1
|
Lin Y, Belue MJ, Yilmaz EC, Law YM, Merriman KM, Phelps TE, Gelikman DG, Ozyoruk KB, Lay NS, Merino MJ, Wood BJ, Gurram S, Choyke PL, Harmon SA, Pinto PA, Turkbey B. Deep learning-based image quality assessment: impact on detection accuracy of prostate cancer extraprostatic extension on MRI. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2024; 49:2891-2901. [PMID: 38958754 PMCID: PMC11300622 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-024-04468-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess impact of image quality on prostate cancer extraprostatic extension (EPE) detection on MRI using a deep learning-based AI algorithm. MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective, single institution study included patients who were imaged with mpMRI and subsequently underwent radical prostatectomy from June 2007 to August 2022. One genitourinary radiologist prospectively evaluated each patient using the NCI EPE grading system. Each T2WI was classified as low- or high-quality by a previously developed AI algorithm. Fisher's exact tests were performed to compare EPE detection metrics between low- and high-quality images. Univariable and multivariable analyses were conducted to assess the predictive value of image quality for pathological EPE. RESULTS A total of 773 consecutive patients (median age 61 [IQR 56-67] years) were evaluated. At radical prostatectomy, 23% (180/773) of patients had EPE at pathology, and 41% (131/318) of positive EPE calls on mpMRI were confirmed to have EPE. The AI algorithm classified 36% (280/773) of T2WIs as low-quality and 64% (493/773) as high-quality. For EPE grade ≥ 1, high-quality T2WI significantly improved specificity for EPE detection (72% [95% CI 67-76%] vs. 63% [95% CI 56-69%], P = 0.03), but did not significantly affect sensitivity (72% [95% CI 62-80%] vs. 75% [95% CI 63-85%]), positive predictive value (44% [95% CI 39-49%] vs. 38% [95% CI 32-43%]), or negative predictive value (89% [95% CI 86-92%] vs. 89% [95% CI 85-93%]). Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV for EPE grades ≥ 2 and ≥ 3 did not show significant differences attributable to imaging quality. For NCI EPE grade 1, high-quality images (OR 3.05, 95% CI 1.54-5.86; P < 0.001) demonstrated a stronger association with pathologic EPE than low-quality images (OR 1.76, 95% CI 0.63-4.24; P = 0.24). CONCLUSION Our study successfully employed a deep learning-based AI algorithm to classify image quality of prostate MRI and demonstrated that better quality T2WI was associated with more accurate prediction of EPE at final pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Lin
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr., MSC 1182, Building 10, Room B3B85, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Mason J Belue
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr., MSC 1182, Building 10, Room B3B85, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Enis C Yilmaz
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr., MSC 1182, Building 10, Room B3B85, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yan Mee Law
- Department of Radiology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Katie M Merriman
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr., MSC 1182, Building 10, Room B3B85, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Tim E Phelps
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr., MSC 1182, Building 10, Room B3B85, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - David G Gelikman
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr., MSC 1182, Building 10, Room B3B85, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kutsev B Ozyoruk
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr., MSC 1182, Building 10, Room B3B85, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Nathan S Lay
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr., MSC 1182, Building 10, Room B3B85, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Maria J Merino
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bradford J Wood
- Center for Interventional Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Radiology, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sandeep Gurram
- Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peter L Choyke
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr., MSC 1182, Building 10, Room B3B85, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Stephanie A Harmon
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr., MSC 1182, Building 10, Room B3B85, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Peter A Pinto
- Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Baris Turkbey
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Dr., MSC 1182, Building 10, Room B3B85, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
