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Shoemaker A, Maritan A, Cosar S, Nupp S, Menchaca A, Jackson T, Dang A, Baxter BK, Colman DR, Dunham EC, Boyd ES. Wood-Ljungdahl pathway encoding anaerobes facilitate low-cost primary production in hypersaline sediments at Great Salt Lake, Utah. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2024; 100:fiae105. [PMID: 39054286 PMCID: PMC11287216 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiae105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Little is known of primary production in dark hypersaline ecosystems despite the prevalence of such environments on Earth today and throughout its geologic history. Here, we generated and analyzed metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) organized as operational taxonomic units (OTUs) from three depth intervals along a 30-cm sediment core from the north arm of Great Salt Lake, Utah. The sediments and associated porewaters were saturated with NaCl, exhibited redox gradients with depth, and harbored nitrogen-depleted organic carbon. Metabolic predictions of MAGs representing 36 total OTUs recovered from the core indicated that communities transitioned from aerobic and heterotrophic at the surface to anaerobic and autotrophic at depth. Dark CO2 fixation was detected in sediments and the primary mode of autotrophy was predicted to be via the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway. This included novel hydrogenotrophic acetogens affiliated with the bacterial class Candidatus Bipolaricaulia. Minor populations were dependent on the Calvin cycle and the reverse tricarboxylic acid cycle, including in a novel Thermoplasmatota MAG. These results are interpreted to reflect the favorability of and selectability for populations that operate the lowest energy requiring CO2-fixation pathway known, the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway, in anoxic and hypersaline conditions that together impart a higher energy demand on cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Shoemaker
- Department of Earth Sciences, Montana State University, P.O. Box 173480, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States
| | - Andrew Maritan
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, P.O. Box 173520, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States
| | - Su Cosar
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, P.O. Box 173520, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States
| | - Sylvia Nupp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, P.O. Box 173400, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States
| | - Ana Menchaca
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, P.O. Box 173520, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States
| | - Thomas Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, P.O. Box 173520, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States
| | - Aria Dang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, P.O. Box 173400, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States
| | - Bonnie K Baxter
- Great Salt Lake Institute, Westminster University, 1840 South 1300 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84105, United States
| | - Daniel R Colman
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, P.O. Box 173520, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States
| | - Eric C Dunham
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, P.O. Box 173520, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States
| | - Eric S Boyd
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Montana State University, P.O. Box 173520, Bozeman, MT 59717, United States
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Pearman WS, Duffy GA, Gemmell NJ, Morales SE, Fraser CI. Long-distance movement dynamics shape host microbiome richness and turnover. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2024; 100:fiae089. [PMID: 38857884 PMCID: PMC11212666 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiae089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Host-associated microbial communities are shaped by host migratory movements. These movements can have contrasting impacts on microbiota, and understanding such patterns can provide insight into the ecological processes that contribute to community diversity. Furthermore, long-distance movements to new environments are anticipated to occur with increasing frequency due to host distribution shifts resulting from climate change. Understanding how hosts transport their microbiota with them could be of importance when examining biological invasions. Although microbial community shifts are well-documented, the underlying mechanisms that lead to the restructuring of these communities remain relatively unexplored. Using literature and ecological simulations, we develop a framework to elucidate the major factors that lead to community change. We group host movements into two types-regular (repeated/cyclical migratory movements, as found in many birds and mammals) and irregular (stochastic/infrequent movements that do not occur on a cyclical basis, as found in many insects and plants). Ecological simulations and prior research suggest that movement type and frequency, alongside environmental exposure (e.g. internal/external microbiota) are key considerations for understanding movement-associated community changes. From our framework, we derive a series of testable hypotheses, and suggest means to test them, to facilitate future research into host movement and microbial community dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Pearman
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, 310 Castle St, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, 270 Great King Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, 720 Cumberland St, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Grant A Duffy
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, 310 Castle St, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Neil J Gemmell
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, 270 Great King Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Sergio E Morales
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, 720 Cumberland St, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Ceridwen I Fraser
- Department of Marine Science, University of Otago, 310 Castle St, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
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Rhodes ME, Pace AD, Benjamin MM, Ghent H, Dawson KS. Establishment of a Halophilic Bloom in a Sterile and Isolated Hypersaline Mesocosm. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2886. [PMID: 38138031 PMCID: PMC10745797 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Extreme environments, including hypersaline pools, often serve as biogeographical islands. Putative colonizers would need to survive transport across potentially vast distances of inhospitable terrain. Hyperhalophiles, in particular, are often highly sensitive to osmotic pressure. Here, we assessed whether hyperhalophiles are capable of rapidly colonizing an isolated and sterile hypersaline pool and the order of succession of the ensuing colonizers. A sterile and isolated 1 m3 hypersaline mesocosm pool was constructed on a rooftop in Charleston, SC. Within months, numerous halophilic lineages successfully navigated the 20 m elevation and the greater than 1 km distance from the ocean shore, and a vibrant halophilic community was established. All told, in a nine-month period, greater than a dozen halophilic genera colonized the pool. The first to arrive were members of the Haloarchaeal genus Haloarcula. Like a weed, the Haloarcula rapidly colonized and dominated the mesocosm community but were later supplanted by other hyperhalophilic genera. As a possible source of long-distance inoculum, both aerosol and water column samples were obtained from the Great Salt Lake and its immediate vicinity. Members of the same genus, Haloarcula, were preferentially enriched in the aerosol sample relative to the water column samples. Therefore, it appears that a diverse array of hyperhalophiles are capable of surviving aeolian long-distance transport and that some lineages, in particular, have possibly adapted to that strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E. Rhodes
- Department of Biology, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC 29424, USA; (A.D.P.); (H.G.)
