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Zhang Y, Zhang N. The role of RNA methyltransferase METTL3 in gynecologic cancers: Results and mechanisms. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1156629. [PMID: 37007040 PMCID: PMC10060645 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1156629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation is the most prevalent mRNA modification in eukaryotes, and it is defined as the methylation of nitrogen atoms on the six adenine (A) bases of RNA in the presence of methyltransferases. Methyltransferase-like 3 (Mettl3), one of the components of m6A methyltransferase, plays a decisive catalytic role in m6A methylation. Recent studies have confirmed that m6A is associated with a wide spectrum of biological processes and it significantly affects disease progression and prognosis of patients with gynecologic tumors, in which the role of Mettl3 cannot be ignored. Mettl3 is involved in numerous pathophysiological functions, such as embryonic development, fat accumulation, and tumor progression. Moreover, Mettl3 may serve as a potential target for treating gynecologic malignancies, thus, it may benefit the patients and prolong survival. However, there is a need to further study the role and mechanism of Mettl3 in gynecologic malignancies. This paper reviews the recent progression on Mettl3 in gynecologic malignancies, hoping to provide a reference for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, China
- Department of Cancer Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Na Zhang,
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Zamwar UM, Anjankar AP. Aetiology, Epidemiology, Histopathology, Classification, Detailed Evaluation, and Treatment of Ovarian Cancer. Cureus 2022; 14:e30561. [DOI: 10.7759/cureus.30561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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3
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Wang J, Zhang R, Zhang B, Zhang L, Jiang W, Liu X, Duan X. MiR-135b improves proliferation and regulates chemotherapy resistance in ovarian cancer. J Mol Histol 2022; 53:699-712. [DOI: 10.1007/s10735-022-10080-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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4
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Pronina IV, Uroshlev LA, Moskovtsev AA, Zaichenko DM, Filippova EA, Fridman MV, Burdennyy AM, Loginov VI, Kazubskaya TP, Kushlinskii NE, Dmitriev AA, Braga EA, Brovkina OI. Dysregulation of lncRNA–miRNA–mRNA Interactome as a Marker of Metastatic Process in Ovarian Cancer. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10040824. [PMID: 35453574 PMCID: PMC9031843 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10040824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the most common types of cancer among malignancies of the female reproductive system. This pathology is asymptomatic until advanced stages and has a poor prognosis. Our study aimed to search for lncRNA–miRNA–mRNA competing triplets that promote ovarian tumorigenesis. For this purpose, we analyzed tumor samples from the TCGA database and verified the results experimentally in a set of 46 paired samples of tumor and matched histologically unchanged ovarian tissues from OC patients. The list of RNAs selected in silico for experimental studies included 13 mRNAs, 10 lncRNAs, and 5 miRNAs related to epithelial–mesenchymal transition and angiogenesis. We evaluated the expression of these RNAs by qRT-PCR and assessed the correlation between levels of miRNAs, mRNAs, and lncRNAs. Sixteen significant triplets were revealed, in some of which, e.g., OIP5-AS1–miR-203a–c-MET and OIP5-AS1–miR-203a–ZEB2, both lncRNA and mRNA had sites for miR-203a direct binding. Transfection of the OVCAR-3 and SKOV-3 cell lines with the miR-203a mimic was used to confirm the novel links of miR-203a with ZEB2 and c-MET in OC. These connections suggest that the interactomes have the potential for diagnostics of metastasis at early onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V. Pronina
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (I.V.P.); (L.A.U.); (A.A.M.); (D.M.Z.); (E.A.F.); (A.M.B.); (V.I.L.); (O.I.B.)
| | - Leonid A. Uroshlev
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (I.V.P.); (L.A.U.); (A.A.M.); (D.M.Z.); (E.A.F.); (A.M.B.); (V.I.L.); (O.I.B.)
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexey A. Moskovtsev
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (I.V.P.); (L.A.U.); (A.A.M.); (D.M.Z.); (E.A.F.); (A.M.B.); (V.I.L.); (O.I.B.)