de Rooij M, Allen C, Twilt JJ, Thijssen LCP, Asbach P, Barrett T, Brembilla G, Emberton M, Gupta RT, Haider MA, Kasivisvanathan V, Løgager V, Moore CM, Padhani AR, Panebianco V, Puech P, Purysko AS, Renard-Penna R, Richenberg J, Salomon G, Sanguedolce F, Schoots IG, Thöny HC, Turkbey B, Villeirs G, Walz J, Barentsz J, Giganti F. PI-QUAL version 2: an update of a standardised scoring system for the assessment of image quality of prostate MRI. Eur Radiol 2024:10.1007/s00330-024-10795-4. [PMID: 38787428 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-024-10795-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Multiparametric MRI is the optimal primary investigation when prostate cancer is suspected, and its ability to rule in and rule out clinically significant disease relies on high-quality anatomical and functional images. Avenues for achieving consistent high-quality acquisitions include meticulous patient preparation, scanner setup, optimised pulse sequences, personnel training, and artificial intelligence systems. The impact of these interventions on the final images needs to be quantified. The prostate imaging quality (PI-QUAL) scoring system was the first standardised quantification method that demonstrated the potential for clinical benefit by relating image quality to cancer detection ability by MRI. We present the updated version of PI-QUAL (PI-QUAL v2) which applies to prostate MRI performed with or without intravenous contrast medium using a simplified 3-point scale focused on critical technical and qualitative image parameters. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT: High image quality is crucial for prostate MRI, and the updated version of the PI-QUAL score (PI-QUAL v2) aims to address the limitations of version 1. It is now applicable to both multiparametric MRI and MRI without intravenous contrast medium. KEY POINTS: High-quality images are essential for prostate cancer diagnosis and management using MRI. PI-QUAL v2 simplifies image assessment and expands its applicability to prostate MRI without contrast medium. PI-QUAL v2 focuses on critical technical and qualitative image parameters and emphasises T2-WI and DWI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maarten de Rooij
- Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Clare Allen
- Department of Radiology, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Jasper J Twilt
- Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Linda C P Thijssen
- Department of Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Asbach
- Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tristan Barrett
- Department of Radiology, Addenbrooke's Hospital and University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Giorgio Brembilla
- Department of Radiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Mark Emberton
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Urology, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Rajan T Gupta
- Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Masoom A Haider
- Joint Department of Medical Imaging, Sinai Health System, Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Veeru Kasivisvanathan
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Urology, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Vibeke Løgager
- Department of Radiology, Herlev Gentofte University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Caroline M Moore
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Urology, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Anwar R Padhani
- Paul Strickland Scanner Centre, Mount Vernon Hospital, Northwood, Middlesex, UK
| | - Valeria Panebianco
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Pathology, Sapienza University/Policlinico Umberto I, Rome, Italy
| | - Philippe Puech
- Department of Radiology, CHU Lille, University Lille, Lille, France
| | - Andrei S Purysko
- Abdominal Imaging Section and Nuclear Radiology Department, Diagnostic Institute, and Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Jonathan Richenberg
- Department of Imaging, Sussex universities Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton, UK
| | - Georg Salomon
- Martini Clinic (Prostate Cancer Centre), University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Francesco Sanguedolce
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
- Department of Urology, Fundació Puigvert, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ivo G Schoots
- Department of Radiology & Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Radiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harriet C Thöny
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Fribourg Cantonal Hospital, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Baris Turkbey
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Geert Villeirs
- Department of Medical Imaging, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jochen Walz
- Department of Urology, Institut Paoli-Calmettes Cancer Centre, Marseille, France