| | - Allyson D. Pace
- Department of Biology, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC 29424, USA; (A.D.P.); (H.G.)
| | - Menny M. Benjamin
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
| | - Heather Ghent
- Department of Biology, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC 29424, USA; (A.D.P.); (H.G.)
| | - Katherine S. Dawson
- Institute of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Science, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA;
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C 50 carotenoids extracted from Haloterrigena thermotolerans strain K15: antioxidant potential and identification. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2021; 67:71-79. [PMID: 34510323 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-021-00905-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Halophilic archaea are one of the microorganism groups that have adapted to living in high saline environments and are important in terms of their potential use in biotechnology industry. One of the most important compounds they have, carotenoid, is used in food, cosmetics, and medical industries. The selected strain was identified as an extremely halophilic and thermophilic archaeon, Haloterrigena thermotolerans K15, based on morphological, biochemical, and physiological evidence as well as 16S rRNA analysis and screened by a scanning electron microscope and an atomic force microscope for the first time. The carotenoid contents of H. thermotolerans K15 isolated from Salt Lake (Tuz Gölü, Turkey) were determined by RP-HPLC-DAD and their isomers were characterized according to UV-Vis spectra by cis peak intensity and spectral fine structure. In addition to all-trans bacterioruberin as a major carotenoid, many isomers of the bacterioruberin such as monoanhydrobacterioruberin and bisanhydrobacterioruberin were also found. The antioxidant activity of carotenoid extract from H. thermotolerans was analyzed by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging method. The carotenoid extract showed antioxidant activity statistically significantly higher than ascorbic acid and butylated hydroxytoluene as reference compounds (p < 0.05). This is the first study about carotenoid characterization and antioxidant activity of H. thermotolerans K15. The obtained results suggest the potential use of H. thermotolerans K15 products as a substitute for synthesized chemical carotenoids and antioxidants.
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Najjari A, Stathopoulou P, Elmnasri K, Hasnaoui F, Zidi I, Sghaier H, Ouzari HI, Cherif A, Tsiamis G. Assessment of 16S rRNA Gene-Based Phylogenetic Diversity of Archaeal Communities in Halite-Crystal Salts Processed from Natural Saharan Saline Systems of Southern Tunisia. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10050397. [PMID: 34064384 PMCID: PMC8147861 DOI: 10.3390/biology10050397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A thorough assessment of the phylogenetic diversity and community structure of halophilic archaea from three halite-crystal salts, processed from two separated saline systems of Southern Tunisia has been performed using culture dependent and independent methods targeting different regions of 16S rRNA gene sequences including DGGE, 16S rRNA clone libraries and Illumina Miseq sequencing. Two samples, CDR (red halite-crystal salts) and CDW (white halite-crystal salts), were collected from Chott-Eljerid and one sample CDZ (white halite-crystal salts) from Chott Douz. Fourteen isolates were identified as Halorubrum, Haloferax, Haloarcula, and Halogeometricum genera members. Culture-independent approach revealed a high diversity of archaeal members present in all samples, represented by the Euryarchaeal phylum and the dominance of the Halobacteria class. Nanohaloarchaea were also identified only in white halite samples based on metagenomic analysis. In fact, a total of 61 genera were identified with members of the Halorhabdus, Halonotius, Halorubrum, Haloarcula, and unclassified. Halobacteriaceae were shared among all samples. Unexpected diversity profiles between samples was observed where the red halite crust sample was considered as the most diverse one. The highest diversity was observed with Miseq approach, nevertheless, some genera were detected only with 16S rRNA clone libraries and cultured approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afef Najjari
- Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, LR03ES03 Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Biomolécules Actives, Université Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia; (F.H.); (I.Z.); (H.I.O.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Panagiota Stathopoulou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Laboratory of Systems Microbiology and Applied Genomics, University of Patras, 2 Seferi Str., 30100 Agrinio, Greece; (P.S.); (G.T.)
