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Singh MS, Thongam K, Choudhary P, Bhagat PK. An Integrated Machine Learning Approach for Congestive Heart Failure Prediction. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:736. [PMID: 38611649 PMCID: PMC11011350 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14070736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Congestive heart failure (CHF) is one of the primary sources of mortality and morbidity among the global population. Over 26 million individuals globally are affected by heart disease, and its prevalence is rising by 2% yearly. With advances in healthcare technologies, if we predict CHF in the early stages, one of the leading global mortality factors can be reduced. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to use machine learning applications to enhance the diagnosis of CHF and to reduce the cost of diagnosis by employing minimum features to forecast the possibility of a CHF occurring. We employ a deep neural network (DNN) classifier for CHF classification and compare the performance of DNN with various machine learning classifiers. In this research, we use a very challenging dataset, called the Cardiovascular Health Study (CHS) dataset, and a unique pre-processing technique by integrating C4.5 and K-nearest neighbor (KNN). While the C4.5 technique is used to find significant features and remove the outlier data from the dataset, the KNN algorithm is employed for missing data imputation. For classification, we compare six state-of-the-art machine learning (ML) algorithms (KNN, logistic regression (LR), naive Bayes (NB), random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), and decision tree (DT)) with DNN. To evaluate the performance, we use seven statistical measurements (i.e., accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, F1-score, precision, Matthew's correlation coefficient, and false positive rate). Overall, our results reflect our proposed integrated approach, which outperformed other machine learning algorithms in terms of CHF prediction, reducing patient expenses by reducing the number of medical tests. The proposed model obtained 97.03% F1-score, 95.30% accuracy, 96.49% sensitivity, and 97.58% precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Sheetal Singh
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, Imphal 795004, Manipur, India; (M.S.S.)
| | - Khelchandra Thongam
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, National Institute of Technology Manipur, Langol, Imphal 795004, Manipur, India; (M.S.S.)
| | - Prakash Choudhary
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Central University of Rajasthan, Tehsil Kishangarh, Ajmer 305817, Rajasthan, India
| | - P. K. Bhagat
- Department of Computer Engineering and Applications, GLA University, Mathura 281406, Uttar Pradesh, India;
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Qadri AM, Hashmi MSA, Raza A, Zaidi SAJ, Rehman AU. Heart failure survival prediction using novel transfer learning based probabilistic features. PeerJ Comput Sci 2024; 10:e1894. [PMID: 38660216 PMCID: PMC11042000 DOI: 10.7717/peerj-cs.1894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Heart failure is a complex cardiovascular condition characterized by the heart's inability to pump blood effectively, leading to a cascade of physiological changes. Predicting survival in heart failure patients is crucial for optimizing patient care and resource allocation. This research aims to develop a robust survival prediction model for heart failure patients using advanced machine learning techniques. We analyzed data from 299 hospitalized heart failure patients, addressing the issue of imbalanced data with the Synthetic Minority Oversampling (SMOTE) method. Additionally, we proposed a novel transfer learning-based feature engineering approach that generates a new probabilistic feature set from patient data using ensemble trees. Nine fine-tuned machine learning models are built and compared to evaluate performance in patient survival prediction. Our novel transfer learning mechanism applied to the random forest model outperformed other models and state-of-the-art studies, achieving a remarkable accuracy of 0.975. All models underwent evaluation using 10-fold cross-validation and tuning through hyperparameter optimization. The findings of this study have the potential to advance the field of cardiovascular medicine by providing more accurate and personalized prognostic assessments for individuals with heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Mehmood Qadri
- Institute of Computer Science, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shadab Alam Hashmi
- Institute of Computer Science, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan
| | - Ali Raza
- Institute of Computer Science, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan
| | - Syed Ali Jafar Zaidi
- Institute of Information Technology, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan
| | - Atiq ur Rehman
- Artificial Intelligence and Intelligent Systems Research Group, School of Innovation, Design and Engineering, Mälardalen University, Västerås, Sweden
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Ichihara YK, Kohsaka S, Kisanuki M, Sandhu ATS, Kawana M. Implementation of evidence-based heart failure management: Regional variations between Japan and the USA. J Cardiol 2024; 83:74-83. [PMID: 37543194 DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2023.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