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Danila M. Zaichenko
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (I.V.P.); (L.A.U.); (A.A.M.); (D.M.Z.); (E.A.F.); (A.M.B.); (V.I.L.); (O.I.B.)
| | - Elena A. Filippova
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (I.V.P.); (L.A.U.); (A.A.M.); (D.M.Z.); (E.A.F.); (A.M.B.); (V.I.L.); (O.I.B.)
| | - Marina V. Fridman
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexey M. Burdennyy
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (I.V.P.); (L.A.U.); (A.A.M.); (D.M.Z.); (E.A.F.); (A.M.B.); (V.I.L.); (O.I.B.)
| | - Vitaly I. Loginov
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (I.V.P.); (L.A.U.); (A.A.M.); (D.M.Z.); (E.A.F.); (A.M.B.); (V.I.L.); (O.I.B.)
| | - Tatiana P. Kazubskaya
- N. N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 115478 Moscow, Russia; (T.P.K.); (N.E.K.)
| | - Nikolay E. Kushlinskii
- N. N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, 115478 Moscow, Russia; (T.P.K.); (N.E.K.)
| | - Alexey A. Dmitriev
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Eleonora A. Braga
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (I.V.P.); (L.A.U.); (A.A.M.); (D.M.Z.); (E.A.F.); (A.M.B.); (V.I.L.); (O.I.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Olga I. Brovkina
- Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (I.V.P.); (L.A.U.); (A.A.M.); (D.M.Z.); (E.A.F.); (A.M.B.); (V.I.L.); (O.I.B.)
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, 115682 Moscow, Russia
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5
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van der Ploeg P, Uittenboogaard A, Thijs AMJ, Westgeest HM, Boere IA, Lambrechts S, van de Stolpe A, Bekkers RLM, Piek JMJ. The effectiveness of monotherapy with PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibitors in ovarian cancer: A meta-analysis. Gynecol Oncol 2021; 163:433-444. [PMID: 34253390 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2021.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the clinical benefit of monotherapy with PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors in patients diagnosed with advanced or recurrent ovarian cancer and to investigate the predictive value of current PI3K/AKT/mTOR biomarkers on therapy response. METHODS A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library for articles reporting on treatment with PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors in ovarian cancer. The primary endpoint was defined as the clinical benefit rate (CBR), including the proportion of patients with complete (CR) and partial response (PR) and stable disease (SD). Secondary endpoints included the overall response rate (ORR, including CR and PR) and drug-related grade 3 and 4 adverse events. RESULTS We included 233 patients from 19 studies and observed a pooled CBR of 32% (95% CI 20-44%) and ORR of 3% (95% CI 0-6%) in advanced or recurrent ovarian cancer patients treated with PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors. Subgroup analysis tended to favor the studies who selected patients based on current PI3K/AKT/mTOR biomarker criteria (e.g. genomic alterations or loss of PTEN protein expression), but the difference in CBR was not statistically significant from studies with unselected populations (respectively, CBR of 42% (95% CI 23-62%) and 27% (95% CI 14-42%), P = 0.217). To better reflect true patient benefit, we excluded SD <6 months as a beneficial outcome which resulted in a pooled CBR of 7% (95% CI 2-13%). The overall proportion of patients with drug-related grade 3 and 4 adverse events was 36%. CONCLUSIONS The efficacy of monotherapy with PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors in advanced recurrent ovarian cancer patients is limited to a small subgroup and selection of patients with the use of current biomarkers did not improved the CBR significantly. Given the toxicity profile, we suggest that current treatment with PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibitors should not be initiated unless in clinical trials. Furthermore, improved biomarkers to measure functional PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway activity are needed to optimize patient selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phyllis van der Ploeg
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Catharina Cancer Institute, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands; GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Aniek Uittenboogaard
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Catharina Cancer Institute, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Anna M J Thijs
- Department of Medical Oncology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | | | - Ingrid A Boere
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus Medical Center Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sandrina Lambrechts
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maastricht University Medical Center+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Ruud L M Bekkers
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Catharina Cancer Institute, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands; GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jurgen M J Piek
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Catharina Cancer Institute, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
