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Sobieraj K, Giez K, Koziel JA, Białowiec A. Assessment of emissions and potential occupational exposure to carbon monoxide during biowaste composting. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0290206. [PMID: 38457366 PMCID: PMC10923444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
To date, only a few studies focused on the carbon monoxide (CO) production during waste composting; all targeted on CO inside piles. Here, the CO net emissions from compost piles and the assessment of worker's occupational risk of exposure to CO at large-scale composting plants are shown for the first time. CO net emissions were measured at two plants processing green waste, sewage sludge, or undersize fraction of municipal solid waste. Effects of the location of piles (hermetised hall vs. open yard) and turning (before vs. after) were studied. Higher CO net emission rates were observed from piles located in a closed hall. The average CO flux before turning was 23.25 and 0.60 mg‧m-2‧h-1 for hermetised and open piles, respectively, while after- 69.38 and 5.11 mg‧m-2‧h-1. The maximum CO net emissions occurred after the compost was turned (1.7x to 13.7x higher than before turning). The top sections of hermetised piles had greater CO emissions compared to sides. Additionally, 5% of measurement points of hermetised piles switched to 'CO sinks'. The 1-h concentration in hermetised composting hall can reach max. ~50 mg CO∙m-3 before turning, and >115 mg CO∙m-3 after, exceeding the WHO thresholds for a 1-h and 15-min exposures, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Sobieraj
- Department of Applied Bioeconomy, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Karolina Giez
- Department of Applied Bioeconomy, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jacek A. Koziel
- USDA-ARS Conservation and Production Research Laboratory, Bushland, Texas, United States of America
| | - Andrzej Białowiec
- Department of Applied Bioeconomy, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
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Sobieraj K, Stegenta-Dąbrowska S, Luo G, Koziel JA, Białowiec A. Biological treatment of biowaste as an innovative source of CO-The role of composting process. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1126737. [PMID: 36845185 PMCID: PMC9947533 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1126737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) is an essential "building block" for producing everyday chemicals on industrial scale. Carbon monoxide can also be generated though a lesser-known and sometimes forgotten biorenewable pathways that could be explored to advance biobased production from large and more sustainable sources such as bio-waste treatment. Organic matter decomposition can generate carbon monoxide both under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. While anaerobic carbon monoxide generation is relatively well understood, the aerobic is not. Yet many industrial-scale bioprocesses involve both conditions. This review summarizes the necessary basic biochemistry knowledge needed for realization of initial steps towards biobased carbon monoxide production. We analyzed for the first time, the complex information about carbon monoxide production during aerobic, anaerobic bio-waste treatment and storage, carbon monoxide-metabolizing microorganisms, pathways, and enzymes with bibliometric analysis of trends. The future directions recognizing limitations of combined composting and carbon monoxide production have been discussed in greater detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Sobieraj
- Department of Applied Bioeconomy, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Sylwia Stegenta-Dąbrowska
- Department of Applied Bioeconomy, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Gang Luo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Technical Service Platform for Pollution Control and Resource Utilization of Organic Wastes, Shanghai, China,Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, China
| | - Jacek A. Koziel
- USDA-ARS Conservation and Production Research Laboratory, Bushland, TX, United States,Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Andrzej Białowiec
- Department of Applied Bioeconomy, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland,Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States,*Correspondence: Andrzej Białowiec,
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Stegenta-Dąbrowska S, Randerson PF, Białowiec A. Aerobic Biostabilization of the Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste-Monitoring Hot and Cold Spots in the Reactor as a Novel Tool for Process Optimization. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15093300. [PMID: 35591634 PMCID: PMC9104568 DOI: 10.3390/ma15093300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The process of aerobic biostabilization (AB) has been adopted for treatment of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW). However, thermal gradients and some side effects in the bioreactors present difficulties in optimization of AB. Forced aeration is more effective than natural ventilation of waste piles, but “hot and cold spots” exist due to inhomogeneous distribution of air and heat. This study identified the occurrence of hot and cold spots during the OFMSW biostabilization process at full technical scale. It was shown that the number of hot and cold spots depended on the size of the pile and aeration rate. When the mass of stabilized waste was significantly lower and the aeration rate was two-fold higher the number of anaerobic hot spots decreased, while cold spots increased. In addition, the results indicated that pile construction with sidewalls decreased the number of hot spots. However, channelizing the airflow under similar conditions increased the number of cold spots. Knowledge of the spatial and temporal distribution of process gases can enable optimization and adoption of the OFMSW flow aeration regime. Temperature monitoring within the waste pile enables the operator to eliminate undesirable “hot spots” by modifying the aeration regime and hence improve the overall treatment efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Stegenta-Dąbrowska
