1
|
Gong X, Liu Y, Liang K, Chen Z, Ding K, Qiu L, Wei J, Du H. Cucurbitacin I exerts its anticancer effects by inducing cell cycle arrest via the KAT2a-ube2C/E2F1 pathway and inhibiting HepG2-induced macrophage M2 polarization. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 738:150508. [PMID: 39151295 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies globally, particularly prevalent in China, where it accounts for nearly half of the world's new cases and deaths each year, but has limited therapeutic options. This study systematically investigated the impact of cucurbitacin I on HCC cell lines including SK-Hep-1, Huh-7, and HepG2. The results revealed that cucurbitacin I not only inhibited cell proliferation, cell migration and colony formation, but also induced apoptosis in HCC cells. The apoptotic induction was accompanied by a decrease in the expression of the anti-apoptotic factor B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2), and an elevation in the expression levels of pro-apoptotic factors, including tumor protein p53 (P53), bcl2 associated X-apoptosis regulator (Bax), and caspase3 (Cas3). Additionally, cucurbitacin I caused cell cycle arrest by modulating the lysine acetyltransferase 2A (KAT2A)-E2F transcription factor 1 (E2F1)/Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 C (UBE2C) signaling axis. In terms of regulation on tumor microenvironment, cucurbitacin I was demonstrated the ability to inhibit HCC cell-induced M2 polarization of macrophages. This comprehensive study unveils the multifaceted anti-cancer mechanisms of cucurbitacin I, providing robust support for its potential application in the treatment of HCC, offering new avenues for the future development of HCC treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocheng Gong
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yunfei Liu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Keying Liang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zixi Chen
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Ke Ding
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Li Qiu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jinfen Wei
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Hongli Du
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sadria M, Layton A, Goyal S, Bader GD. Fatecode enables cell fate regulator prediction using classification-supervised autoencoder perturbation. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2024; 4:100819. [PMID: 38986613 PMCID: PMC11294839 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2024.100819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Cell reprogramming, which guides the conversion between cell states, is a promising technology for tissue repair and regeneration, with the ultimate goal of accelerating recovery from diseases or injuries. To accomplish this, regulators must be identified and manipulated to control cell fate. We propose Fatecode, a computational method that predicts cell fate regulators based only on single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data. Fatecode learns a latent representation of the scRNA-seq data using a deep learning-based classification-supervised autoencoder and then performs in silico perturbation experiments on the latent representation to predict genes that, when perturbed, would alter the original cell type distribution to increase or decrease the population size of a cell type of interest. We assessed Fatecode's performance using simulations from a mechanistic gene-regulatory network model and scRNA-seq data mapping blood and brain development of different organisms. Our results suggest that Fatecode can detect known cell fate regulators from single-cell transcriptomics datasets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehrshad Sadria
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
| | - Anita Layton
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada; Cheriton School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada; School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Sidhartha Goyal
- Department of Physics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gary D Bader
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; The Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada; Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang Y, Yao L, Chung CR, Huang Y, Li S, Zhang W, Pang Y, Lee TY. KinPred-RNA-kinase activity inference and cancer type classification using machine learning on RNA-seq data. iScience 2024; 27:109333. [PMID: 38523792 PMCID: PMC10959666 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Kinases as important enzymes can transfer phosphate groups from high-energy and phosphate-donating molecules to specific substrates and play essential roles in various cellular processes. Existing algorithms for kinase activity from phosphorylated proteomics data are often costly, requiring valuable samples. Moreover, methods to extract kinase activities from bulk RNA sequencing data remain undeveloped. In this study, we propose a computational framework KinPred-RNA to derive kinase activities from bulk RNA-sequencing data in cancer samples. KinPred-RNA framework, using the extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) regression model, outperforms random forest regression, multiple linear regression, and support vector machine regression models in predicting kinase activities from cancer-related RNA sequencing data. Efficient gene signatures from the LINCS-L1000 dataset were used as inputs for KinPred-RNA. The results highlight its potential to be related to biological function. In conclusion, KinPred RNA constitutes a significant advance in cancer research by potentially facilitating the identification of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuntian Zhang