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Uner FO, Korukcu O. A qualitative exploration of fear of cancer recurrence in Turkish cancer survivors who were referred for colposcopy. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2021; 29:729-737. [PMID: 33662170 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.13326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to qualitatively explore factors related to fear of cancer recurrence in women who had a risk of cervical cancer relapse/metastasis and to identify the psychological effect of gynaecological examination and colposcopy in cancer survivors. We conducted the present descriptive study with a qualitative design based on the thematic analysis approach on ten women who under suspicion of new cancer and were admitted to the Gynaecological Oncology Polyclinic of Akdeniz University for colposcopy between July and October 2017 via in-depth interviews. As a result of the interviews, we identified three main themes: colposcopy-related fear, emotions associated with fear of cancer recurrence, and fear of being diagnosed with cancer. Moreover it was determined that women experienced a fear of death, fear of family being affected, fear of stigmatisation by society, and fear of not coping with the treatment process. We found that women with cancer history and undergoing colposcopy because of abnormal cervical cytology in routine oncology controls experienced a significant fear of cancer recurrence. We found that gynaecological examination and colposcopy caused anxiety in patients. Healthcare professions should be aware and help women to cope with the fear of cancer recurrence in the colposcopy process and should determine the social care needs of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Ozlem Uner
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecological Nursing, Faculty of Health, Alaaddin Keykubat University, Alanya, Turkey
| | - Oznur Korukcu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecological Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
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Chava S, Gupta R. Identification of the Mutational Landscape of Gynecological Malignancies. J Cancer 2020; 11:4870-4883. [PMID: 32626534 PMCID: PMC7330690 DOI: 10.7150/jca.46174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cancer is a complex disease that arises from the accumulation of multiple genetic and non-genetic changes. Advances in sequencing technologies have allowed unbiased and global analysis of patient-derived tumor samples and the discovery of genetic and transcriptional changes in key genes and oncogenic pathways. That in turn has facilitated a better understanding of the underlying causes of cancer initiation and progression, resulting in new therapeutic targets. Methods: In our study, we have analyzed the mutational landscape of gynecological malignancies using datasets from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). We have also analyzed Oncomine datasets to establish the impact of their alteration on disease recurrence and survival of patients. Results: In this study, we analyzed a series of different gynecological malignancies for commonly occurring genetic and non-genetic alterations. These studies show that white women have higher incidence of gynecological malignancies. Furthermore, our study identified 16 genes that are altered at a frequency >10% among all of the gynecological malignancies and tumor suppressor TP53 is the most altered gene in these malignancies (>50% of the cases). The top 16 genes fall into the categories of either tumor suppressor or oncogenes and a subset of these genes are associated with poor prognosis, some affecting recurrence and survival of ovarian cancer patients. Conclusion: In sum, our study identified 16 major genes that are broadly mutated in a large majority of gynecological malignancies and in some cases predict survival and recurrence in patients with gynecological malignancies. We predict that the functional studies will determine their relative role in the initiation and progression of gynecological malignancies and also establish if some of them represents drug targets for anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Romi Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35233, USA
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Ahmed AA, Adam Essa ME. Epigenetic alterations in female urogenital organs cancer: Premise, properties, and perspectives. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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9
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Alharbi M, Zuñiga F, Elfeky O, Guanzon D, Lai A, Rice GE, Perrin L, Hooper J, Salomon C. The potential role of miRNAs and exosomes in chemotherapy in ovarian cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2018; 25:R663-R685. [PMID: 30400025 DOI: 10.1530/erc-18-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chemoresistance is one of the major obstacles in the treatment of cancer patients. It poses a fundamental challenge to the effectiveness of chemotherapy and is often linked to relapse in patients. Chemoresistant cells can be identified in different types of cancers; however, ovarian cancer has one of the highest rates of chemoresistance-related relapse (50% of patients within 5 years). Resistance in cells can either develop through prolonged cycles of treatment or through intrinsic pathways. Mechanistically, the problem of drug resistance is complex mainly because numerous factors are involved, such as