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Subbiah VK, Gomez CR, Robben DM, Subramaniam R, Hearn AJ. Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of the Sunda stink-badger ( Mydaus javanensis) from the island of Borneo. PeerJ 2024; 12:e18190. [PMID: 39421424 PMCID: PMC11485102 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.18190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 10/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The Mephitidae is a family of skunks and stink-badgers that includes 12 extant species in four genera, namely, Mydaus, Conepatus, Mephitis and Spilogale. Mydaus is the only genus within Mephitidae found outside the American continent, with its distribution limited to the islands of Borneo, Indonesia and Philippines. There are two extant species of Mydaus i.e., javanensis and marchei. Currently, complete mitogenomes are unavailable for either species. Here, we present the characterization of the first complete mitogenome for the Sunda stink-badger (Mydaus javanensis) from the island of Borneo. Methods Muscle tissue was obtained and the DNA was sequenced using a combination of Illumina Barcode Tagged Sequence (BTSeq) and Sanger sequencing techniques. The genome was annotated with MITOS and manually checked for accuracy. A circular map of the mitogenome was constructed with Proksee. Relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) and codon frequency were calculated using MEGA-X. The protein coding genes (PCGs) were aligned with reference sequences from GenBank and used for the construction of phylogenetic trees (maximum liklihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI)). Additionally, due to the lack of available complete genomes in public databases, we constructed another tree with the cyt b gene. Results The complete circular mitogenome was 16,391 base pairs in length. It comprises the typical 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNAs, two ribosomal RNA genes, one control region (CR) and an L-strand replication origin (OL). The G+C content was 38.1% with a clear bias towards A and T nucleotides. Of the 13 PGCs, only ND6 was positioned in the reverse direction, along with five other tRNAs. Five PCGs had incomplete stop codons and rely on post-transcriptional polyadenylation (TAA) for termination. Based on the codon count, Leucine was the most common amino acid (589), followed by Threonine (332) and Isoleucine (325). The ML and BI phylogenetic trees, based on concatenated PCGs and the cyt b gene, respectively, correctly clustered the species with other members of the Mephitidae family but were unique enough to set it apart from Conepatus, Mephitis and Spilogale. The results confirm Mydaus as a member of the mephitids and the mitogenome will be useful for evolutionary analysis and conservation of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Kumar Subbiah
- Biotechnology Research Insitute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Chrishen Robert Gomez
- Biotechnology Research Insitute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Dexter Miller Robben
- Biotechnology Research Insitute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Ranjita Subramaniam
- Biotechnology Research Insitute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Andrew James Hearn
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
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Li M, Zhang Z, He L, Wang X, Yin J, Wang X, You Y, Qian X, Ge X, Shi Z. SMYD2 induced PGC1α methylation promotes stemness maintenance of glioblastoma stem cells. Neuro Oncol 2024; 26:1587-1601. [PMID: 38721826 PMCID: PMC11376450 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noae090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high fatality rate of glioblastoma (GBM) is attributed to glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs), which exhibit heterogeneity and therapeutic resistance. Metabolic plasticity of mitochondria is the hallmark of GSCs. Targeting mitochondrial biogenesis of GSCs is crucial for improving clinical prognosis in GBM patients. METHODS SMYD2-induced PGC1α methylation and followed nuclear export are confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation, cellular fractionation, and immunofluorescence. The effects of SMYD2/PGC1α/CRM1 axis on GSCs mitochondrial biogenesis are validated by oxygen consumption rate, ECAR, and intracranial glioma model. RESULTS PGC1α methylation causes the disabled mitochondrial function to maintain the stemness, thereby enhancing the radio-resistance of GSCs. SMYD2 drives PGC1α K224 methylation (K224me), which is essential for promoting the stem-like characteristics of GSCs. PGC1α K224me is preferred binding with CRM1, accelerating PGC1α nuclear export and subsequent dysfunction. Targeting PGC1α methylation exhibits significant radiotherapeutic efficacy and prolongs patient survival. CONCLUSIONS These findings unveil a novel regulatory pathway involving mitochondria that govern stemness in GSCs, thereby emphasizing promising therapeutic strategies targeting PGC1α and mitochondria for the treatment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengdie Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention, and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhixiang Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention, and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liuguijie He