- Department of Applied Bioeconomy, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37a, Chełmońskiego Str., 51-630 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Peter F. Randerson
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK;
| | - Andrzej Białowiec
- Department of Applied Bioeconomy, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 37a, Chełmońskiego Str., 51-630 Wrocław, Poland;
- Correspondence:
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Mamo M, Kassa H, Ingale L, Dondeyne S. Evaluation of compost quality from municipal solid waste integrated with organic additive in Mizan-Aman town, Southwest Ethiopia. BMC Chem 2021; 15:43. [PMID: 34281617 PMCID: PMC8290552 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-021-00770-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The present study evaluated the compost quality from municipal solid waste (MSW) and organic additives of coffee by-products and leaf of Millettia ferruginea. Compost sample (n = 30) was taken from fresh compost materials and MSW and different organic additive treatments (T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5). Compost treatments phytotoxicity test was conducted using lettuce seed (Lactuca Sativa L. var. crispa). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed using SPSS (version 22) on major compost quality characteristics. Results The compost Physico-chemical characteristics like temperature (26.4 °C), moisture content (45.5%), electrical conductivity (4.6 mS/cm), pH (7.9), total nitrogen (1.2%) and phosphorous content (2918 ppm) in T4 and T5 were analogous but both are significantly different from T3, T2 and T1 compost treatments. Phytotoxicity test using 100% compost treatment media showed that T4 (101%) and T5 (102%) are phytonutrient for lettuce plant. While, T3 and T2; and T1 compost treatments are non-phytotoxic and moderately phytotoxic respectively to lettuce plant. Conclusion Therefore, compost from MSW + M. ferruginea (T4) and MSW + coffee pulp + M. ferruginea (T5) are important for improving the physico-chemical characteristics of compost and are phytonutrient for lettuce plant. Thus, for effectively management of the 75% of organic fraction of waste generated from households in the study area, recycling methods like composting with organic additives must be used at large. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13065-021-00770-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masresha Mamo
- Department of Natural Resources Management, Mizan-Tepi University, PO. Box 391, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia
| | - Henok Kassa
- Department of Natural Resources Management, Mizan-Tepi University, PO. Box 391, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia.
| | - Lalit Ingale
- Department of Natural Resources Management, Mizan-Tepi University, PO. Box 391, Mizan Teferi, Ethiopia
| | - Stefaan Dondeyne
- Department of Geography, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S8, 9000, Gent, Belgium
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Youssef NH, Al-Huqail AA, Ali HM, Abdelsalam NR, Sabra MA. The role of Serendipita indica and Lactobacilli mixtures on mitigating mycotoxins and heavy metals' risks of contaminated sewage sludge and its composts. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15159. [PMID: 32938964 PMCID: PMC7495000 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71917-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of the Municipal Sewage Sludge (MSS) is considered as one of the most harmful renewable ecological and human health problems. MSS is a renewable resource that could be used as a soil organic amendment. This study aims to reduce the Heavy Metals (HMs) from the sludge content and sludge compost. Furthermore, this study is considered the first to assess the mycotoxins content in sludge and sludge compost via a new biological treatment using the fungus Serendipita indica or a mixture of lactic acid bacteria, thus providing safer nutrients for the soil amendment for a longer time and preserving human health. The HMs and mycotoxins were determined. The results exhibited that the biotic remediation of bio-solid waste and sewage sludge compost succeeded; a new bio-treated compost with a very low content of heavy metals and almost mycotoxins-free contents was availed. Also, the results indicated that the Lactobacilli mixture realized the best results in reducing heavy metals contents and mycotoxins. Afterward, S. indica. biotic remediation of bio-solid waste and sewage sludge compost minimized the health risk hazards affecting the human food chain, allowing for the different uses of sludge to be safer for the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrine H Youssef
- Regional Center for Food and Feed, Agricultural Research Center, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Asma A Al-Huqail
- Chair of Climate Change, Environmental Development and Vegetation Cover, Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hayssam M Ali
- Chair of Climate Change, Environmental Development and Vegetation Cover, Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.,Timber Trees Research Department, Sabahia Horticulture Research Station, Horticulture Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Alexandria, 21526, Egypt
| | - Nader R Abdelsalam
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21531, Egypt.