| | | | - Francesco Giganti
- Department of Radiology, University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Giganti F, Ng A, Asif A, Chan VWS, Rossiter M, Nathan A, Khetrapal P, Dickinson L, Punwani S, Brew-Graves C, Freeman A, Emberton M, Moore CM, Allen C, Kasivisvanathan V. Global Variation in Magnetic Resonance Imaging Quality of the Prostate. Radiology 2023; 309:e231130. [PMID: 37815448 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.231130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Background High variability in prostate MRI quality might reduce accuracy in prostate cancer detection. Purpose To prospectively evaluate the quality of MRI scanners taking part in the quality control phase of the global PRIME (Prostate Imaging Using MRI ± Contrast Enhancement) trial using the Prostate Imaging Quality (PI-QUAL) standardized scoring system, give recommendations on how to improve the MRI protocols, and establish whether MRI quality could be improved by these recommendations. Materials and Methods In the prospective clinical trial (PRIME), for each scanner, centers performing prostate MRI submitted five consecutive studies and the MRI protocols (phase I). Submitted data were evaluated in consensus by two expert genitourinary radiologists using the PI-QUAL scoring system that evaluates MRI diagnostic quality using five points (1 and 2 = nondiagnostic; 3 = sufficient; 4 = adequate, 5 = optimal) between September 2021 and August 2022. Feedback was provided for scanners not achieving a PI-QUAL 5 score, and centers were invited to resubmit new imaging data using the modified protocol (phase II). Descriptive comparison of outcomes was made between the MRI scanners, feedback provided, and overall PI-QUAL scores. Results In phase I, 41 centers from 18 countries submitted a total of 355 multiparametric MRI studies from 71 scanners, with nine (13%) scanners achieving a PI-QUAL score of 3, 39 (55%) achieving a score of 4, and 23 (32%) achieving a score of 5. Of the 48 (n = 71 [68%]) scanners that received feedback to improve, the dynamic contrast-enhanced sequences were those that least adhered to the Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System, version 2.1, criteria (44 of 48 [92%]), followed by diffusion-weighted imaging (20 of 48 [42%]) and T2-weighted imaging (19 of 48 [40%]). In phase II, 36 centers from 17 countries resubmitted revised studies, resulting in a total of 62 (n = 64 [97%]) scanners with a final PI-QUAL score of 5. Conclusion Substantial variation in global prostate MRI acquisition parameters as a measure of quality was observed, particularly with DCE sequences. Basic evaluation and modifications to MRI protocols using PI-QUAL can lead to substantial improvements in quality. Clinical trial registration no. NCT04571840 Published under a CC BY 4.0 license. Supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Almansour and Chernyak in this issue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Giganti
- From the Departments of Radiology (F.G., L.D., S.P., C.A.), Pathology (A.F.), and Urology (M.E., C.M.M., V.K.), University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, UCL, 43-45 Foley St, 3rd Floor, Charles Bell House, London W1W 7TS, United Kingdom (F.G., A. Ng, A.A., V.W.S.C., A. Nathan, P.K., M.E., C.M.M., C.A., V.K.); Royal Free London, NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (A. Ng); British Urology Researchers in Surgical Training (BURST), London, United Kingdom (A. Ng, A.A., V.W.S.C., M.R., A. Nathan, V.K.); UCL Medical School, University College London, London, United Kingdom (M.R.); Department of Urology, Whipps Cross Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (P.K.); Centre for Medical Imaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom (S.P.); and National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator (NCITA), Division of Medicine, UCL, London, United Kingdom (C.B.G.)
| | - Alexander Ng
- From the Departments of Radiology (F.G., L.D., S.P., C.A.), Pathology (A.F.), and Urology (M.E., C.M.M., V.K.), University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, UCL, 43-45 Foley St, 3rd Floor, Charles Bell House, London W1W 7TS, United Kingdom (F.G., A. Ng, A.A., V.W.S.C., A. Nathan, P.K., M.E., C.M.M., C.A., V.K.); Royal Free London, NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (A. Ng); British Urology Researchers in Surgical Training (BURST), London, United Kingdom (A. Ng, A.A., V.W.S.C., M.R., A. Nathan, V.K.); UCL Medical School, University College London, London, United Kingdom (M.R.); Department of Urology, Whipps Cross Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (P.K.); Centre for Medical Imaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom (S.P.); and National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator (NCITA), Division of Medicine, UCL, London, United Kingdom (C.B.G.)
