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Wang C, Ma Q, Wei Y, Liu Q, Wang Y, Xu C, Li C, Cai Q, Sun H, Tang X, Kang H. Deep learning automatically assesses 2-µm laser-induced skin damage OCT images. Lasers Med Sci 2024; 39:106. [PMID: 38634947 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-024-04053-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
The present study proposed a noninvasive, automated, in vivo assessment method based on optical coherence tomography (OCT) and deep learning techniques to qualitatively and quantitatively analyze the biological effects of 2-µm laser-induced skin damage at different irradiation doses. Different doses of 2-µm laser irradiation established a mouse skin damage model, after which the skin-damaged tissues were imaged non-invasively in vivo using OCT. The acquired images were preprocessed to construct the dataset required for deep learning. The deep learning models used were U-Net, DeepLabV3+, PSP-Net, and HR-Net, and the trained models were used to segment the damage images and further quantify the damage volume of mouse skin under different irradiation doses. The comparison of the qualitative and quantitative results of the four network models showed that HR-Net had the best performance, the highest agreement between the segmentation results and real values, and the smallest error in the quantitative assessment of the damage volume. Based on HR-Net to segment the damage image and quantify the damage volume, the irradiation doses 5.41, 9.55, 13.05, 20.85, 32.71, 52.92, 76.71, and 97.24 J/cm² corresponded to a damage volume of 4.58, 12.56, 16.74, 20.88, 24.52, 30.75, 34.13, and 37.32 mm³. The damage volume increased in a radiation dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changke Wang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, 100850, Beijing, China
- College of Information Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, 263 Kaiyuan Avenue, 471023, Luoyang, China
| | - Qiong Ma
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, 100850, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Wei
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, 100850, Beijing, China
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, 180 East Wusi Road, 071000, Baoding, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, 100850, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, 100850, Beijing, China
| | - Chenliang Xu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, 100850, Beijing, China
- College of Information Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, 263 Kaiyuan Avenue, 471023, Luoyang, China
| | - Caihui Li
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, 100850, Beijing, China
| | - Qingyu Cai
- College of Information Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, 263 Kaiyuan Avenue, 471023, Luoyang, China
- Hunan SANY Industrial Vocational Technical College, Hanli Industrial Park, 410129, Changsha, China
| | - Haiyang Sun
- College of Information Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, 263 Kaiyuan Avenue, 471023, Luoyang, China
- Hunan SANY Industrial Vocational Technical College, Hanli Industrial Park, 410129, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoan Tang
- College of Information Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, 263 Kaiyuan Avenue, 471023, Luoyang, China
| | - Hongxiang Kang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, 100850, Beijing, China.
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Chang CC, Wang YJ, Huang L, Chen IL, Shih YC, Shen JW, Lu ME, Chiang HM, Lin BS, Wu YH. Photoaging features of melasma: An in vivo layered and quantitative analysis using computer-aided detection of cellular resolution full-field optical coherence tomography. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2024. [PMID: 38511971 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.19971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Cheng Chang
- Department of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Imaging and Biomedical Photonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Aesthetic Medical Centre, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Jen Wang
- Department of Dermatology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Cosmetic Applications and Management, MacKay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ling Huang
- Apollo Medical Optics, Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Jia-Wei Shen
- Department of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Meng-En Lu
- Department of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Mei Chiang
- Department of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Shyh Lin
- Institute of Imaging and Biomedical Photonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hung Wu
- Department of Dermatology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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Lu LY, Chen YT, Chen IL, Shih YC, Liu RTL, Lai YJ, Ng CY. Feasibility of High-Cellular-Resolution Full-Field, Artificial-Intelligence-Assisted, Real-Time Optical Coherence Tomography in the Evaluation of Vitiligo: A Prospective Longitudinal Follow-Up Study. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:196. [PMID: 38391682 PMCID: PMC10886376 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11020196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Vitiligo, a psychologically distressing pigmentary disorder characterized by white depigmented patches due to melanocyte loss, necessitates non-invasive tools for early detection and treatment response monitoring. High-cellular-resolution full-field optical coherence tomography (CRFF-OCT) is emerging in pigmentary disorder assessment, but its applicability in vitiligo repigmentation after tissue grafting remains unexplored. To investigate the feasibility of CRFF-OCT for evaluating vitiligo lesions following tissue grafting, our investigation involved ten vitiligo patients who underwent suction blister epidermal grafting and laser ablation at a tertiary center between 2021 and 2022. Over a six-month period, clinical features, dermoscopy, and photography data were recorded. Utilizing CRFF-OCT along with artificial intelligence (AI) applications, repigmentation features were captured and analyzed. The CRFF-OCT analysis revealed a distinct dark band in vitiligo lesion skin, indicating melanin loss. Grafted areas exhibited melanocytes with dendrites around the epidermal-dermal junction and hair follicles. CRFF-OCT demonstrated its efficacy in the early detection of melanocyte recovery and accurate melanin quantification. This study introduces CRFF-OCT as a real-time, non-invasive, and in vivo evaluation tool for assessing vitiligo repigmentation, offering valuable insights into pigmentary disorders and treatment responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai-Ying Lu
- Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Main Branch, Taoyuan 333423, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology and Aesthetic Medicine Center, Jen-Ai Hospital, Taichung 412224, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333323, Taiwan
| | | | - I-Ling Chen
- Apollo Medical Optics, Ltd., Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | | | - Rosalie Tzu-Li Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Main Branch, Taoyuan 333423, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333323, Taiwan
- Vitiligo Clinic and Pigment Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou District, New Taipei 33305, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jing Lai
- Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Main Branch, Taoyuan 333423, Taiwan
- Vitiligo Clinic and Pigment Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou District, New Taipei 33305, Taiwan
| | - Chau Yee Ng
- Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Main Branch, Taoyuan 333423, Taiwan
- Department of Dermatology and Aesthetic Medicine Center, Jen-Ai Hospital, Taichung 412224, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333323, Taiwan
- Apollo Medical Optics, Ltd., Taipei 114, Taiwan
- Vitiligo Clinic and Pigment Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou District, New Taipei 33305, Taiwan
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Jdid R, Pedrazzani M, Lejeune F, Fischman S, Cazorla G, Forestier S, Khalifa YB. Skin dark spot mapping and evaluation of brightening product efficacy using Line-field Confocal Optical Coherence Tomography (LC-OCT). Skin Res Technol 2024; 30:e13623. [PMID: 38385854 PMCID: PMC10883256 DOI: 10.1111/srt.13623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Facial dark spots remain a significant challenge for the cosmetic industry, in terms of providing effective treatment. Using Line-field Confocal Optical Coherence Tomography (LC-OCT), we investigated the internal structural features of photo-aging spot areas and evaluated the efficacy of a skin-brightening cosmetic product. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-six Asian female volunteers, aged between 29 and 65 years, applied a cosmetic product on their entire face twice a day for 2 months. LC-OCT was used to evaluate the dermal-epidermal junction (DEJ) undulation and the volume density of melanin in the epidermis at D0 and D56. Skin brightening and redness were also assessed by photography (SkinCam). RESULTS Using LC-OCT technology, various microscopic dark spot morphologies, spanning from minimally deformed DEJ to complex DEJ patterns, were identified. Dark spots characterized by slight deformities in the DEJ were predominantly observed in the youngest age group, while older volunteers displayed a wavier pattern. Furthermore, a total of 44 spots were monitored to evaluate the brightening product efficacy. A statistically significant reduction in melanin volumetric density of 7.3% in the spots and 12.3% in their surrounding area was observed after 56 days of product application. In line with these results, an analysis of color parameters using SkinCam reveals a significant increase in brightening and decrease in redness in both pigmented spots and the surrounding skin following application. CONCLUSIONS LC-OCT proves to be a valuable tool for in-depth dark spots characterization and assessment of skin brightening products, enabling various applications in the field of dermatological sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randa Jdid
- Chanel Parfums BeautéInnovation Recherche et DéveloppementPantinFrance
| | | | - François Lejeune
- Chanel Parfums BeautéInnovation Recherche et DéveloppementPantinFrance
| | | | - Gabriel Cazorla
- Chanel Parfums BeautéInnovation Recherche et DéveloppementPantinFrance
| | - Sandra Forestier
- Chanel Parfums BeautéInnovation Recherche et DéveloppementPantinFrance
