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Christian N, Burden D, Emam A, Brenk A, Sperber S, Kalu M, Cuadra G, Palazzolo D. Effects of E-Liquids and Their Aerosols on Biofilm Formation and Growth of Oral Commensal Streptococcal Communities: Effect of Cinnamon and Menthol Flavors. Dent J (Basel) 2024; 12:232. [PMID: 39195076 DOI: 10.3390/dj12080232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The rise in electronic cigarette (E-cigarette) popularity, especially among adolescents, has prompted research to investigate potential effects on health. Although much research has been carried out on the effect on lung health, the first site exposed to vaping-the oral cavity-has received relatively little attention. The aims of this study were twofold: to examine the effects of E-liquids on the viability and hydrophobicity of oral commensal streptococci, and the effects of E-cigarette-generated aerosols on the biomass and viability of oral commensal streptococci. (2) Methods: Quantitative and confocal biofilm analysis, live-dead staining, and hydrophobicity assays were used to determine the effect on oral commensal streptococci after exposure to E-liquids and/or E-cigarette-generated aerosols. (3) Results: E-liquids and flavors have a bactericidal effect on multispecies oral commensal biofilms and increase the hydrophobicity of oral commensal streptococci. Flavorless and some flavored E-liquid aerosols have a bactericidal effect on oral commensal biofilms while having no effect on overall biomass. (4) Conclusions: These results indicate that E-liquids/E-cigarette-generated aerosols alter the chemical interactions and viability of oral commensal streptococci. Consequently, the use of E-cigarettes has the potential to alter the status of disease and health in the oral cavity and, by extension, affect systemic health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Christian
- Biology Department, Muhlenberg College, Allentown, PA 18104, USA
- School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Daniel Burden
- Biology Department, Muhlenberg College, Allentown, PA 18104, USA
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Alexander Emam
- Biology Department, Muhlenberg College, Allentown, PA 18104, USA
| | - Alvin Brenk
- Debusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN 37752, USA
- Yale New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Sarah Sperber
- Debusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN 37752, USA
| | - Michael Kalu
- Debusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN 37752, USA
| | - Giancarlo Cuadra
- Biology Department, Muhlenberg College, Allentown, PA 18104, USA
| | - Dominic Palazzolo
- Debusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN 37752, USA
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Sebag SC, Qian Q, Upara C, Ding Q, Cao H, Hong L, Yang L. A Medium Chain Fatty Acid, 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid (6-HHA), Protects Against Obesity and Insulin Resistance. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.19.549684. [PMID: 37502899 PMCID: PMC10370144 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.19.549684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Obesity, a worldwide health problem, increases the risk for developing metabolic diseases such as insulin resistance and diabetes. It is well recognized that obesity-associated chronic inflammation plays a key role in the pathogenesis of systemic metabolic dysfunction. Previously, we revealed an anti-inflammatory role for spent culture supernatants isolated from the oral commensal bacterial species Streptococcus gordonii (Sg-SCS). Here, we identified that 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid (6-HHA), a medium chain fatty acid (MCFA), is the one of the key components of Sg-SCS . We found that treatment of 6-HHA in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) significantly reduced HFD-mediated weight gain which was largely attributed to a decrease in fat mass. Systemically, 6-HHA improves obesity-associated glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. Furthermore, administration of 6-HHA suppressed obesity-associated systemic inflammation and dyslipidemia. At the cellular level, treatment of 6-HHA ameliorated aberrant inflammatory and metabolic transcriptomic signatures in white adipose tissue of mice with diet-induced obesity (HFD). Mechanistically, we found that 6-HHA suppressed adipocyte-proinflammatory cytokine production and lipolysis, the latter through Gαi-mediated signaling. This work provides direct evidence for the anti-obesity effects of a novel MCFA, which could be a new therapeutic treatment for combating obesity. KEY POINTS Hydroxyhexanoic medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs) are dietary and bacterial-derived energy sources, however, the outcomes of using MCFAs in treating metabolic disorders are diverse and complex. The MCFA 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid (6-HHA) is a metabolite secreted by the oral bacterial commensal species Streptococcus gordonii; here we investigated its role in modulating high-fat diet (HFD)-induced metabolic dysfunction. In a murine model of obesity, we found 6-HHA-mediated improvement of diet-mediated adiposity, insulin resistance and inflammation were in part due to actions on white adipose tissue (WAT).6-HHA suppressed proinflammatory cytokine production and lipolysis through Gi-mediated signaling in differentiated white adipocytes.