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
- School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Lantian Yao
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Chia-Ru Chung
- Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 320953, Taiwan
| | - Yixian Huang
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
- School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Shangfu Li
- Warshel Institute for Computational Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Wenyang Zhang
- School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
| | - Yuxuan Pang
- Division of Health Medical Intelligence, Human Genome Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tzong-Yi Lee
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan
- Center for Intelligent Drug Systems and Smart Bio-devices (IDSB), National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300093, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jalali P, Samii A, Rezaee M, Shahmoradi A, Pashizeh F, Salehi Z. UBE2C: A pan-cancer diagnostic and prognostic biomarker revealed through bioinformatics analysis. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2024; 7:e2032. [PMID: 38577722 PMCID: PMC10995712 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.2032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diverse and complex attributes of cancer have made it a daunting challenge to overcome globally and remains to endanger human life. Detection of critical cancer-related gene alterations in solid tumor samples better defines patient diagnosis and prognosis, and indicates what targeted therapies must be administered to improve cancer patients' outcome. MATERIALS AND METHODS To identify genes that have aberrant expression across different cancer types, differential expressed genes were detected within the TCGA datasets. Subsequently, the DEGs common to all pan cancers were determined. Furthermore, various methods were employed to gain genetic alterations, co-expression genes network and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, pathway enrichment analysis of common genes. Finally, the gene regulatory network was constructed. RESULTS Intersectional analysis identified UBE2C as a common DEG between all 28 types of studied cancers. Upregulated UBE2C expression was significantly correlated with OS and DFS of 10 and 9 types of cancer patients. Also, UBE2C can be a diagnostic factor in CESC, CHOL, GBM, and UCS with AUC = 100% and diagnose 19 cancer types with AUC ≥90%. A ceRNA network constructed including UBE2C, 41 TFs, 10 shared miRNAs, and 21 circRNAs and 128 lncRNAs. CONCLUSION In summary, UBE2C can be a theranostic gene, which may serve as a reliable biomarker in diagnosing cancers, improving treatment responses and increasing the overall survival of cancer patients and can be a promising gene to be target by cancer drugs in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pooya Jalali
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Centre, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Amir Samii
- Department of Hematology and Blood TransfusionSchool of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Malihe Rezaee
- Department of PharmacologySchool of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Arvin Shahmoradi
- Department of Laboratory MedicineFaculty of Paramedical, Kurdistan University of Medical SciencesSanandajIran
| | - Fatemeh Pashizeh
- Department of Clinical ImmunologyShahid Sadoughi University of Medical SciencesYazdIran
| | - Zahra Salehi
- Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Research Institute for Oncology, Hematology and Cell Therapy, Tehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Domentean S, Paisana E, Cascão R, Faria CC. Role of UBE2C in Brain Cancer Invasion and Dissemination. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15792. [PMID: 37958776 PMCID: PMC10650073 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) and brain metastases (BM) are the most common brain tumors in adults and are invariably associated with a dismal outcome. These highly malignant tumors share common features including increased invasion and migration of the primary or metastatic brain cancer cells, whose triggering mechanisms are largely unknown. Emerging evidence has suggested that the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2C (UBE2C), essential for controlling cell cycle progression, is overexpressed in diverse malignancies, including brain cancer. This review highlights the crucial role of UBE2C in brain tumorigenesis and its association with higher proliferative phenotype and histopathological grade, with autophagy and apoptosis suppression, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasion, migration, and dissemination. High expression of UBE2C has been associated with patients' poor prognosis and drug resistance. UBE2C has also been proven as a promising therapeutic target, despite the lack of specific inhibitors. Thus, there is a need to further explore the role of UBE2C in malignant brain cancer and to develop effective targeted therapies for patients with this deadly disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefani Domentean
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício Egas Moniz, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal; (S.D.); (E.P.); (R.C.)
| | - Eunice Paisana
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício Egas Moniz, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal; (S.D.); (E.P.); (R.C.)