The implementation of optimal medical therapy is a crucial step in the management of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Over the prior three decades, there have been substantial advancements in this field. Early and accurate detection and diagnosis of the disease allow for the appropriate initiation of optimal therapies. The initiation and uptitration of optimal medical therapy including renin-angiotensin system inhibitor, beta-blocker, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor in the early stage would prevent the progression and morbidity of HF. Concurrently, individualized surveillance to recognize and treat signs of disease progression is critical given the progressive nature of HF, even among stable patients on optimal therapy. However, there remains a wide variation in regional practice regarding the initiation, titration, and long-term monitoring of this therapy. To cover the differences in approaches toward HFrEF management and the implementation of guideline-based medical therapy, we discuss the current evidence in this arena, differences in present guideline recommendations, and compare practice patterns in Japan and the USA using a case of new-onset HF as an example. We will discuss pros and cons of the way HF is managed in each region, and highlight potential areas for improvement in care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shun Kohsaka
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Megumi Kisanuki
- Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Sciences, Kyushu University Graduate School of Medicine, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Masataka Kawana
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Tasci B, Tasci G, Dogan S, Tuncer T. A novel ternary pattern-based automatic psychiatric disorders classification using ECG signals. Cogn Neurodyn 2024; 18:95-108. [PMID: 38406197 PMCID: PMC10881455 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-022-09918-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders are one of the leading causes of disability. Mental health problems can occur due to various biological and environmental factors. The absence of definitive confirmatory diagnostic tests for psychiatric disorders complicates the diagnosis. It's critical to distinguish between bipolar disorder, depression, and schizophrenia since their symptoms and treatments differ. Because of brain-heart autonomic connections, electrocardiography (ECG) signals can be changed in behavioral disorders. In this research, we have automatically classified bipolar, depression, and schizophrenia from ECG signals. In this work, a new hand-crafted feature engineering model has been proposed to detect psychiatric disorders automatically. The main objective of this model is to accurately detect psychiatric disorders using ECG beats with linear time complexity. Therefore, we collected a new ECG signal dataset containing 3,570 ECG beats with four categories. The used categories are bipolar, depression, schizophrenia, and control. Furthermore, a new ternary pattern-based signal classification model has been proposed to classify these four categories. Our proposal contains four essential phases, and these phases are (i) multileveled feature extraction using multilevel discrete wavelet transform and ternary pattern, (ii) the best features selection applying iterative Chi2 selector, (iii) classification with artificial neural network (ANN) to calculate lead wise results and (iv) calculation the voted/general classification accuracy using iterative majority voting (IMV) algorithm. tenfold cross-validation is one of the most used validation techniques in the literature, and this validation model gives robust classification results. Using ANN with tenfold cross-validation, lead-by-lead and voted results have been calculated. The lead-by-lead accuracy range of the proposed model using the ANN classifier is from 73.67 to 89.19%. By deploying the IMV method, the general classification performance of our ternary pattern-based ECG classification model is increased from 89.19 to 96.25%. The findings and the calculated classification accuracies (single lead and voted) clearly demonstrated the success of the proposed ternary pattern-based advanced signal processing model. By using this model, a new wearable device can be proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burak Tasci
- Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Firat University, 23119 Elazig, Turkey
| | - Gulay Tasci
- Department of Psychiatry, Elazığ Fethi Sekin City Hospital, Elazığ, Turkey
| | - Sengul Dogan
- Department of Digital Forensics Engineering, Technology Faculty, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Turker Tuncer
- Department of Psychiatry, Elazığ Fethi Sekin City Hospital, Elazığ, Turkey