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Mechanistic Effects of E-Liquids on Biofilm Formation and Growth of Oral Commensal Streptococcal Communities: Effect of Flavoring Agents. Dent J (Basel) 2022; 10:dj10050085. [PMID: 35621538 PMCID: PMC9139693 DOI: 10.3390/dj10050085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Vaping has become a global health concern. As research continues, more studies are beginning to question the relative safety of E-liquid flavoring additives. The oral cavity is the first site of exposure to E-liquid aerosol, making it critical for investigation. Because of the importance of commensal bacterial biofilms for oral health, we sought to explore the effects of E-liquids ± flavors on the formation and growth of single- and multi-species biofilms and to investigate the mechanism of inhibition. Methods: Quantitative and confocal biofilm analysis, death curves, and colony-forming units (CFU) were evaluated with flavorless and flavored (tobacco, menthol, cinnamon, strawberry, blueberry) E-liquids using four strains of oral commensal bacteria (Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus intermedius, Streptococcus mitis, and Streptococcus oralis). Results: All flavoring agents show a dose-dependent inhibition in the growth of single-species and multi-species biofilms. Furthermore, CFUs, death curves, and light microscopy show that flavoring agents have a bactericidal mode of inhibition on the growth of these oral streptococci. Conclusions: These results show that flavored, rather than unflavored, E-liquids are more detrimental to biofilm formation and growth of oral commensal bacteria. Consequently, E-liquid flavorings agents could pose risks to the oral microenvironment, and by extension, to systemic health.
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Baty JJ, Huffines JT, Stoner SN, Scoffield JA. A Commensal Streptococcus Dysregulates the Pseudomonas aeruginosa Nitrosative Stress Response. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:817336. [PMID: 35619650 PMCID: PMC9127344 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.817336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic infections in the cystic fibrosis (CF) airway are composed of both pathogenic and commensal bacteria. However, chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections are the leading cause of lung deterioration in individuals with CF. Interestingly, oral commensals can translocate to the CF lung and their presence is associated with improved lung function, presumably due to their ability to antagonize P. aeruginosa. We have previously shown that one commensal, Streptococcus parasanguinis, produces hydrogen peroxide that reacts with nitrite to generate reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNI) which inhibit P. aeruginosa growth. In this study, we sought to understand the global impact of commensal-mediated RNI on the P. aeruginosa transcriptome. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that S. parasanguinis and nitrite-mediated RNI dysregulated expression of denitrification genes in a CF isolate of P. aeruginosa compared to when this isolate was only exposed to S. parasanguinis. Further, loss of a nitric oxide reductase subunit (norB) rendered an acute P. aeruginosa isolate more susceptible to S. parasanguinis-mediated RNI. Additionally, S. parasanguinis-mediated RNI inactivated P. aeruginosa aconitase activity. Lastly, we report that P. aeruginosa isolates recovered from CF individuals are uniquely hypersensitive to S. parasanguinis-mediated RNI compared to acute infection or environmental P. aeruginosa isolates. These findings illustrate that S. parasanguinis hinders the ability of P. aeruginosa to respond to RNI, which potentially prevents P. aeruginosa CF isolates from resisting commensal and host-induced RNI in the CF airway.
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Paul B, Sierra MA, Xu F, Crystal YO, Li X, Saxena D, Ruff RR. Microbial population shift and metabolic characterization of silver diamine fluoride treatment failure on dental caries. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0242396. [PMID: 33720954 PMCID: PMC7959385 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this pilot study was to describe the microbial profiles present in the plaque and saliva of children who continued to develop new carious lesions following treatment with silver diamine fluoride ("nonresponders") compared to caries active, caries-free, and children immediately receiving SDF treatment for untreated caries in order to identify potential microbial differences that may relate to a re-incidence of caries. Saliva and plaque samples from infected and contralateral sites were obtained from twenty children who were either caries free, had active carious lesions, were caries active and received SDF treatment immediately before sampling, or had previously received SDF treatment and developed new caries. In total, 8,057,899 Illumina-generated sequence reads from 60 samples were obtained. Reads were processed using the Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology pipeline. Group differences were assessed using Analysis of Variance Models and Tukey Honest Significant Differences. To identify significant taxa between treatment groups, Linear discriminant analysis Effect Size (LefSe) and Analysis of Differential Abundance Taking Sample Variation Into Account were used. Differential abundant analysis indicated that members of the Lachnospiraceae family were significantly enriched in non-responders and the genus Tannerella and species Granulicatella adiances were also highly abundant in this group. LefSe analysis between non-responders and SDF-treated groups revealed that genera Leptotrichia and Granulicatella were enriched in non-responders. We observed the highest abundance of phosphotransferase system and lowest abundance of lipopolysaccharide synthesis in non-responders. The microbiome in dental biofilms is responsible for initiation and progression of dental caries. SDF has been shown to be effective in arresting the progression carious lesions, in part due to its antimicrobial properties. Findings suggest that the differential abundance of select microbiota and specific pathway functioning in individuals that present with recurrent decay after SDF treatment may contribute to a potential failure of silver diamine fluoride to arrest dental caries. However, the short duration of sample collection following SDF application and the small sample size emphasize the need for further data and additional analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidisha Paul
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Maria A. Sierra
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Fangxi Xu
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Yasmi O. Crystal
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Deepak Saxena
- Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ryan Richard Ruff
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, United States of America
- New York University College of Global Public Health, New York, New York, United States of America
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The Role of Bacterial and Fungal Human Respiratory Microbiota in COVID-19 Patients. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6670798. [PMID: 33681368 PMCID: PMC7907751 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6670798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recently, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiologic agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has led to a worldwide pandemic with millions of infected patients. Alteration in humans' microbiota was also reported in COVID-19 patients. The alteration in human microbiota may contribute to bacterial or viral infections and affect the immune system. Moreover, human's microbiota can be altered due to SARS-CoV-2 infection, and these microbiota changes can indicate the progression of COVID-19. While current studies focus on the gut microbiota, it seems necessary to pay attention to the lung microbiota in COVID-19. This study is aimed at reviewing respiratory microbiota dysbiosis among COVID-19 patients to encourage further studies on the field for assessment of SARS-CoV-2 and respiratory microbiota interaction.