| | - Khaled Elmnasri
- Higher Institute for Biotechnology, University Manouba, BVBGR-LR11ES31, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet, 2020 Ariana, Tunisia; (K.E.); (H.S.); (A.C.)
| | - Faten Hasnaoui
- Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, LR03ES03 Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Biomolécules Actives, Université Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia; (F.H.); (I.Z.); (H.I.O.)
| | - Ines Zidi
- Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, LR03ES03 Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Biomolécules Actives, Université Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia; (F.H.); (I.Z.); (H.I.O.)
| | - Haitham Sghaier
- Higher Institute for Biotechnology, University Manouba, BVBGR-LR11ES31, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet, 2020 Ariana, Tunisia; (K.E.); (H.S.); (A.C.)
- Laboratory “Energy and Matter for Development of Nuclear Sciences” (LR16CNSTN02), National Center for Nuclear Sciences and Technology (CNSTN), 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisia
| | - Hadda Imene Ouzari
- Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, LR03ES03 Laboratoire de Microbiologie et Biomolécules Actives, Université Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia; (F.H.); (I.Z.); (H.I.O.)
| | - Ameur Cherif
- Higher Institute for Biotechnology, University Manouba, BVBGR-LR11ES31, Biotechpole Sidi Thabet, 2020 Ariana, Tunisia; (K.E.); (H.S.); (A.C.)
| | - George Tsiamis
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Laboratory of Systems Microbiology and Applied Genomics, University of Patras, 2 Seferi Str., 30100 Agrinio, Greece; (P.S.); (G.T.)
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Ruginescu R, Gomoiu I, Popescu O, Cojoc R, Neagu S, Lucaci I, Batrinescu-Moteau C, Enache M. Bioprospecting for Novel Halophilic and Halotolerant Sources of Hydrolytic Enzymes in Brackish, Saline and Hypersaline Lakes of Romania. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8121903. [PMID: 33266166 PMCID: PMC7760675 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8121903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Halophilic and halotolerant microorganisms represent promising sources of salt-tolerant enzymes that could be used in various biotechnological processes where high salt concentrations would otherwise inhibit enzymatic transformations. Considering the current need for more efficient biocatalysts, the present study aimed to explore the microbial diversity of five under- or uninvestigated salty lakes in Romania for novel sources of hydrolytic enzymes. Bacteria, archaea and fungi were obtained by culture-based approaches and screened for the production of six hydrolases (protease, lipase, amylase, cellulase, xylanase and pectinase) using agar plate-based assays. Moreover, the phylogeny of bacterial and archaeal isolates was studied through molecular methods. From a total of 244 microbial isolates, 182 (74.6%) were represented by bacteria, 22 (9%) by archaea, and 40 (16.4%) by fungi. While most bacteria synthesized protease and lipase, the most frequent hydrolase produced by fungi was pectinase. The archaeal isolates had limited hydrolytic activity, being able to produce only amylase and cellulase. Among the taxonomically identified isolates, the best hydrolytic activities were observed in halotolerant bacteria belonging to the genus Bacillus and in extremely halophilic archaea of the genera Haloterrigena and Halostagnicola. Therefore, the present study highlights that the investigated lakes harbor various promising species of microorganisms able to produce industrially valuable enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Ruginescu
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biology Bucharest of the Romanian Academy, 296 Splaiul Independentei, P.O. Box 56-53, 060031 Bucharest, Romania; (I.G.); (O.P.); (R.C.); (S.N.); (I.L.); (C.B.-M.); (M.E.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ioana Gomoiu
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biology Bucharest of the Romanian Academy, 296 Splaiul Independentei, P.O. Box 56-53, 060031 Bucharest, Romania; (I.G.); (O.P.); (R.C.); (S.N.); (I.L.); (C.B.-M.); (M.E.)
| | - Octavian Popescu
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biology Bucharest of the Romanian Academy, 296 Splaiul Independentei, P.O. Box 56-53, 060031 Bucharest, Romania; (I.G.); (O.P.); (R.C.); (S.N.); (I.L.); (C.B.-M.); (M.E.)