| | - Rita Cascão
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício Egas Moniz, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal; (S.D.); (E.P.); (R.C.)
| | - Claudia C. Faria
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Edifício Egas Moniz, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal; (S.D.); (E.P.); (R.C.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital de Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte (CHULN), Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
- Clínica Universitária de Neurocirurgia, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jiang H, Zheng S, Qian Y, Zhou Y, Dai H, Liang Y, He Y, Gao R, Lv H, Zhang J, Xia Z, Bian W, Yang T, Fu Q. Restored UBE2C expression in islets promotes β-cell regeneration in mice by ubiquitinating PER1. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:226. [PMID: 37486389 PMCID: PMC11072275 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04868-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Insulin deficiency may be due to the reduced proliferation capacity of islet β-cell, contributing to the onset of diabetes. It is therefore imperative to investigate the mechanism of the β-cell regeneration in the islets. NKX6.1, one of the critical β-cell transcription factors, is a pivotal element in β-cell proliferation. The ubiquitin-binding enzyme 2C (UBE2C) was previously reported as one of the downstream molecules of NKX6.1 though the exact function and mechanism of UBE2C in β-cell remain to be elucidated. Here, we determined a subpopulation of islet β-cells highly expressing UBE2C, which proliferate actively. We also discovered that β-cell compensatory proliferation was induced by UBE2C via the cell cycle renewal pathway in weaning and high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. Moreover, the reduction of β-cell proliferation led to insulin deficiency in βUbe2cKO mice and, therefore, developed type 2 diabetes. UBE2C was found to regulate PER1 degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway via its association with a ubiquitin ligase, CUL1. PER1 inhibition rescues UBE2C knockout-induced β-cell growth inhibition both in vivo and in vitro. Notably, overexpression of UBE2C via lentiviral transduction in pancreatic islets was able to relaunch β-cell proliferation in STZ-induced diabetic mice and therefore partially alleviated hyperglycaemia and glucose intolerance. This study indicates that UBE2C positively regulates β-cell proliferation by promoting ubiquitination and degradation of the biological clock suppressor PER1. The beneficial effect of UBE2C on islet β-cell regeneration suggests a promising application in treating diabetic patients with β-cell deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hemin Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuai Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Qian
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuncai Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hao Dai
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yucheng Liang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yunqiang He
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Gao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Lv
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiqing Xia
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenxuan Bian
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Qi Fu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Inhibit Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cell Stemness and Metastasis via an ALKBH5-Dependent Mechanism. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14246059. [PMID: 36551544 PMCID: PMC9776833 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14246059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormal N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification caused by m6A regulators is a common characteristic in various tumors. However, little is known about the role of m6A regulator AlkB homolog 5 (ALKBH5) in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). In this study, we analyzed the influence of ALKBH5 on the stemness of TNBC and the molecular mechanism using bioinformatics analysis and in vivo animal experiments. METHODS RNA expression data and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data were downloaded from the TCGA and GEO databases. Following intersection analysis, key genes involved in the TNBC cell stemness were determined, which was followed by functional enrichment analysis, PPI and survival analysis. Exosomes were extracted from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC-Exos) where ALKBH5 inhibition assay was conducted to verify their function in the biological characteristics of TNBC cells. RESULTS Bioinformatics analysis revealed 45 key genes of ALKBH5 regulating TNBC cell stemness. In addition, UBE2C was predicted as a key downstream gene and p53 was predicted as a downstream signaling of ALKBH5. In vivo data confirmed that ALKBH5 upregulated UBE2C expression by regulating the m6A modification of UBE2C and reduced p53 expression, thus promoting the stemness, growth and metastasis of TNBC cells. BMSC-Exos suppressed the tumor stemness, growth and metastasis of TNBC cells and ALKBH5 shRNA-loaded BMSC-Exos showed a more significant suppressive role. CONCLUSION Taken together, our findings indicated that ALKBH5 shRNA-loaded BMSC-Exos reduced TNBC cell stemness, growth and metastasis and define a promising strategy to treat TNBC.