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Zhang L, Wang Q, Cui HS, Luo YY. Assessing myocardial indices and inflammatory factors to determine anxiety and depression severity in patients with chronic heart failure. World J Psychiatry 2024; 14:53-62. [PMID: 38327882 PMCID: PMC10845224 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v14.i1.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) have a progressive disease that is associated with poor quality of life and high mortality. Many patients experience anxiety and depression (A&D) symptoms, which can further accelerate disease progression. We hypothesized that indicators of myocardial function and inflammatory stress may reflect the severity of A&D symptoms in patients with CHF. Changes in these biomarkers could potentially predict whether A&D symptoms will deteriorate further in these individuals. AIM To measure changes in cardiac and inflammatory markers in patients with CHF to determine A&D severity and predict outcomes. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed 233 patients with CHF treated at the Jingzhou Hospital, Yangtze University between 2018-2022 and grouped them according to Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) scores. We compared clinical data in the no-A&D, mild-A&D, moderate-A&D, and severe-A&D groups, the SAS and SDS scores with the New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classification, and cardiac markers and inflammatory factors between the no/mild-A&D and moderate/severe-A&D groups. Regression analysis was performed on the markers with P < 0.05 to determine their ability to predict A&D severity in patients and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) was used to evaluate their accuracy. RESULTS In the inter-group comparison, the following variables had an effect on A&D severity in patients with CHF: NYHA class, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (P < 0.05). Other variables did not differ significantly between the A&D groups (P > 0.05). In addition, we found that higher NYHA classes were associated with higher the SAS and SDS scores (P < 0.05). Regression analysis showed that LVEF, NT-proBNP, and IL-6 were independent risk factors for A&D severity (P < 0.05). Among them, NT-proBNP had the best predictive ability as a single indicator (AUROC = 0.781). Furthermore, the combination of these three indicators exhibited a good predictive effect toward discriminating the extent of A&D severity among patients (AUROC = 0.875). CONCLUSION Cardiac and inflammatory biomarkers, such as LVEF, NT-proBNP, and IL-6, are correlated with A&D severity in patients with CHF and have predictive value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Jingzhou Hospital, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434020, Hubei Province, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Jingzhou Hospital, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434020, Hubei Province, China
| | - Hong-Sheng Cui
- Department of Cardiology, Jingzhou Hospital, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434020, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Luo
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510000, Guangdong Province, China
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Ogunpola A, Saeed F, Basurra S, Albarrak AM, Qasem SN. Machine Learning-Based Predictive Models for Detection of Cardiovascular Diseases. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:144. [PMID: 38248021 PMCID: PMC10813849 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14020144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases present a significant global health challenge that emphasizes the critical need for developing accurate and more effective detection methods. Several studies have contributed valuable insights in this field, but it is still necessary to advance the predictive models and address the gaps in the existing detection approaches. For instance, some of the previous studies have not considered the challenge of imbalanced datasets, which can lead to biased predictions, especially when the datasets include minority classes. This study's primary focus is the early detection of heart diseases, particularly myocardial infarction, using machine learning techniques. It tackles the challenge of imbalanced datasets by conducting a comprehensive literature review to identify effective strategies. Seven machine learning and deep learning classifiers, including K-Nearest Neighbors, Support Vector Machine, Logistic Regression, Convolutional Neural Network, Gradient Boost, XGBoost, and Random Forest, were deployed to enhance the accuracy of heart disease predictions. The research explores different classifiers and their performance, providing valuable insights for developing robust prediction models for myocardial infarction. The study's outcomes emphasize the effectiveness of meticulously fine-tuning an XGBoost model for cardiovascular diseases. This optimization yields remarkable results: 98.50% accuracy, 99.14% precision, 98.29% recall, and a 98.71% F1 score. Such optimization significantly enhances the model's diagnostic accuracy for heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adedayo Ogunpola
- DAAI Research Group, College of Computing and Digital Technology, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B4 7XG, UK; (A.O.); (S.B.)
| | - Faisal Saeed
- DAAI Research Group, College of Computing and Digital Technology, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B4 7XG, UK; (A.O.); (S.B.)
| | - Shadi Basurra
- DAAI Research Group, College of Computing and Digital Technology, Birmingham City University, Birmingham B4 7XG, UK; (A.O.); (S.B.)
| | - Abdullah M. Albarrak
- Computer Science Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.A.); (S.N.Q.)
| | - Sultan Noman Qasem
- Computer Science Department, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11432, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.A.); (S.N.Q.)
