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Zhang Q, Zhao Y, Luo Y, Guo S, Hou H, Han X, Zhou Y. Urinary exosomal miRNA-451a can be used as a potential noninvasive biomarker for diagnosis, reflecting tubulointerstitial damage and therapeutic response in IgA nephropathy. Ren Fail 2024; 46:2319326. [PMID: 38379319 PMCID: PMC10883088 DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2024.2319326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
To investigate the potential clinical value of urinary exosomal (uE) miR-451a as a biomarker for IgAN, urinary exosomes were isolated from 40 patients with IgAN, 30 patients with primary renal diseases without IgA as disease controls (non-IgAN group) and 21 healthy controls (HCs). The expression of miR-451a within exosomes was examined by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). uE miR-451a was significantly upregulated in patients with IgAN compared to non-IgAN and HCs. The uE miR-451a level was positively correlated with the change in eGFR and negatively correlated with serum creatinine, urinary macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α). A dual-luciferase reporter assay confirmed that MIF was a direct target of miR-451a. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis revealed that the expression of uE miR-451a showed potential diagnostic value for IgAN. Additionally, the uE miR-451a level could distinguish patients with IgAN with mild tubular atrophy/interstitial fibrosis from those with severe tubular atrophy/interstitial fibrosis. After a mean follow-up of 14.2 months, the levels of eGFR loss (ml/min/1.73 m2/year) were negatively correlated with baseline miR-451a. The levels of baseline miR-451a in the complete remission group were significantly higher than those in the non-complete remission group. uE miR-451a expression was significantly elevated in patients with IgA nephropathy and may serve as a potential biomarker for the diagnosis of IgAN and evaluation of tubulointerstitial damage, while the baseline levels of uE miR-451a may be predictors of therapeutic efficacy and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The Fifth Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Fifth Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Genetic Engineering Center for Experimental Animal Models, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, The Fifth Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Fifth Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Genetic Engineering Center for Experimental Animal Models, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yankun Luo
- Department of Nephrology, The Fifth Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Fifth Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Genetic Engineering Center for Experimental Animal Models, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Songjia Guo
- Department of Nephrology, The Fifth Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Fifth Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Genetic Engineering Center for Experimental Animal Models, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Haizhu Hou
- Department of Nephrology, The Fifth Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Fifth Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Genetic Engineering Center for Experimental Animal Models, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiaoli Han
- Department of Nephrology, The Fifth Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Fifth Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Genetic Engineering Center for Experimental Animal Models, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yun Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, The Fifth Clinical Medical College of Shanxi Medical University, Fifth Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Genetic Engineering Center for Experimental Animal Models, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, China
- Department of Nephrology, Shanxi Province Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine Hospital, Taiyuan, China
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2
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Harita Y. Urinary extracellular vesicles in childhood kidney diseases. Pediatr Nephrol 2024; 39:2293-2300. [PMID: 38093081 PMCID: PMC11199279 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-023-06243-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Most biological fluids contain extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are surrounded by a lipid bilayer and contain biological macromolecules such as proteins, lipids, RNA, and DNA. They lack a functioning nucleus and are incapable of replicating. The physiological characteristics and molecular composition of EVs in body fluids provide valuable information about the status of originating cells. Consequently, they could be effectively utilized for diagnostic and prognostic applications. Urine contains a heterogeneous population of EVs. To date, these urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) have been ignored in the standard urinalysis. In recent years, knowledge has accumulated on how uEVs should be separated and analyzed. It has become clear how uEVs reflect the expression of each molecule in cells in nephron segments and how they are altered in disease states such as glomerular/tubular disorders, rare congenital diseases, acute kidney injury (AKI), and chronic kidney disease (CKD). Significant promise exists for the molecular expression signature of uEVs detected by simple techniques such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), making them more applicable in clinical settings. This review presents the current understanding regarding uEVs, emphasizing the potential for non-invasive diagnostics, especially for childhood kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Harita
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