Collapse
|
8
|
Lin S, Qiu L, Liang K, Zhang H, Xian M, Chen Z, Wei J, Fu S, Gong X, Ding K, Zhang Z, Hu B, Zhang X, Duan Y, Du H. KAT2A/ E2F1 Promotes Cell Proliferation and Migration via Upregulating the Expression of UBE2C in Pan-Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:1817. [PMID: 36292703 PMCID: PMC9602169 DOI: 10.3390/genes13101817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Various studies have shown that lysine acetyltransferase 2A (KAT2A), E2F transcription factor 1 (E2F1), and ubiquitin conjugating enzyme E2 C (UBE2C) genes regulated the proliferation and migration of tumor cells through regulating the cell cycle. However, there is a lack of in-depth and systematic research on their mechanisms of action. This study analyzed The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) to screen potential candidate genes and the regulation network of KAT2A and E2F1 complex in pan-cancer. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting (WB), cell phenotype detection, immunofluorescence co-localization, chromatin immunoprecipitation assay (ChIP), and RNA-Seq techniques were used to explore the functional of a candidate gene, UBE2C. We found that the expression of these three genes was significantly higher in more than 10 tumor types compared to normal tissue. Moreover, UBE2C was mainly expressed in tumor cells, which highlighted the impacts of UBE2C as a specific therapeutic strategy. Moreover, KAT2A and E2F1 could promote cell proliferation and the migration of cancer cells by enhancing the expression of UBE2C. Mechanically, KAT2A was found to cooperate with E2F1 and be recruited by E2F1 to the UBE2C promoter for elevating the expression of UBE2C by increasing the acetylation level of H3K9.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shudai Lin
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Li Qiu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Keying Liang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Mingjian Xian
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zixi Chen
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jinfen Wei
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shuying Fu
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaocheng Gong
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ke Ding
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zihao Zhang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Bowen Hu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiquan Zhang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yuyou Duan
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Translational Medicine, Institutes for Life Sciences and School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hongli Du
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhai D, Zhang M, Li Y, Bi J, Kuang X, Shan Z, Shao N, Lin Y. LINC01194 recruits NUMA1 to promote ubiquitination of RYR2 to enhance malignant progression in triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer Lett 2022; 544:215797. [PMID: 35750275 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Long intergenic nonprotein coding RNA 1194 (LINC01194) has been reported as an oncogene in several cancer types, but its expression and potential role in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) are still unclear. We found that LINC01194 was significantly highly expressed in TNBC based on The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Data from in vitro experiments and in vivo assays demonstrated that LINC01194 promoted TNBC progression. Through bioinformatics prediction, mass spectrometry, and mechanical experiments, we found that LINC01194 could recruit nuclear mitotic apparatus protein 1 (NUMA1) to bind to the untranslated region (3'UTR) of ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 C (UBE2C) 3' and stabilize UBE2C mRNA. Moreover, we found that UBE2C acted as an ubiquitin ligase to promote the ubiquitination and degradation of ryanodine receptor type 2 (RYR2) that inhibited the progression of TNBC by inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. In summary, LINC01194 activate the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and accelerates the malignant progression of TNBC by recruiting NUMA1 to stabilize UBE2C mRNA and thus promotes RYR2 ubiquitination and degradation. These findings might provide a more effective therapeutic strategy for TNBC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duanyang Zhai
- Breast Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Laboratory of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhang
- Breast Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Laboratory of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yuying Li
- Breast Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China; Laboratory of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jiong Bi
- Laboratory of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Xiaying Kuang
- Breast Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Zhen Shan
- Breast Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Nan Shao
- Breast Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Ying Lin