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Sutradhar A, Al Rafi M, Shamrat FMJM, Ghosh P, Das S, Islam MA, Ahmed K, Zhou X, Azad AKM, Alyami SA, Moni MA. BOO-ST and CBCEC: two novel hybrid machine learning methods aim to reduce the mortality of heart failure patients. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22874. [PMID: 38129433 PMCID: PMC10739972 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48486-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Machine learning (ML) approaches have shown potential as an early detection tool for improving patient outcomes. Enhancing the effectiveness and clinical applicability of the ML model necessitates training an efficient classifier with a diverse set of high-quality datasets. Hence, we proposed two novel hybrid ML methods ((a) consisting of Boosting, SMOTE, and Tomek links (BOO-ST); (b) combining the best-performing conventional classifier with ensemble classifiers (CBCEC)) to serve as an efficient early warning system for HF mortality. The BOO-ST was introduced to tackle the challenge of class imbalance, while CBCEC was responsible for training the processed and selected features derived from the Feature Importance (FI) and Information Gain (IG) feature selection techniques. We also conducted an explicit and intuitive comprehension to explore the impact of potential characteristics correlating with the fatality cases of HF. The experimental results demonstrated the proposed classifier CBCEC showcases a significant accuracy of 93.67% in terms of providing the early forecasting of HF mortality. Therefore, we can reveal that our proposed aspects (BOO-ST and CBCEC) can be able to play a crucial role in preventing the death rate of HF and reducing stress in the healthcare sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananda Sutradhar
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Daffodil International University, Daffodil Smart City (DSC), Birulia, Savar, Dhaka, 1216, Bangladesh
| | - Mustahsin Al Rafi
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Daffodil International University, Daffodil Smart City (DSC), Birulia, Savar, Dhaka, 1216, Bangladesh
| | - F M Javed Mehedi Shamrat
- Department of Computer System and Technology, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pronab Ghosh
- Department of Computer Science, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Rd, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Subrata Das
- Department of Computer Science, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Rd, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Md Anaytul Islam
- Department of Computer Science, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Rd, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Kawsar Ahmed
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A9, Canada
- Department of Information and Communication Technology, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh, Tangail, 1902, Bangladesh
- Health Informatics Research Lab, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Daffodil International University, Daffodil Smart City, Birulia, Dhaka, 1216, Bangladesh
| | - Xujuan Zhou
- School of Business, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia
| | - A K M Azad
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), 13318, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salem A Alyami
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), 13318, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Ali Moni
- Centre for AI & Digital Health Technology, Artificial Intelligence & Cyber Future Institute, Charles Stuart University, Bathurst, NSW, 2795, Australia.
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An Efficient Machine Learning Model Based on Improved Features Selections for Early and Accurate Heart Disease Predication. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/1906466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Coronary heart disease has an intense impact on human life. Medical history-based diagnosis of heart disease has been practiced but deemed unreliable. Machine learning algorithms are more reliable and efficient in classifying, e.g., with or without cardiac disease. Heart disease detection must be precise and accurate to prevent human loss. However, previous research studies have several shortcomings, for example,take enough time to compute while other techniques are quick but not accurate. This research study is conducted to address the existing problem and to construct an accurate machine learning model for predicting heart disease. Our model is evaluated based on five feature selection algorithms and performance assessment matrix such as accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, MCC, and time complexity parameters. The proposed work has been tested on all of the dataset'sfeatures as well as a subset of them. The reduction of features has an impact on theperformance of classifiers in terms of the evaluation matrix and execution time. Experimental results of the support vector machine, K-nearest neighbor, and logistic regression are 97.5%,95 %, and 93% (accuracy) with reduced computation timesof 4.4, 7.3, and 8seconds respectively.
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Agarwal A, Thirunarayan K, Romine WL, Alambo A, Cajita M, Banerjee T. Leveraging Natural Learning Processing to Uncover Themes in Clinical Notes of Patients Admitted for Heart Failure. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2022; 2022:2643-2646. [PMID: 36085789 DOI: 10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Heart failure occurs when the heart is not able to pump blood and oxygen to support other organs in the body as it should. Treatments include medications and sometimes hospitalization. Patients with heart failure can have both cardiovascular as well as non-cardiovascular comorbidities. Clinical notes of patients with heart failure can be analyzed to gain insight into the topics discussed in these notes and the major comorbidities in these patients. In this regard, we apply machine learning techniques, such as topic modeling, to identify the major themes found in the clinical notes specific to the procedures performed on 1,200 patients admitted for heart failure at the University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System (UI Health). Topic modeling revealed five hidden themes in these clinical notes, including one related to heart disease comorbidities.