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Kadam S, Vandana M, Patwardhan S, Kaushik KS. Looking beyond the smokescreen: can the oral microbiome be a tool or target in the management of tobacco-associated oral cancer? Ecancermedicalscience 2021; 15:1179. [PMID: 33777172 PMCID: PMC7987485 DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2021.1179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide range of microbes inhabit the oral cavity, and bacterial and fungal communities most often exist as structured communities or biofilms. The use of tobacco alters the structure of the oral microbiome, including that of potentially malignant lesions, and the altered oral microbiome influences key microenvironmental changes such as chronic inflammation, secretion of carcinogenic toxins, cellular and tissue remodelling and suppression of apoptosis. Given this, it is clear that the bacterial and fungal biofilms in potentially malignant states are likely not passive entities, but could play a critical role in shaping potential malignant and carcinogenic conditions. This holds potential towards leveraging the oral microbiome for the management of tobacco-associated potentially malignant lesions and oral cancer. Here, we explore this line of investigation by reviewing the effects of tobacco in shaping the oral microbiome, and analyse the available evidence in the light of the microbiome of oral potentially malignant and cancerous lesions, and the role of dysbiosis in carcinogenesis. Finally, we discuss possible interventions and approaches using which the oral microbiome could be leveraged towards precision-based oral cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehal Kadam
- Human-Relevant Infection Biology Group, Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Madhusoodhanan Vandana
- Human-Relevant Infection Biology Group, Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
| | - Sudhanshu Patwardhan
- Centre for Health Research and Education, University of Southampton Science Park, Chilworth, Hampshire SO16 7NP, UK
| | - Karishma S Kaushik
- Human-Relevant Infection Biology Group, Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411007, India
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Fischman JS, Sista S, Lee D, Cuadra GA, Palazzolo DL. Flavorless vs. Flavored Electronic Cigarette-Generated Aerosol and E-Liquid on the Growth of Common Oral Commensal Streptococci. Front Physiol 2020; 11:585416. [PMID: 33329035 PMCID: PMC7732452 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.585416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Electronic cigarette (ECIG) use or vaping has become popular globally. While the question “Is vaping safer than smoking?” continues, it is becoming clearer that one of the most dangerous components of E-liquids are the flavorings. Since the oral cavity is the first anatomical site to be assaulted by ECIG aerosol, the aim of this study is to test the hypothesis that flavored ECIG aerosols or E-liquids pose a more detrimental effect on the growth of commensal oral streptococcal bacteria compared to flavorless aerosols or E-liquids. Methods Kirby Bauer assays and 24-h planktonic growth curves were used to compare the effects of flavorless vs. flavored (tobacco, menthol, cinnamon, strawberry and blueberry) ECIG-generated aerosols and E-liquids on the growth of four common strains of oral commensal bacteria (Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus intermedius, Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus oralis). Results Kirby Bauer assays revealed inhibition of growth for all bacteria tested when exposed to 100% menthol, cinnamon or strawberry flavors. In contrast, 5% flavor in E-liquid had no effect. When exposed to 100 puffs of ECIG-generated aerosol ± flavors (≈ 0.05% flavor in brain heart infusion media) or an equivalent amount of E-liquid ± flavors, twenty-four hour planktonic growth curves indicated no effect on growth for all streptococci tested. Subsequent twenty-four hour planktonic growth curves testing the effects of E-liquid ± flavors (0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, 0.3125, 0.625, and 1.25% flavor in brain heart infusion media) revealed dose-dependent inhibition of growth, particularly for menthol, cinnamon and strawberry), for all bacteria tested. Conclusion These results support the hypothesis that flavored E-liquids are more detrimental to the growth of oral commensal bacteria than unflavored E-liquids. The streptococci tested in this study are early colonizers and part of the foundation of oral biofilms and dental plaque. Disturbances in the composition and growth of these primary colonizers is crucial to the development of a healthy dental plaque and host-bacteria interactions. E-liquids and their aerosols containing flavoring agents alter the growth of these bacteria. Such perturbations of pioneering oral communities pose a potential risk to the health of the oral cavity and, ultimately, health in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob S Fischman
- Department of Biology, Muhlenberg College, Allentown, PA, United States
| | - Swapna Sista
- Department of Physiology, DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN, United States
| | - DongKeun Lee
- Department of Physiology, DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN, United States
| | | | - Dominic L Palazzolo
- Department of Physiology, DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN, United States
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