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Heidemeyer K, Cazzaniga S, Feldmeyer L, Imstepf V, Adatto M, Lehmann M, Rammlmair A, Pelloni L, Seyed Jafari SM, Bossart S. Skin hyperpigmentation index in melasma: A complementary method to classic scoring systems. J Cosmet Dermatol 2023; 22:3405-3412. [PMID: 37349912 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.15866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to relapsing nature of melasma with significant impact on quality of life, an objective measurement score is warranted, especially to follow-up the patients with melasma and their therapy response in a quantitative and precise manner. AIMS To prove concordance of skin hyperpigmentation index (SHI) with well-established scores in melasma and demonstrate its superiority regarding inter-rater reliability. Development of SHI mapping for its integration in common scores. METHODS Calculation of SHI and common melasma scores by five dermatologists. Inter-rater reliability was assessed by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and concordance by Kendall correlation coefficient. RESULTS Strong concordance of SHI with melasma area and severity index (MASI)-Darkness (0.48; 95% CI: 0.32, 0.63), melasma severity index (MSI)-Pigmentation (0.45; 95% CI: 0.26, 0.61), and melasma severity scale (MSS) (0.6; 95% CI: 0.42, 0.74). Using step function for mapping SHI into pigmentation scores showed an improvement of inter-rater reliability with a difference in (ICC of 0.22 for MASI-Darkness and 0.19 for MSI-Pigmentation), leading to an excellent agreement. CONCLUSION Skin hyperpigmentation index could be an important additional cost-and time-conserving assessment method, to follow-up the patients with melasma undergoing brightening therapies in clinical studies, as well as in routine clinical practice. It is in strong concordance with well-established scores but superior regarding inter-rater reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Heidemeyer
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital University Hospital of Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simone Cazzaniga
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital University Hospital of Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Centro Studi GISED, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Laurence Feldmeyer
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital University Hospital of Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Valentina Imstepf
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital University Hospital of Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Maurice Adatto
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital University Hospital of Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Skinpulse Dermatology & Laser Centre, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Lehmann
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital University Hospital of Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anna Rammlmair
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital University Hospital of Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lorenzo Pelloni
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital University Hospital of Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - S Morteza Seyed Jafari
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital University Hospital of Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simon Bossart
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital University Hospital of Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Wang YJ, Chang CC, Wu YH, Huang L, Shen JW, Lu ME, Chiang HM, Lin BS. Adaptability of melanocytes post ultraviolet stimulation in patients with melasma. Lasers Surg Med 2023; 55:680-689. [PMID: 37365922 DOI: 10.1002/lsm.23699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dynamic in vivo changes in melanin in melasma lesions after exposure to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation have not been described. OBJECTIVES To determine whether melasma lesions and nearby perilesions demonstrated different adaptive responses to UV irradiation and whether the tanning responses were different among different locations on face. METHODS We collected sequential images from real-time cellular resolution full-field optical coherence tomography (CRFF-OCT) at melasma lesions and perilesions among 20 Asian patients. Quantitative and layer distribution analyses for melanin were performed using a computer-aided detection (CADe) system that utilizes spatial compounding-based denoising convolutional neural networks. RESULTS The detected melanin (D) is melanin with a diameter >0.5 µm, among which confetti melanin (C) has a diameter of >3.3 µm and corresponds to a melanosome-rich package. The calculated C/D ratio is proportional to active melanin transportation. Before UV exposure, melasma lesions had more detected melanin (p = 0.0271), confetti melanin (p = 0.0163), and increased C/D ratio (p = 0.0152) in the basal layer compared to those of perilesions. After exposure to UV irradiation, perilesions have both increased confetti melanin (p = 0.0452) and the C/D ratio (p = 0.0369) in basal layer, and this effect was most prominent in right cheek (p = 0.030). There were however no significant differences in the detected, confetti, or granular melanin areas before and after exposure to UV irradiation in melasma lesions in all the skin layers. CONCLUSIONS Hyperactive melanocytes with a higher baseline C/D ratio were noted in the melasma lesions. They were "fixed" on the plateau and were not responsive to UV irradiation regardless of the location on face. Perilesions retained adaptability with a dynamic response to UV irradiation, in which more confetti melanin was shed, mainly in the basal layer. Therefore, aggravating effect of UV on melasma was mainly due to UV-responsive perilesions rather than lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Jen Wang
- Department of Dermatology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Cosmetic Applications and Management, MacKay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing, and Management, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Cheng Chang