overexpression of drug efflux pumps, drug inactivation, DNA repair mechanisms and alterations to and/or mutations in the drug target. Additionally, there is strong evidence that circulating miRNAs participate in the development of chemoresistance. Recently, miRNAs have been identified in exosomes, where they are encapsulated and hence protected from degradation. These miRNAs within exosomes (exo-miRNAs) can regulate the gene expression of target cells both locally and systemically. Exo-miRNAs play an important role in disease progression and can potentially facilitate chemoresistance in cancer cells. In addition, and from a diagnostic perspective, exo-miRNAs profiles may contribute to the development of predictive models to identify responder and non-responder chemotherapy. Such model may also be used for monitoring treatment response and disease progression. Exo-miRNAs may ultimately serve as both a predictive biomarker for cancer response to therapy and as a prognostic marker for the development of chemotherapy resistance. Therefore, this review examines the potential role of exo-miRNAs in chemotherapy in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Alharbi
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Queensland, Australia
| | - Felipe Zuñiga
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Omar Elfeky
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Queensland, Australia
| | - Dominic Guanzon
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew Lai
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Queensland, Australia
| | - Gregory E Rice
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Queensland, Australia
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
- Perinatology Research Branch, NICHD/NIH, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Lewis Perrin
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- Mater Ovarian Cancer Research Collaborative, Mater Adult Hospital, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - John Hooper
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
- Mater Ovarian Cancer Research Collaborative, Mater Adult Hospital, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Carlos Salomon
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of Queensland, Brisbane Queensland, Australia
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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Ovarian Cancer Screening: Lessons about Effectiveness. Diagnostics (Basel) 2017; 8:diagnostics8010001. [PMID: 29286290 PMCID: PMC5871984 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics8010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Chatterjee M, Hurley LC, Tainsky MA. Paraneoplastic antigens as biomarkers for early diagnosis of ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol Rep 2017; 21:37-44. [PMID: 28653032 PMCID: PMC5476453 DOI: 10.1016/j.gore.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Paraneoplastic syndromes are a group of rare disorders that can be triggered by an abnormal immune response to proteins from tumors of the lung, ovary, lymphatics, or breast. Paraneoplastic clinical syndromes affect < 1% of patients with cancer; however, the frequency of subclinical levels of paraneoplastic autoantibodies in asymptomatic patients with cancer is unknown. Numerous studies have reported that ovarian cancer patients show signs of paraneoplastic neurological syndromes (PNSs) before or after their cancers are diagnosed. PNSs arise from a tumor-elicited immune response against onconeural antigens that are shared by tissues of nervous system, muscle, and tumor cells. Studies on the serum IgGs obtained from ovarian cancer patients have indicated the presence of onconeural antibodies in the absence of any PNS symptoms. The occurrence of PNSs is low in ovarian cancer patients and it can be accompanied by onconeural antibodies. The diagnosis of PNSs is accompanied by a suspicion of a malignant tumor such that neurologists typically refer such patients for a tumor diagnostic workup. There will be tremendous utility if subclinical levels (without paraneoplastic neurological symptoms or myositis) of these autoantibodies to paraneoplastic antigens can be exploited to screen asymptomatic high-risk patients for ovarian cancer, and used as biomarkers in immunoassays for the early detection or recurrence of ovarian cancer. Ovarian cancer overall survival is likely to be improved with early detection. Therefore, a panel of onconeural antigens that can detect paraneoplastic autoantibodies in patient sera should provide diagnostic utility for an earlier therapeutic intervention. Here we review the usefulness of PNS and other paraneoplastic syndromes and their association with paraneoplastic antigens to exploit these autoantibody biomarkers to form diagnostic multi-analyte panels for early detection of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhumita Chatterjee
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
| | - Laura C Hurley
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, United States.,Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
| | - Michael A Tainsky
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, United States.,Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, United States.,Molecular Therapeutics Program, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, United States.,Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, United States
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