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Antibody Techniques, Department of Cell Biology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiefeng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianxing Yin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiuxing Wang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Antibody Techniques, Department of Cell Biology, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Human Functional Genomics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongping You
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xu Qian
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention, and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Ge
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention, and Treatment, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhumei Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Ferchiou S, Caza F, Sinha K, Sauvageau J, St-Pierre Y. Assessing marine ecosystem health using multi-omic analysis of blue mussel liquid biopsies: A case study within a national marine park. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 362:142714. [PMID: 38950751 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Marine ecosystems are under escalating threats from myriad environmental stressors, necessitating a deeper understanding of their impact on biodiversity and the health of sentinel organisms. In this study, we carried out a spatiotemporal multi-omic analysis of liquid biopsies collected from mussels (Mytilus spp.) in marine ecosystems of a national park. We delved into the epigenomic, transcriptomic, glycomic, proteomic, and microbiomic profiles to unravel the intricate interplay between ecosystem biodiversity and mussels' biological response to their environments. Our analysis revealed temporal fluctuations in the alpha diversity of the circulating microbiome associated with human activities. Analysis of the hemolymphatic circulating cell-free DNA (ccfDNA) provided information on the biodiversity and the presence of potential pathogens. Epigenomic analysis revealed widespread hypomethylation sites within the mitochondrial (mtDNA). Comparative transcriptomic and glycomic analyses highlighted differences in metabolic pathways and genes associated with immune and wound healing functions. This study demonstrates the potential of multi-omic analysis of liquid biopsy in sentinel to provide a holistic view of human activities' environmental impacts on marine coastal ecosystems. Overall, this approach has the potential to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of various conservation efforts, leading to more informed decision-making and better outcomes for biodiversity and ecosystem conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Ferchiou
- INRS-Center Armand-Frappier Santé Technologie, 531 Boul. des Prairies, Laval, QC, Canada, H7V 1B7
| | - France Caza
- INRS-Center Armand-Frappier Santé Technologie, 531 Boul. des Prairies, Laval, QC, Canada, H7V 1B7
| | - Kumardip Sinha
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council, 100 Sussex Dr., K1N 5A2, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Janelle Sauvageau
- Human Health Therapeutics, National Research Council, 100 Sussex Dr., K1N 5A2, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yves St-Pierre
- INRS-Center Armand-Frappier Santé Technologie, 531 Boul. des Prairies, Laval, QC, Canada, H7V 1B7.
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Kanazashi Y, Maejima K, Johnson TA, Sasagawa S, Jikuya R, Hasumi H, Matsumoto N, Maekawa S, Obara W, Nakagawa H. Mitochondrial DNA Variants at Low-Level Heteroplasmy and Decreased Copy Numbers in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Tissues with Kidney Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17212. [PMID: 38139039 PMCID: PMC10743237 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The human mitochondrial genome (mtDNA) is a circular DNA molecule with a length of 16.6 kb, which contains a total of 37 genes. Somatic mtDNA mutations accumulate with age and environmental exposure, and some types of mtDNA variants may play a role in carcinogenesis. Recent studies observed mtDNA variants not only in kidney tumors but also in adjacent kidney tissues, and mtDNA dysfunction results in kidney injury, including chronic kidney disease (CKD). To investigate whether a relationship exists between heteroplasmic mtDNA variants and kidney function, we performed ultra-deep sequencing (30,000×) based on long-range PCR of DNA from 77 non-tumor kidney tissues of kidney cancer patients with CKD (stages G1 to G5). In total, this analysis detected 697 single-nucleotide variants (SNVs) and 504 indels as heteroplasmic (0.5% ≤ variant allele frequency (VAF) < 95%), and the total number of detected SNVs/indels did not differ between CKD stages. However, the number of deleterious low-level heteroplasmic variants (pathogenic missense, nonsense, frameshift and tRNA) significantly increased with CKD progression (p < 0.01). In addition, mtDNA copy numbers (mtDNA-CNs) decreased with CKD progression (p < 0.001). This study demonstrates that mtDNA damage, which affects mitochondrial genes, may be involved in reductions in mitochondrial mass and associated with CKD progression and kidney dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kanazashi
- Laboratory for Cancer Genomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; (Y.K.); (K.M.); (T.A.J.); (S.S.)