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Garcia NA, Gonzalez-King H, Mellergaard M, Nair S, Salomon C, Handberg A. Comprehensive strategy for identifying extracellular vesicle surface proteins as biomarkers for chronic kidney disease. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1328362. [PMID: 38379702 PMCID: PMC10877036 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1328362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) poses a significant health burden worldwide. Especially, obesity-induced chronic kidney disease (OCKD) is associated with a lack of accuracy in disease diagnostic methods. The identification of reliable biomarkers for the early diagnosis and monitoring of CKD and OCKD is crucial for improving patient outcomes. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as potential biomarkers in the context of CKD. In this review, we focused on the role of EVs as potential biomarkers in CKD and OCKD and developed a comprehensive list of EV membrane proteins that could aid in the diagnosis and monitoring of the disease. To assemble our list, we employed a multi-step strategy. Initially, we conducted a thorough review of the literature on EV protein biomarkers in kidney diseases. Additionally, we explored papers investigating circulating proteins as biomarkers in kidney diseases. To further refine our list, we utilized the EV database Vesiclepedia.org to evaluate the qualifications of each identified protein. Furthermore, we consulted the Human Protein Atlas to assess the localization of these candidates, with a particular focus on membrane proteins. By integrating the information from the reviewed literature, Vesiclepedia.org, and the Human Protein Atlas, we compiled a comprehensive list of potential EV membrane protein biomarkers for CKD and OCKD. Overall, our review underscores the potential of EVs as biomarkers in the field of CKD research, providing a foundation for future studies aimed at improving CKD and OCKD diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hernan Gonzalez-King
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maiken Mellergaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Soumyalekshmi Nair
- Translational Extracellular Vesicles in Obstetrics and Gynae-Oncology Group, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Carlos Salomon
- Translational Extracellular Vesicles in Obstetrics and Gynae-Oncology Group, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Aase Handberg
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The Faculty of Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Al-Jipouri A, Eritja À, Bozic M. Unraveling the Multifaceted Roles of Extracellular Vesicles: Insights into Biology, Pharmacology, and Pharmaceutical Applications for Drug Delivery. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:485. [PMID: 38203656 PMCID: PMC10779093 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoparticles released from various cell types that have emerged as powerful new therapeutic option for a variety of diseases. EVs are involved in the transmission of biological signals between cells and in the regulation of a variety of biological processes, highlighting them as potential novel targets/platforms for therapeutics intervention and/or delivery. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate new aspects of EVs' biogenesis, biodistribution, metabolism, and excretion as well as safety/compatibility of both unmodified and engineered EVs upon administration in different pharmaceutical dosage forms and delivery systems. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of essential physiological and pathological roles of EVs in different organs and organ systems. We provide an overview regarding application of EVs as therapeutic targets, therapeutics, and drug delivery platforms. We also explore various approaches implemented over the years to improve the dosage of specific EV products for different administration routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Al-Jipouri
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, D-45147 Essen, Germany;
| | - Àuria Eritja
- Vascular and Renal Translational Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida Dr. Pifarré Foundation (IRBLLEIDA), 25196 Lleida, Spain;
| | - Milica Bozic
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, D-45147 Essen, Germany;
- Vascular and Renal Translational Research Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Lleida Dr. Pifarré Foundation (IRBLLEIDA), 25196 Lleida, Spain;
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Ciaccio AM, Tuttolomondo A. Exosomal miRNAs as Biomarkers of Ischemic Stroke. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1647. [PMID: 38137095 PMCID: PMC10741776 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13121647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small lipid bilayer membrane particles released from all living cells into the extracellular environment. They carry several molecules and have a critical role in cell-cell communication under physiological and pathological conditions. In recent decades, exosomes, and especially their cargo, have emerged as a promising tool for several clinical conditions. However, the literature has become increasingly unambiguous in defining the role of exosomes in chronic cerebrovascular diseases. Because they can pass through the blood-brain barrier, they have great potential to reflect intracerebral changes. They can, thus, provide valuable insight into the mechanisms of central nervous system diseases. The purpose of this review is to describe the literature on the role of exosomal miRNA, which represents the most widely investigated exosomal biomarker, in strokes. First, we provide an overview of exosomes, from biology to isolation and characterization. Then, we describe the relationship between exosomes and stroke pathogenesis. Finally, we summarize the human studies evaluating exosomal miRNA biomarkers of stroke. Although the collective literature supports the potential use of exosomal miRNA as biomarkers of ischemic stroke, there are still several limitations hampering their introduction into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonino Tuttolomondo
- Internal Medicine and Stroke Care Ward, Regional Reference Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Anderson-Fabry Disease, Department of Health Promotion, Maternal and Child Health, Internal Medicine, and Specialty Excellence “G. D’Alessandro” (PROMISE), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
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6