- Breast Disease Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yang YF, Chang YC, Tsai KW, Hung MH, Kang BH. UBE2C triggers HIF-1α-glycolytic flux in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:3716-3725. [PMID: 35615976 PMCID: PMC9258705 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the most common malignancy in Taiwan. Therefore, refining the diagnostic sensitivity of biomarkers for early‐stage tumours and identifying therapeutic targets are critical for improving the survival rate of HNSCC patients. Metabolic reprogramming contributes to cancer development and progression. Metabolic pathways, specifically, play a crucial role in these diverse biological and pathological processes, which include cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and carcinogenesis. Here, we investigated the role and potential prognostic value of the ubiquitin‐conjugating enzyme E2 (UBE2) family in HNSCC. Gene expression database analysis followed by tumour comparison with non‐tumour tissue showed that UBE2C was upregulated in tumours and was associated with lymph node metastasis in HNSCC patients. Knockdown of UBE2C significantly reduced the invasion/migration abilities of SAS and CAL27 cells. UBE2C modulates glycolysis pathway activation and HIF‐1α expression in SAS and CAL27 cells. CoCl2 (HIF‐1α inducer) treatment restored the expression of glycolytic enzymes and the migration/invasion abilities of UBE2C knockdown cells. Based on our findings, UBE2C expression mediates HIF‐1α activation, increasing glycolysis pathway activation and the invasion/migration abilities of cancer cells. UBE2C may be an independent prognostic factor and a therapeutic target in HNSCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Fang Yang
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chan Chang
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Wang Tsai
- Department of Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsin Hung
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Hwang Kang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacy, Tajen University, Pingtung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ubiquitin conjugating enzyme E2 C (UBE2C) may play a dual role involved in the progression of thyroid carcinoma. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:130. [PMID: 35332135 PMCID: PMC8948250 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-00935-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to explore the role of ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 C (UBE2C) in the progress of thyroid carcinoma (THCA). We firstly explored the prognostic impact and expression level of UBE2C in THCA. Then, we performed the UBE2C knockdown and evaluated the effects on the proliferation, cell cycle distribution, apoptosis, migration, and invasion of THCA cells, as well as resistance to sorafenib. Finally, we predicted the possible pathways and explored the correlation between UBE2C with immune infiltrates. The results showed that high expression of UBE2C independently predicted a shorter disease-free survival time of THCA patients. And UBE2C also presented a better prognostic performance on the survival probability of patients. Expression analysis showed that UBE2C was statistically upregulated in THCA tissue compared with normal tissue. After UBE2C knockdown, the proliferation of THCA cells was inhibited and apoptosis was increased. These results indicated that UBE2C acted as an oncogene in THCA. However, the migration and invasion of THCA cells with UBE2C knockdown were enhanced, and the expressions of migration-related proteins were upregulated. In addition, UBE2C knockdown increased the resistance of THCA cells to sorafenib. These results implied the potential of UBE2C as a suppressor gene in THCA. The pathway analysis further predicted that metabolism-related pathways were activated in the UBE2C low expression class, and cell growth and immune-related pathways were focused on the UBE2C high expression class. Finally, we observed a significant positive relationship between UBE2C and several immune infiltrates in THCA. It followed that UBE2C high expression might play a vital role in THCA to some extent. This study revealed that UBE2C participated in the progression of THCA and may play the dual role of both oncogene and tumor suppressor gene. The detailed mechanism needed to be further investigated.
Collapse
|
12
|
Effect of EGFR on SQSTM1 Expression in Malignancy and Tumor Progression of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212226. [PMID: 34830108 PMCID: PMC8625971 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common types of malignant tumor. Sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1) serves as an adaptor of autophagy for degrading protein aggregates. The regulation of autophagy by EGFR and its clinical impacts are indicated in various types of cancer. However, the association of EGFR and SQSTM1 in OSCC is still unknown. Our results show that the expression levels of SQSTM1 and EGFR proteins are higher in tumor tissues than in the corresponding tumor-adjacent (CTAN) tissues of OSCC patients. The expression levels of SQSTM1 were positively associated with the EGFR expression level. High co-expression of SQSTM1 and EGFR is associated with poor prognosis in OSCC patients. Moreover, SQSTM1 expression is decreased in EGFR-knockdown cells. Cell growth and invasion/migration are also decreased in cells with single/combined knockdowns of EGFR and SQSTM1 or in SQSTM1-knockdown cells without EGFR kinase inhibitor Lapatinib treatment compared to that in scrambled cells. However, cell growth and invasion/metastasis were not significantly different between the scrambled cells and SQSTM1-knockdown cells in the presence of Lapatinib. This study is the first to indicate the biological roles and clinical significance of SQSTM1 regulation by EGFR in OSCC.