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan;
| | - Kazuhiro Maejima
- Laboratory for Cancer Genomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; (Y.K.); (K.M.); (T.A.J.); (S.S.)
| | - Todd A. Johnson
- Laboratory for Cancer Genomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; (Y.K.); (K.M.); (T.A.J.); (S.S.)
| | - Shota Sasagawa
- Laboratory for Cancer Genomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; (Y.K.); (K.M.); (T.A.J.); (S.S.)
| | - Ryosuke Jikuya
- Department of Urology, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (R.J.); (H.H.)
| | - Hisashi Hasumi
- Department of Urology, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan; (R.J.); (H.H.)
| | - Naomichi Matsumoto
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan;
| | - Shigekatsu Maekawa
- Department of Urology, Iwate Medical University, Iwate 028-3694, Japan; (S.M.); (W.O.)
| | - Wataru Obara
- Department of Urology, Iwate Medical University, Iwate 028-3694, Japan; (S.M.); (W.O.)
| | - Hidewaki Nakagawa
- Laboratory for Cancer Genomics, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; (Y.K.); (K.M.); (T.A.J.); (S.S.)
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Behl T, Makkar R, Anwer MK, Hassani R, Khuwaja G, Khalid A, Mohan S, Alhazmi HA, Sachdeva M, Rachamalla M. Mitochondrial Dysfunction: A Cellular and Molecular Hub in Pathology of Metabolic Diseases and Infection. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12082882. [PMID: 37109219 PMCID: PMC10141031 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12082882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are semiautonomous doubly membraned intracellular components of cells. The organelle comprises of an external membrane, followed by coiled structures within the membrane called cristae, which are further surrounded by the matrix spaces followed by the space between the external and internal membrane of the organelle. A typical eukaryotic cell contains thousands of mitochondria within it, which make up 25% of the cytoplasm present in the cell. The organelle acts as a common point for the metabolism of glucose, lipids, and glutamine. Mitochondria chiefly regulate oxidative phosphorylation-mediated aerobic respiration and the TCA cycle and generate energy in the form of ATP to fulfil the cellular energy needs. The organelle possesses a unique supercoiled doubly stranded mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) which encodes several proteins, including rRNA and tRNA crucial for the transport of electrons, oxidative phosphorylation, and initiating genetic repair processors. Defects in the components of mitochondria act as the principal factor for several chronic cellular diseases. The dysfunction of mitochondria can cause a malfunction in the TCA cycle and cause the leakage of the electron respiratory chain, leading to an increase in reactive oxygen species and the signaling of aberrant oncogenic and tumor suppressor proteins, which further alter the pathways involved in metabolism, disrupt redox balance, and induce endurance towards apoptosis and several treatments which play a major role in developing several chronic metabolic conditions. The current review presents the knowledge on the aspects of mitochondrial dysfunction and its role in cancer, diabetes mellitus, infections, and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Behl
- School of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Bidholi, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Rashita Makkar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India
| | - Md Khalid Anwer
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Stattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rym Hassani
- Department of Mathematics, University College AlDarb, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gulrana Khuwaja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asaad Khalid
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants and Traditional Medicine Research Institute, National Center for Research, P.O. Box 2404, Khartoum 11123, Sudan
| | - Syam Mohan
- School of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Bidholi, Dehradun 248007, India
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Science, Saveetha University, Chennai 602105, India
| | - Hassan A Alhazmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Centre, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Monika Sachdeva
- Fatimah College of Health Sciences, Al Ain P.O. Box 24162, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mahesh Rachamalla
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