| | - Aqua Asif
- From the Departments of Radiology (F.G., L.D., S.P., C.A.), Pathology (A.F.), and Urology (M.E., C.M.M., V.K.), University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, UCL, 43-45 Foley St, 3rd Floor, Charles Bell House, London W1W 7TS, United Kingdom (F.G., A. Ng, A.A., V.W.S.C., A. Nathan, P.K., M.E., C.M.M., C.A., V.K.); Royal Free London, NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (A. Ng); British Urology Researchers in Surgical Training (BURST), London, United Kingdom (A. Ng, A.A., V.W.S.C., M.R., A. Nathan, V.K.); UCL Medical School, University College London, London, United Kingdom (M.R.); Department of Urology, Whipps Cross Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (P.K.); Centre for Medical Imaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom (S.P.); and National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator (NCITA), Division of Medicine, UCL, London, United Kingdom (C.B.G.)
| | - Vinson Wai-Shun Chan
- From the Departments of Radiology (F.G., L.D., S.P., C.A.), Pathology (A.F.), and Urology (M.E., C.M.M., V.K.), University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, UCL, 43-45 Foley St, 3rd Floor, Charles Bell House, London W1W 7TS, United Kingdom (F.G., A. Ng, A.A., V.W.S.C., A. Nathan, P.K., M.E., C.M.M., C.A., V.K.); Royal Free London, NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (A. Ng); British Urology Researchers in Surgical Training (BURST), London, United Kingdom (A. Ng, A.A., V.W.S.C., M.R., A. Nathan, V.K.); UCL Medical School, University College London, London, United Kingdom (M.R.); Department of Urology, Whipps Cross Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (P.K.); Centre for Medical Imaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom (S.P.); and National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator (NCITA), Division of Medicine, UCL, London, United Kingdom (C.B.G.)
| | - Marimo Rossiter
- From the Departments of Radiology (F.G., L.D., S.P., C.A.), Pathology (A.F.), and Urology (M.E., C.M.M., V.K.), University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, UCL, 43-45 Foley St, 3rd Floor, Charles Bell House, London W1W 7TS, United Kingdom (F.G., A. Ng, A.A., V.W.S.C., A. Nathan, P.K., M.E., C.M.M., C.A., V.K.); Royal Free London, NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (A. Ng); British Urology Researchers in Surgical Training (BURST), London, United Kingdom (A. Ng, A.A., V.W.S.C., M.R., A. Nathan, V.K.); UCL Medical School, University College London, London, United Kingdom (M.R.); Department of Urology, Whipps Cross Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (P.K.); Centre for Medical Imaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom (S.P.); and National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator (NCITA), Division of Medicine, UCL, London, United Kingdom (C.B.G.)
| | - Arjun Nathan
- From the Departments of Radiology (F.G., L.D., S.P., C.A.), Pathology (A.F.), and Urology (M.E., C.M.M., V.K.), University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, UCL, 43-45 Foley St, 3rd Floor, Charles Bell House, London W1W 7TS, United Kingdom (F.G., A. Ng, A.A., V.W.S.C., A. Nathan, P.K., M.E., C.M.M., C.A., V.K.); Royal Free London, NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (A. Ng); British Urology Researchers in Surgical Training (BURST), London, United Kingdom (A. Ng, A.A., V.W.S.C., M.R., A. Nathan, V.K.); UCL Medical School, University College London, London, United Kingdom (M.R.); Department of Urology, Whipps Cross Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (P.K.); Centre for Medical Imaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom (S.P.); and National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator (NCITA), Division of Medicine, UCL, London, United Kingdom (C.B.G.)
