaryngology, Loma Linda University Health, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; (K.K.); (M.C.P.); (A.A.S.)
- Center for Health Disparities & Molecular Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, 11085 Campus St, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| |
Collapse
|