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Lee KS, Park JY, Jeong YJ, Lee MS. The Fatal Role of Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli Shiga Toxin-associated Extracellular Vesicles in Host Cells. J Microbiol 2023; 61:715-727. [PMID: 37665555 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-023-00066-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) is a specific subset of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains that are characterized by their ability to cause bloody diarrhea (hemorrhagic colitis) and potentially life-threatening, extraintestinal complications such as hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), which is associated with acute renal failure., contributing to severe clinical outcomes. The Shiga toxins (Stxs), produced by EHEC, are primary virulence factors. These potent cytotoxins are composed of one enzymatically active A subunit (StxA) and five receptor-binding B subunits (StxB). Although the toxins are primarily associated with cytotoxic effects, they also elicit other pathogenic consequences due to their induction of a number of biological processes, including apoptosis through ER-stress, pro-inflammatory responses, autophagy, and post-translational modification (PTM). Moreover, several studies have reported the association between Stxs and extracellular vesicles (EVs), including microvesicles and exosomes, demonstrating that Stx-containing EVs secreted by intoxicated macrophages are taken up by recipient cells, such as toxin-sensitive renal proximal tubular epithelial cells. This mechanism likely contributes to the spreading of Stxs within the host, and may exacerbate gastrointestinal illnesses and kidney dysfunction. In this review, we summarize recent findings relating to the host responses, in different types of cells in vitro and in animal models, mediated by Stxs-containing exosomes. Due to their unique properties, EVs have been explored as therapeutic agents, drug delivery systems, and diagnostic tools. Thus, potential therapeutic applications of EVs in EHEC Stxs-mediated pathogenesis are also briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Soo Lee
- Environmental Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Young Park
- Environmental Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Jeong
- Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Moo-Seung Lee
- Environmental Diseases Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Biomolecular Science, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Li Q, Zhang J, Fang Y, Dai Y, Jia P, Shen Z, Xu S, Ding X, Zhou F. Phosphoproteome Profiling of uEVs Reveals p-AQP2 and p-GSK3β as Potential Markers for Diabetic Nephropathy. Molecules 2023; 28:5605. [PMID: 37513479 PMCID: PMC10383182 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) contributes to increased morbidity and mortality among patients with diabetes and presents a considerable global health challenge. However, reliable biomarkers of DN have not yet been established. Phosphorylated proteins are crucial for disease progression. However, their diagnostic potential remains unexplored. In this study, we used ultra-high-sensitivity quantitative phosphoproteomics to identify phosphoproteins in urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) as potential biomarkers of DN. We detected 233 phosphopeptides within the uEVs, with 47 phosphoproteins exhibiting significant alterations in patients with DN compared to those in patients with diabetes. From these phosphoproteins, we selected phosphorylated aquaporin-2 (p-AQP2[S256]) and phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase-3β (p-GSK3β[Y216]) for validation, as they were significantly overrepresented in pathway analyses and previously implicated in DN pathogenesis. Both phosphoproteins were successfully confirmed through Phos-tag western blotting in uEVs and immunohistochemistry staining in kidney sections, suggesting that phosphoprotein alterations in uEVs reflect corresponding changes within the kidney and their potential as candidate biomarkers for DN. Our research proposes the utilization of phosphoproteins in uEVs as a liquid biopsy, presenting a highly feasible diagnostic tool for kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Jiong Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Academy of Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Kidney Disease, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Yi Fang
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Yan Dai
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Ping Jia
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Ziyan Shen
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Sujuan Xu
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050051, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Ding
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Minister of Education, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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8
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Bajo-Santos C, Priedols M, Kaukis P, Paidere G, Gerulis-Bergmanis R, Mozolevskis G, Abols A, Rimsa R. Extracellular Vesicles Isolation from Large Volume Samples Using a Polydimethylsiloxane-Free Microfluidic Device. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097971. [PMID: 37175677 PMCID: PMC10178709 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV) have many attributes important for biomedicine; however, current EV isolation methods require long multi-step protocols that generally involve bulky equipment that cannot be easily translated to clinics. Our aim was to design a new cyclic olefin copolymer-off-stoichiometry thiol-ene (COC-OSTE) asymmetric flow field fractionation microfluidic device that could isolate EV from high-volume samples in a simple and efficient manner. We tested the device with large volumes of urine and conditioned cell media samples, and compared it with the two most commonly used EV isolation methods. Our device was able to separate particles by size and buoyancy, and the attained size distribution was significantly smaller than other methods. This would allow for targeting EV size fractions of interest in the future. However, the results were sample dependent, with some samples showing significant improvement over the current EV separation methods. We present a novel design for a COC-OSTE microfluidic device, based on bifurcating asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation (A4F) technology, which is able to isolate EV from large volume samples in a simple, continuous-flow manner. Its potential to be mass-manufactured increases the chances of implementing EV isolation in a clinical or industry-friendly setting, which requires high repeatability and throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Bajo-Santos
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites Str. 1, k-1, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia
| | - Miks Priedols
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites Str. 1, k-1, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia
| | - Pauls Kaukis
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites Str. 1, k-1, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia
| | - Gunita Paidere
- Institute of Solid-State Physics, University of Latvia, 8 Kengaraga Str., LV-1063 Riga, Latvia
| | | | - Gatis Mozolevskis
- Institute of Solid-State Physics, University of Latvia, 8 Kengaraga Str., LV-1063 Riga, Latvia
| | - Arturs Abols
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites Str. 1, k-1, LV-1067 Riga, Latvia
| | - Roberts Rimsa
- Institute of Solid-State Physics, University of Latvia, 8 Kengaraga Str., LV-1063 Riga, Latvia
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