| | - Pramit Khetrapal
- From the Departments of Radiology (F.G., L.D., S.P., C.A.), Pathology (A.F.), and Urology (M.E., C.M.M., V.K.), University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, UCL, 43-45 Foley St, 3rd Floor, Charles Bell House, London W1W 7TS, United Kingdom (F.G., A. Ng, A.A., V.W.S.C., A. Nathan, P.K., M.E., C.M.M., C.A., V.K.); Royal Free London, NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (A. Ng); British Urology Researchers in Surgical Training (BURST), London, United Kingdom (A. Ng, A.A., V.W.S.C., M.R., A. Nathan, V.K.); UCL Medical School, University College London, London, United Kingdom (M.R.); Department of Urology, Whipps Cross Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (P.K.); Centre for Medical Imaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom (S.P.); and National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator (NCITA), Division of Medicine, UCL, London, United Kingdom (C.B.G.)
| | - Louise Dickinson
- From the Departments of Radiology (F.G., L.D., S.P., C.A.), Pathology (A.F.), and Urology (M.E., C.M.M., V.K.), University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, UCL, 43-45 Foley St, 3rd Floor, Charles Bell House, London W1W 7TS, United Kingdom (F.G., A. Ng, A.A., V.W.S.C., A. Nathan, P.K., M.E., C.M.M., C.A., V.K.); Royal Free London, NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (A. Ng); British Urology Researchers in Surgical Training (BURST), London, United Kingdom (A. Ng, A.A., V.W.S.C., M.R., A. Nathan, V.K.); UCL Medical School, University College London, London, United Kingdom (M.R.); Department of Urology, Whipps Cross Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (P.K.); Centre for Medical Imaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom (S.P.); and National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator (NCITA), Division of Medicine, UCL, London, United Kingdom (C.B.G.)
| | - Shonit Punwani
- From the Departments of Radiology (F.G., L.D., S.P., C.A.), Pathology (A.F.), and Urology (M.E., C.M.M., V.K.), University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, UCL, 43-45 Foley St, 3rd Floor, Charles Bell House, London W1W 7TS, United Kingdom (F.G., A. Ng, A.A., V.W.S.C., A. Nathan, P.K., M.E., C.M.M., C.A., V.K.); Royal Free London, NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (A. Ng); British Urology Researchers in Surgical Training (BURST), London, United Kingdom (A. Ng, A.A., V.W.S.C., M.R., A. Nathan, V.K.); UCL Medical School, University College London, London, United Kingdom (M.R.); Department of Urology, Whipps Cross Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (P.K.); Centre for Medical Imaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom (S.P.); and National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator (NCITA), Division of Medicine, UCL, London, United Kingdom (C.B.G.)
| | - Chris Brew-Graves
- From the Departments of Radiology (F.G., L.D., S.P., C.A.), Pathology (A.F.), and Urology (M.E., C.M.M., V.K.), University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, UCL, 43-45 Foley St, 3rd Floor, Charles Bell House, London W1W 7TS, United Kingdom (F.G., A. Ng, A.A., V.W.S.C., A. Nathan, P.K., M.E., C.M.M., C.A., V.K.); Royal Free London, NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (A. Ng); British Urology Researchers in Surgical Training (BURST), London, United Kingdom (A. Ng, A.A., V.W.S.C., M.R., A. Nathan, V.K.); UCL Medical School, University College London, London, United Kingdom (M.R.); Department of Urology, Whipps Cross Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (P.K.); Centre for Medical Imaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom (S.P.); and National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator (NCITA), Division of Medicine, UCL, London, United Kingdom (C.B.G.)
| | - Alex Freeman
- From the Departments of Radiology (F.G., L.D., S.P., C.A.), Pathology (A.F.), and Urology (M.E., C.M.M., V.K.), University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, UCL, 43-45 Foley St, 3rd Floor, Charles Bell House, London W1W 7TS, United Kingdom (F.G., A. Ng, A.A., V.W.S.C., A. Nathan, P.K., M.E., C.M.M., C.A., V.K.); Royal Free London, NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (A. Ng); British Urology Researchers in Surgical Training (BURST), London, United Kingdom (A. Ng, A.A., V.W.S.C., M.R., A. Nathan, V.K.); UCL Medical School, University College London, London, United Kingdom (M.R.); Department of Urology, Whipps Cross Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (P.K.); Centre for Medical Imaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom (S.P.); and National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator (NCITA), Division of Medicine, UCL, London, United Kingdom (C.B.G.)