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Ahsan MM, Siddique Z. Machine learning-based heart disease diagnosis: A systematic literature review. Artif Intell Med 2022; 128:102289. [DOI: 10.1016/j.artmed.2022.102289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Westphal P, Luo H, Shahmohammadi M, Heckman LIB, Kuiper M, Prinzen FW, Delhaas T, Cornelussen RN. Left Ventricular Pressure Estimation Using Machine Learning-Based Heart Sound Classification. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:763048. [PMID: 35694657 PMCID: PMC9174571 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.763048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective A method to estimate absolute left ventricular (LV) pressure and its maximum rate of rise (LV dP/dtmax) from epicardial accelerometer data and machine learning is proposed. Methods Five acute experiments were performed on pigs. Custom-made accelerometers were sutured epicardially onto the right ventricle, LV, and right atrium. Different pacing configurations and contractility modulations, using isoflurane and dobutamine infusions, were performed to create a wide variety of hemodynamic conditions. Automated beat-by-beat analysis was performed on the acceleration signals to evaluate amplitude, time, and energy-based features. For each sensing location, bootstrap aggregated classification tree ensembles were trained to estimate absolute maximum LV pressure (LVPmax) and LV dP/dtmax using amplitude, time, and energy-based features. After extraction of acceleration and pressure-based features, location specific, bootstrap aggregated classification ensembles were trained to estimate absolute values of LVPmax and its maximum rate of rise (LV dP/dtmax) from acceleration data. Results With a dataset of over 6,000 beats, the algorithm narrowed the selection of 17 predefined features to the most suitable 3 for each sensor location. Validation tests showed the minimal estimation accuracies to be 93% and 86% for LVPmax at estimation intervals of 20 and 10 mmHg, respectively. Models estimating LV dP/dtmax achieved an accuracy of minimal 93 and 87% at estimation intervals of 100 and 200 mmHg/s, respectively. Accuracies were similar for all sensor locations used. Conclusion Under pre-clinical conditions, the developed estimation method, employing epicardial accelerometers in conjunction with machine learning, can reliably estimate absolute LV pressure and its first derivative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Westphal
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht, Netherlands
- Bakken Research Center, Medtronic, plc, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Hongxing Luo
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Mehrdad Shahmohammadi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Luuk I. B. Heckman
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Marion Kuiper
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Frits W. Prinzen
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Tammo Delhaas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Richard N. Cornelussen
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht, Netherlands
- Bakken Research Center, Medtronic, plc, Maastricht, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Richard N. Cornelussen
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An Optimized Machine Learning Model Accurately Predicts In-Hospital Outcomes at Admission to a Cardiac Unit. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12020241. [PMID: 35204333 PMCID: PMC8871182 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12020241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Risk stratification at the time of hospital admission is of paramount significance in triaging the patients and providing timely care. In the present study, we aim at predicting multiple clinical outcomes using the data recorded during admission to a cardiac care unit via an optimized machine learning method. This study involves a total of 11,498 patients admitted to a cardiac care unit over two years. Patient demographics, admission type (emergency or outpatient), patient history, lab tests, and comorbidities were used to predict various outcomes. We employed a fully connected neural network architecture and optimized the models for various subsets of input features. Using 10-fold cross-validation, our optimized machine learning model predicted mortality with a mean area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.967 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.963–0.972), heart failure AUC of 0.838 (CI: 0.825–0.851), ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction AUC of 0.832 (CI: 0.821–0.842), pulmonary embolism AUC of 0.802 (CI: 0.764–0.84), and estimated the duration of stay (DOS) with a mean absolute error of 2.543 days (CI: 2.499–2.586) of data with a mean and median DOS of 6.35 and 5.0 days, respectively. Further, we objectively quantified the importance of each feature and its correlation with the clinical assessment of the corresponding outcome. The proposed method accurately predicts various cardiac outcomes and can be used as a clinical decision support system to provide timely care and optimize hospital resources.
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