Collapse
|
13
|
Jiang X, Yuan Y, Tang L, Wang J, Liu Q, Zou X, Duan L. Comprehensive Pan-Cancer Analysis of the Prognostic and Immunological Roles of the METTL3/lncRNA-SNHG1/miRNA-140-3p/UBE2C Axis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:765772. [PMID: 34858987 PMCID: PMC8631498 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.765772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence has demonstrated that UBE2C plays a critical role in cancer progression, but there is no study focusing on the prognosis, upstream regulation mechanism, and immunological roles of UBE2C across diverse tumor types. In this study, we found that UBE2C was elevated in this human pan-cancer analysis, and high expression of UBE2C was correlated with poor prognosis. In addition, UBE2C expression was markedly associated with tumor mutation burden (TMB), microsatellite instability (MSI), immune cell infiltration, and diverse drug sensitivities. Finally, we showed that the METTL3/SNHG1/miRNA-140-3p axis could potentially regulate UBE2C expression. N(6)-Methyladenosine (m6A) modifications improved the stability of methylated SNHG1 transcripts by decreasing the rate of RNA degradation, which lead to upregulation of SNHG1 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In vitro functional experiments showed that SNHG1, as a competing endogenous RNA, sponges miR-140-3p to increase UBE2C expression in NSCLC cell lines. Our study elucidates the clinical importance and regulatory mechanism of the METTL3/SNHG1/miRNA-140-3p/UBE2C axis in NSCLC and provides a prognostic indicator, as well as a promising therapeutic target for patients with NSCLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiulin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, China
| | - Yixiao Yuan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Lin Tang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Qianqian Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaolan Zou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Lincan Duan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Luo HL, Liu HY, Chang YL, Sung MT, Chen PY, Su YL, Huang CC, Peng JM. Hypomethylated RRBP1 Potentiates Tumor Malignancy and Chemoresistance in Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168761. [PMID: 34445467 PMCID: PMC8395942 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosome-binding protein 1 (RRBP1) is a potential oncogene in several cancer types. However, the correlation between RRBP1 expression and the prognosis of patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) remains unclear. In this study, we identified that RRBP1 is associated with carcinogenesis and metastasis in UTUC using a methylation profiling microarray. High correlations between RRBP1 and cancer stages, nodal metastasis status, molecular subtypes, and prognosis in bladder urothelial cancer (BLCA) were found. Aberrant DNA methylation in the gene body region of RRBP1 was determined in UTUC tissues by methylation-specific PCR. RRBP1 expression was significantly increased in UTUC tissues and cell lines, as determined by real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. RRBP1 depletion significantly reduced BFTC909 cell growth induced by specific shRNA. On the other hand, molecular subtype analysis showed that the expression of RRBP1 was associated with genes related to cell proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and basal markers. A patient-derived organoid model was established to analyze patients' responses to different drugs. The expression of RRBP1 was related to chemoresistance. Taken together, these results provide the first evidence that RRBP1 gene body hypomethylation predicts RRBP1 high expression in UTUC. The data highlight the importance of RRBP1 in UTUC malignancy and chemotherapeutic tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Lun Luo
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (H.-L.L.); (H.-Y.L.); (Y.-L.C.); (P.-Y.C.)
| | - Hui-Ying Liu
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (H.-L.L.); (H.-Y.L.); (Y.-L.C.); (P.-Y.C.)
| | - Yin-Lun Chang
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (H.-L.L.); (H.-Y.L.); (Y.-L.C.); (P.-Y.C.)
| | - Ming-Tse Sung
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan;
| | - Po-Yen Chen
- Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (H.-L.L.); (H.-Y.L.); (Y.-L.C.); (P.-Y.C.)