| | - Mark Emberton
- From the Departments of Radiology (F.G., L.D., S.P., C.A.), Pathology (A.F.), and Urology (M.E., C.M.M., V.K.), University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, UCL, 43-45 Foley St, 3rd Floor, Charles Bell House, London W1W 7TS, United Kingdom (F.G., A. Ng, A.A., V.W.S.C., A. Nathan, P.K., M.E., C.M.M., C.A., V.K.); Royal Free London, NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (A. Ng); British Urology Researchers in Surgical Training (BURST), London, United Kingdom (A. Ng, A.A., V.W.S.C., M.R., A. Nathan, V.K.); UCL Medical School, University College London, London, United Kingdom (M.R.); Department of Urology, Whipps Cross Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (P.K.); Centre for Medical Imaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom (S.P.); and National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator (NCITA), Division of Medicine, UCL, London, United Kingdom (C.B.G.)
| | - Caroline M Moore
- From the Departments of Radiology (F.G., L.D., S.P., C.A.), Pathology (A.F.), and Urology (M.E., C.M.M., V.K.), University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, UCL, 43-45 Foley St, 3rd Floor, Charles Bell House, London W1W 7TS, United Kingdom (F.G., A. Ng, A.A., V.W.S.C., A. Nathan, P.K., M.E., C.M.M., C.A., V.K.); Royal Free London, NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (A. Ng); British Urology Researchers in Surgical Training (BURST), London, United Kingdom (A. Ng, A.A., V.W.S.C., M.R., A. Nathan, V.K.); UCL Medical School, University College London, London, United Kingdom (M.R.); Department of Urology, Whipps Cross Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (P.K.); Centre for Medical Imaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom (S.P.); and National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator (NCITA), Division of Medicine, UCL, London, United Kingdom (C.B.G.)
| | - Clare Allen
- From the Departments of Radiology (F.G., L.D., S.P., C.A.), Pathology (A.F.), and Urology (M.E., C.M.M., V.K.), University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, UCL, 43-45 Foley St, 3rd Floor, Charles Bell House, London W1W 7TS, United Kingdom (F.G., A. Ng, A.A., V.W.S.C., A. Nathan, P.K., M.E., C.M.M., C.A., V.K.); Royal Free London, NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (A. Ng); British Urology Researchers in Surgical Training (BURST), London, United Kingdom (A. Ng, A.A., V.W.S.C., M.R., A. Nathan, V.K.); UCL Medical School, University College London, London, United Kingdom (M.R.); Department of Urology, Whipps Cross Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (P.K.); Centre for Medical Imaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom (S.P.); and National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator (NCITA), Division of Medicine, UCL, London, United Kingdom (C.B.G.)
| | - Veeru Kasivisvanathan
- From the Departments of Radiology (F.G., L.D., S.P., C.A.), Pathology (A.F.), and Urology (M.E., C.M.M., V.K.), University College London Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, UCL, 43-45 Foley St, 3rd Floor, Charles Bell House, London W1W 7TS, United Kingdom (F.G., A. Ng, A.A., V.W.S.C., A. Nathan, P.K., M.E., C.M.M., C.A., V.K.); Royal Free London, NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom (A. Ng); British Urology Researchers in Surgical Training (BURST), London, United Kingdom (A. Ng, A.A., V.W.S.C., M.R., A. Nathan, V.K.); UCL Medical School, University College London, London, United Kingdom (M.R.); Department of Urology, Whipps Cross Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom (P.K.); Centre for Medical Imaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom (S.P.); and National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator (NCITA), Division of Medicine, UCL, London, United Kingdom (C.B.G.)
| |
Collapse
|