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Vanichanukulyakit J, Khacha-ananda S, Monum T, Mahawong P, Moophayak K, Penkhrue W, Khumpook T, Thongsahuan S. The Analysis of Genetic Polymorphism on Mitochondrial Hypervariable Region III in Thai Population. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:682. [PMID: 36980954 PMCID: PMC10048634 DOI: 10.3390/genes14030682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis is a genetic marker for human identification, especially matrilineal inheritance. Hypervariable regions (HVR) I and II of mtDNA have been currently performed for human identification worldwide. Further examination of HVRIII has been conducted with the aim of enhancing the power of discrimination. The aim of this research is to provide informative data on the polymorphisms of HVRIII in the Thai population in order to establish a national database for human identification. Thai people who were unrelated through the maternal lineage were recruited for blood collections. The mtDNA was extracted by Chelex extraction, amplified by polymerase chain reaction, and analyzed using Sequencing Analysis Software. The most common mutation in HVRIII was base substitution, followed by deletion and insertion. We discovered 40 unique haplotypes, with haplotype 489C being the most frequent. The haplotype diversity, power of discrimination, and random match probability were 0.8014, 0.7987, and 0.2013, respectively. Five-CA repeats were the most frequently observed in nucleotide positions 514-523. Our database can be employed as supplementary markers in addition to nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) markers in forensic investigations. Moreover, the data could potentially enhance genetic identification and anthropological genetics research in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirat Vanichanukulyakit
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (J.V.); (T.M.); (P.M.)
| | - Supakit Khacha-ananda
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (J.V.); (T.M.); (P.M.)
- Research Center in Bioresources for Agriculture, Industry and Medicine, Chiang Mai University, 239, Huay Kaew Road, Muang, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Tawachai Monum
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (J.V.); (T.M.); (P.M.)
| | - Phatcharin Mahawong
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (J.V.); (T.M.); (P.M.)
| | | | - Watsana Penkhrue
- School of Preclinic, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand;
| | - Taddaow Khumpook
- Faculty of Science at Sriracha, Kasetsart University, Sriracha Campus, Chonburi 20230, Thailand;
| | - Sorawat Thongsahuan
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand;
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Cojocaru KA, Luchian I, Goriuc A, Antoci LM, Ciobanu CG, Popescu R, Vlad CE, Blaj M, Foia LG. Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, and Therapeutic Strategies in Diabetes, Obesity, and Cardiovascular Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030658. [PMID: 36978905 PMCID: PMC10045078 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are subcellular organelles involved in essential cellular functions, including cytosolic calcium regulation, cell apoptosis, and reactive oxygen species production. They are the site of important biochemical pathways, including the tricarboxylic acid cycle, parts of the ureagenesis cycle, or haem synthesis. Mitochondria are responsible for the majority of cellular ATP production through OXPHOS. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been associated with metabolic pathologies such as diabetes, obesity, hypertension, neurodegenerative diseases, cellular aging, and cancer. In this article, we describe the pathophysiological changes in, and mitochondrial role of, metabolic disorders (diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease) and their correlation with oxidative stress. We highlight the genetic changes identified at the mtDNA level. Additionally, we selected several representative biomarkers involved in oxidative stress and summarize the progress of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina-Alexandra Cojocaru
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universității Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ionut Luchian
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universității Street, 700115 Iași, Romania
| | - Ancuta Goriuc
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universității Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (C.-E.V.)
| | - Lucian-Mihai Antoci
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universității Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Cristian-Gabriel Ciobanu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universității Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Roxana Popescu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universității Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Department of Medical Genetics, “Saint Mary” Emergency Children’s Hospital, Vasile Lupu Street, No. 62, 700309 Iasi, Romania
| | - Cristiana-Elena Vlad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universității Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Department of Nephrology-Internal Medicine, “Dr. C. I. Parhon” Clinical Hospital, 700503 Iasi, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (C.-E.V.)
| | - Mihaela Blaj
- Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Department, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Department, Sf. Spiridon University Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania
| | - Liliana Georgeta Foia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universității Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
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