| | - Yu-Li Su
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan;
| | - Chun-Chieh Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan;
| | - Jei-Ming Peng
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-2-7317123-8597
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Liu PF, Shu CW, Lee CH, Sie HC, Liou HH, Cheng JT, Ger LP, Chen CL, Chen CC, Chen CF. Clinical Significance and the Role of Guanylate-Binding Protein 5 in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13164043. [PMID: 34439200 PMCID: PMC8394330 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanylate binding protein 5 (GBP5) is the interferon (IFN)-inducible subfamily of guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) and is involved in pathogen defense. However, the role played by GBP5 in cancer development, especially in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), is still unknown. Herein, next-generation sequencing analysis showed that the gene expression levels of GBP5 were significantly higher in OSCC tissues compared with those found in corresponding tumor adjacent normal tissues (CTAN) from two pairs of OSCC patients. Higher gene expression levels of GBP5 were also found in tumor tissues of 23 buccal mucosal squamous cell carcinoma (BMSCC)/14 tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) patients and 30 oral cancer patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database compared with those in CTAN tissues. Immunohistochemical results showed that protein expression levels of GBP5 were also higher in the tumor tissues of 353 OSCC patients including 117 BMSCC, 187 TSCC, and 49 lip squamous cell carcinoma patients. Moreover, TCGA database analysis indicated that high gene expression levels of GBP5 were associated with poor overall survival in oral cancer patients with moderate/poor cell differentiation, and associated with poor disease-free survival in oral cancer patients with moderate/poor cell differentiation and lymph node metastasis. Furthermore, GBP5-knockdowned cells exhibited decreased cell growth, arrest at G1 phase, and decreased invasion/migration. The gene expression of markers for epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cancer stemness was also reduced in GBP5-silenced oral cancer cells. Taken together, GBP5 might be a potential biomarker and therapeutic target for OSCC patients, especially for those with poor cell differentiation and lymph node metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Feng Liu
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (P.-F.L.); or (C.-H.L.)
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Center for Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wen Shu
- Institute of BioPharmaceutical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan;
| | - Cheng-Hsin Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, College of Life Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan; (P.-F.L.); or (C.-H.L.)
| | - Huei-Cin Sie
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan;
| | - Huei-Han Liou
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan or (H.-H.L.); (L.-P.G.)
| | - Jiin-Tsuey Cheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan; (J.-T.C.); (C.-L.C.)
| | - Luo-Ping Ger
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan or (H.-H.L.); (L.-P.G.)
| | - Chun-Lin Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan; (J.-T.C.); (C.-L.C.)
| | - Chien-Chou Chen
- Family Medicine Division, Zuoying Branch of Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81342, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-C.C.); or (C.-F.C.); Tel.: +886-07-581-7121 (C.-C.C.); +886-07-346-8080 (C.-F.C.)
| | - Chun-Feng Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan
- Department of Dental Technology, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung 82144, Taiwan
- School of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-C.C.); or (C.-F.C.); Tel.: +886-07-581-7121 (C.-C.C.); +886-07-346-8080 (C.-F.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Du X, Song H, Shen N, Hua R, Yang G. The Molecular Basis of Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzymes (E2s) as a Potential Target for Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073440. [PMID: 33810518 PMCID: PMC8037234 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s) are one of the three enzymes required by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway to connect activated ubiquitin to target proteins via ubiquitin ligases. E2s determine the connection type of the ubiquitin chains, and different types of ubiquitin chains regulate the stability and activity of substrate proteins. Thus, E2s participate in the regulation of a variety of biological processes. In recent years, the importance of E2s in human health and diseases has been particularly emphasized. Studies have shown that E2s are dysregulated in variety of cancers, thus it might be a potential therapeutic target. However, the molecular basis of E2s as a therapeutic target has not been described systematically. We reviewed this issue from the perspective of the special position and role of E2s in the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, the structure of E2s and biological processes they are involved in. In addition, the inhibitors and microRNAs targeting E2s are also summarized. This article not only provides a direction for the development of effective drugs but also lays a foundation for further study on this enzyme in the future.
Collapse
|