- Department of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Imaging and Biomedical Photonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Aesthetic Medical Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hung Wu
- Department of Dermatology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ling Huang
- Clinical Development, Apollo Medical Optics, Ltd., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Wei Shen
- Department of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Meng-En Lu
- Department of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Mei Chiang
- Department of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Shyh Lin
- Institute of Imaging and Biomedical Photonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Barkun AN, von Renteln D, Sadri H. Cost-effectiveness of Artificial Intelligence-Aided Colonoscopy for Adenoma Detection in Colon Cancer Screening. J Can Assoc Gastroenterol 2023; 6:97-105. [PMID: 37273970 PMCID: PMC10235593 DOI: 10.1093/jcag/gwad014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims Artificial intelligence-aided colonoscopy significantly improves adenoma detection. We assessed the cost-effectiveness of the GI Genius technology, an artificial intelligence-aided computer diagnosis for polyp detection (CADe), in improving colorectal cancer outcomes, adopting a Canadian health care perspective. Methods A Markov model with 1-year cycles and a lifetime horizon was used to estimate incremental cost-effectiveness ratio comparing CADe to conventional colonoscopy polyp detection amongst patients with a positive faecal immunochemical test. Outcomes were life years (LYs) and quality-adjusted life years (QALY) gained. The analysis applied costs associated with health care resource utilization, including procedures and follow-ups, from a provincial payer's perspective using 2022 Canadian dollars. Effectiveness and cost data were sourced from the literature and publicly available databases. Extensive probabilistic and deterministic sensitivity analyses were performed, assessing model robustness. Results Life years and QALY gains for the CADe and conventional colonoscopy groups were 19.144 versus 19.125 and 17.137 versus 17.113, respectively. CADe and conventional colonoscopies' overall per-case costs were $2990.74 and $3004.59, respectively. With a willingness-to-pay pre-set at $50,000/QALY, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was dominant for both outcomes, showing that CADe colonoscopy is cost-effective. Deterministic sensitivity analysis confirmed that the model was sensitive to the incidence risk ratio of adenoma per colonoscopy for large adenomas. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis showed that the CADe strategy was cost-effective in up to 73.4% of scenarios. Conclusion The addition of CADe solution to colonoscopy is a dominant, cost-effective strategy when used in faecal immunochemical test-positive patients in a Canadian health care setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan N Barkun
- Correspondence: Alan N. Barkun, MD, CM, MSc, Division of Gastroenterology, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Clinical Epidemiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 1650 Cedar Avenue, D7.346, Montreal, Quebec H3G1A4, Canada, e-mail:
| | - Daniel von Renteln
- Division of Gastroenterology, the University of Montreal Hospital and University of Montreal Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hamid Sadri
- Department of Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Medtronic Canada, Brampton, Ontario, Canada
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Wang H, Gong D, Augustinack JC, Magnain C. Quantitative optical coherence microscopy of neuron morphology in human entorhinal cortex. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1074660. [PMID: 37152599 PMCID: PMC10160389 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1074660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The size and shape of neurons are important features indicating aging and the pathology of neurodegenerative diseases. Despite the significant advances of optical microscopy, quantitative analysis of the neuronal features in the human brain remains largely incomplete. Traditional histology on thin slices bears tremendous distortions in three-dimensional reconstruction, the magnitude of which are often greater than the structure of interest. Recently development of tissue clearing techniques enable the whole brain to be analyzed in small animals; however, the application in the human remains challenging. Methods In this study, we present a label-free quantitative optical coherence microscopy (OCM) technique to obtain the morphological parameters of neurons in human entorhinal cortex (EC). OCM uses the intrinsic back-scattering property of tissue to identify individual neurons in 3D. The area, length, width, and orientation of individual neurons are quantified and compared between layer II and III in EC. Results The high-resolution mapping of neuron size, shape, and orientation shows significant differences between layer II and III neurons in EC. The results are validated by standard Nissl staining of the same samples. Discussion The quantitative OCM technique in our study offers a new solution to analyze variety of neurons and their organizations in the human brain, which opens new insights in advancing our understanding of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Special Issue on “Advances in Skin Lesion Image Analysis Using Machine Learning Approaches”. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12081928. [PMID: 36010278 PMCID: PMC9406302 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12081928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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