- Molecular Biology Center, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research in Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babes-Bolyai-University, 42 Treboniu Laurian St., 400271 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Roxana Cojoc
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biology Bucharest of the Romanian Academy, 296 Splaiul Independentei, P.O. Box 56-53, 060031 Bucharest, Romania; (I.G.); (O.P.); (R.C.); (S.N.); (I.L.); (C.B.-M.); (M.E.)
| | - Simona Neagu
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biology Bucharest of the Romanian Academy, 296 Splaiul Independentei, P.O. Box 56-53, 060031 Bucharest, Romania; (I.G.); (O.P.); (R.C.); (S.N.); (I.L.); (C.B.-M.); (M.E.)
| | - Ioana Lucaci
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biology Bucharest of the Romanian Academy, 296 Splaiul Independentei, P.O. Box 56-53, 060031 Bucharest, Romania; (I.G.); (O.P.); (R.C.); (S.N.); (I.L.); (C.B.-M.); (M.E.)
| | - Costin Batrinescu-Moteau
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biology Bucharest of the Romanian Academy, 296 Splaiul Independentei, P.O. Box 56-53, 060031 Bucharest, Romania; (I.G.); (O.P.); (R.C.); (S.N.); (I.L.); (C.B.-M.); (M.E.)
| | - Madalin Enache
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biology Bucharest of the Romanian Academy, 296 Splaiul Independentei, P.O. Box 56-53, 060031 Bucharest, Romania; (I.G.); (O.P.); (R.C.); (S.N.); (I.L.); (C.B.-M.); (M.E.)
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A Special Issue on Microorganisms from Extreme Environments in Memory of Luigi Michaud (1974–2014). DIVERSITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/d12010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A special issue (SI) titled “Microbial Diversity in Extreme Environments: Implications for Ecological and Applicative Perspectives” has been launched with the aim of showcasing the diversity and biotechnological potential of extremophilic microorganisms. The issue includes 10 research papers and four reviews that mainly address prokaryotes inhabiting hyperarid, hypercold, hyperalkaline and hypersaline (or polyextreme) environments, spanning from deserts to meromictic and glacier lakes around the globe. Thermophilic prokaryotes from shallow hydrothermal vents and Antarctic geothermal soils are also treated. The ecology and biotechnological perspectives of eukaryotes are discussed in two review papers and one research paper. This special issue serves as a memorial to Dr. Luigi Michaud (1974–2014), who dramatically passed away in Antarctica during underwater sampling activities.
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Cubillos CF, Paredes A, Yáñez C, Palma J, Severino E, Vejar D, Grágeda M, Dorador C. Insights Into the Microbiology of the Chaotropic Brines of Salar de Atacama, Chile. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1611. [PMID: 31354691 PMCID: PMC6637823 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial life inhabiting hypersaline environments belong to a limited group of extremophile or extremotolerant taxa. Natural or artificial hypersaline environments are not limited to high concentrations of NaCl, and under such conditions, specific adaptation mechanisms are necessary to permit microbial survival and growth. Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile include three large salars (salt flats) which globally, represent the largest lithium reserves, and are commonly referred to as the Lithium Triangle Zone. To date, a large amount of information has been generated regarding chemical, geological, meteorological and economical perspectives of these salars. However, there is a remarkable lack of information regarding the biology of these unique environments. Here, we report the presence of two bacterial strains (isolates LIBR002 and LIBR003) from one of the most hypersaline lithium-dominated man-made environments (total salinity 556 g/L; 11.7 M LiCl) reported to date. Both isolates were classified to the Bacillus genera, but displayed differences in 16S rRNA gene and fatty acid profiles. Our results also revealed that the isolates are lithium-tolerant and that they are phylogenetically differentiated from those Bacillus associated with high NaCl concentration environments, and form a new clade from the Lithium Triangle Zone. To determine osmoadaptation strategies in these microorganisms, both isolates were characterized using morphological, metabolic and physiological attributes. We suggest that our characterization of bacterial isolates from a highly lithium-enriched environment has revealed that even at such extreme salinities with high concentrations of chaotropic solutes, scope for microbial life exists. These conditions have previously been considered to limit the development of life, and our work extends the window of life beyond high concentrations of MgCl2, as previously reported, to LiCl. Our results can be used to further the understanding of salt tolerance, most especially for LiCl-dominated brines, and likely have value as models for the understanding of putative extra-terrestrial (e.g., Martian) life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina F. Cubillos
- Laboratorio de Complejidad Microbiana y Ecología Funcional, Instituto Antofagasta, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Mineral Process, Center for Advanced Study of Lithium and Industrial Minerals, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Adrián Paredes
- Laboratorio Química Biológica, Instituto Antofagasta, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Carolina Yáñez
- Laboratorio Microbiología, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Jenifer Palma
- Departamento de Ciencias de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Esteban Severino
- Laboratorio de Complejidad Microbiana y Ecología Funcional, Instituto Antofagasta, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Drina Vejar
- Laboratorio de Complejidad Microbiana y Ecología Funcional, Instituto Antofagasta, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mario Grágeda
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Mineral Process, Center for Advanced Study of Lithium and Industrial Minerals, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Cristina Dorador
- Laboratorio de Complejidad Microbiana y Ecología Funcional, Instituto Antofagasta, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
- Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biológicos, Universidad de Antofagasta, Antofagasta, Chile
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