| | - Mayada A Sabra
- Agricultural Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture (Saba Basha), Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21531, Egypt
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Stegenta-Dąbrowska S, Drabczyński G, Sobieraj K, Koziel JA, Białowiec A. The Biotic and Abiotic Carbon Monoxide Formation During Aerobic Co-digestion of Dairy Cattle Manure With Green Waste and Sawdust. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:283. [PMID: 31737615 PMCID: PMC6828980 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO), an air pollutant and a toxic gas to humans, can be generated during aerobic digestion of organic waste. CO is produced due to thermochemical processes, and also produced or consumed by cohorts of methanogenic, acetogenic, or sulfate-reducing bacteria. The exact mechanisms of biotic and abiotic formation of CO in aerobic digestion (particularly the effects of process temperature) are still not known. This study aimed to determine the temporal variation in CO concentrations during the aerobic digestion as a function of process temperature and activity of microorganisms. All experiments were conducted in controlled temperature reactors using homogeneous materials. The lab-scale tests with sterilized and non-sterilized mix of green waste, dairy cattle manure, sawdust (1:1:1 mass ratio) were carried out for 1 week at 10, 25, 30, 37, 40, 50, 60, 70°C to elucidate the biotic vs. abiotic effect. Gas concentrations of CO, O2, and CO2 inside the reactor were measured every 12 h. The CO concentrations observed for up to 30°C did not exceed 100 ppm v/v. For 50 and 60°C, significantly (p < 0.05) higher CO concentrations, reaching almost 600 ppm v/v, were observed. The regression analyses showed in both cases (sterile and non-sterile) a statistically significant effect (p < 0.05) of temperature on CO concentration, confirming that the increase in temperature causes an increase in CO concentration. The remaining factors (time, O2, and CO2 content) were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). A new polynomial model describing the effect of temperature, O2, and CO2 concentration on CO production during aerobic digestion of organic waste was formulated. It has been found that the proposed model for sterile variant had a better fit (R2 = 0.86) compared with non-sterile (R2 = 0.71). The model predicts CO emissions and could be considered for composting process optimization. The developed model could be further developed and useful for ambient air quality and occupational exposure to CO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Stegenta-Dąbrowska
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Drabczyński
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Karolina Sobieraj
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jacek A Koziel
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Andrzej Białowiec
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.,Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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Waste to Carbon Energy Demand Model and Data Based on the TGA and DSC Analysis of Individual MSW Components. DATA 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/data4020053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The pioneering developed simplified mathematical model can be used to determine the energy consumption of the torrefaction process. Specifically, the energy balance model was developed for torrefaction of municipal solid waste (MSW; a combustible fraction of common municipal waste). Municipalities are adopting waste separation and need tools for energy recovery options. This type of model is needed for initial decision-making, evaluation of cost estimates, life cycle analysis (LCA), and for optimizing the torrefaction of MSW. The MSW inputs are inherently variable and are site-, location-, and country-dependent. Thus, in this model, MSW inputs consist of eight types of common municipal waste components: chicken meat, diapers, gauze, eggs packaging, paper receipts, cotton, genuine leather, and polypropylene. The model uses simple experimental input consisting of thermogravimetric (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses for each type of individual MSW material. The model was created in a Microsoft Office Excel spreadsheet and is available for download and use for site-specific waste mixes and properties. The model allows estimating the energy demand of the process depending on the percentage composition of the MSW and the final torrefaction temperature. The model enables initial optimization of the torrefaction process regarding its energy demand by changing the proportion of MSW mix and the final temperature.
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