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Ding X, Wang W, Zhang H, Tian X, Luo L, Wu Y, Yao J. Study on Microstructure and High Temperature Stability of WTaVTiZr x Refractory High Entropy Alloy Prepared by Laser Cladding. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 26:73. [PMID: 38248198 PMCID: PMC10813983 DOI: 10.3390/e26010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The extremely harsh environment of the high temperature plasma imposes strict requirements on the construction materials of the first wall in a fusion reactor. In this work, a refractory alloy system, WTaVTiZrx, with low activation and high entropy, was theoretically designed based on semi-empirical formula and produced using a laser cladding method. The effects of Zr proportions on the metallographic microstructure, phase composition, and alloy chemistry of a high-entropy alloy cladding layer were investigated using a metallographic microscope, XRD (X-ray diffraction), SEM (scanning electron microscope), and EDS (energy dispersive spectrometer), respectively. The high-entropy alloys have a single-phase BCC structure, and the cladding layers exhibit a typical dendritic microstructure feature. The evolution of microstructure and mechanical properties of the high-entropy alloys, with respect to annealing temperature, was studied to reveal the performance stability of the alloy at a high temperature. The microstructure of the annealed samples at 900 °C for 5-10 h did not show significant changes compared to the as-cast samples, and the microhardness increased to 988.52 HV, which was higher than that of the as-cast samples (725.08 HV). When annealed at 1100 °C for 5 h, the microstructure remained unchanged, and the microhardness increased. However, after annealing for 10 h, black substances appeared in the microstructure, and the microhardness decreased, but it was still higher than the matrix. When annealed at 1200 °C for 5-10 h, the microhardness did not increase significantly compared to the as-cast samples, and after annealing for 10 h, the microhardness was even lower than that of the as-cast samples. The phase of the high entropy alloy did not change significantly after high-temperature annealing, indicating good phase stability at high temperatures. After annealing for 10 h, the microhardness was lower than that of the as-cast samples. The phase of the high entropy alloy remained unchanged after high-temperature annealing, demonstrating good phase stability at high temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Ding
- Institute of Laser Advanced Manufacturing, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; (X.D.); (W.W.); (H.Z.); (X.T.)
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of High-End Laser Manufacturing Equipment (National “2011 Plan”), Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Weigui Wang
- Institute of Laser Advanced Manufacturing, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; (X.D.); (W.W.); (H.Z.); (X.T.)
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of High-End Laser Manufacturing Equipment (National “2011 Plan”), Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Haojie Zhang
- Institute of Laser Advanced Manufacturing, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; (X.D.); (W.W.); (H.Z.); (X.T.)
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of High-End Laser Manufacturing Equipment (National “2011 Plan”), Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xueqin Tian
- Institute of Laser Advanced Manufacturing, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; (X.D.); (W.W.); (H.Z.); (X.T.)
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of High-End Laser Manufacturing Equipment (National “2011 Plan”), Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Laima Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; (L.L.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices of Anhui Province, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Yucheng Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; (L.L.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials and Devices of Anhui Province, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Jianhua Yao
- Institute of Laser Advanced Manufacturing, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; (X.D.); (W.W.); (H.Z.); (X.T.)
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of High-End Laser Manufacturing Equipment (National “2011 Plan”), Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
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Ferrari A, Körmann F, Asta M, Neugebauer J. Simulating short-range order in compositionally complex materials. NATURE COMPUTATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 3:221-229. [PMID: 38177884 DOI: 10.1038/s43588-023-00407-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
In multicomponent materials, short-range order (SRO) is the development of correlated arrangements of atoms at the nanometer scale. Its impact in compositionally complex materials has stimulated an intense debate within the materials science community. Understanding SRO is critical to control the properties of technologically relevant materials, from metallic alloys to functional ceramics. In contrast to long-range order, quantitative characterization of the nature and spatial extent of SRO evades most of the experimentally available techniques. Simulations at the atomistic scale have full access to SRO but face the challenge of accurately sampling high-dimensional configuration spaces to identify the thermodynamic and kinetic conditions at which SRO is formed and what impact it has on material properties. Here we highlight recent progress in computational approaches, such as machine learning-based interatomic potentials, for quantifying and understanding SRO in compositionally complex materials. We briefly recap the key theoretical concepts and methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Ferrari
- Materials Science and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Fritz Körmann
- Materials Science and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Mark Asta
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jörg Neugebauer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Zhou X, He S, Marian J. Vacancy Energetics and Diffusivities in the Equiatomic Multielement Nb-Mo-Ta-W Alloy. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:5468. [PMID: 35955403 PMCID: PMC9369633 DOI: 10.3390/ma15155468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we study vacancy energetics in the equiatomic Nb-Mo-Ta-W alloy, especially vacancy formation and migration energies, using molecular statics calculations based on a spectral neighbor analysis potential specifically developed for Nb-Mo-Ta-W. We consider vacancy properties in bulk environments as well as near edge dislocation cores, including the effect of short-range order (SRO) by preparing supercells through Metropolis Monte-Carlo relaxations and temperature on the calculation. The nudged elastic band (NEB) method is applied to study vacancy migration energies. Our results show that both vacancy formation energies and vacancy migration energies are statistically distributed with a wide spread, on the order of 1.0 eV in some cases, and display a noticeable dependence on SRO. We find that, in some cases, vacancies can form with very low energies at edge dislocation cores, from which we hypothesize the formation of stable 'superjogs' on edge dislocation lines. Moreover, the large spread in vacancy formation energies results in an asymmetric thermal sampling of the formation energy distribution towards lower values. This gives rise to effective vacancy formation energies that are noticeably lower than the distribution averages. We study the effect that this phenomenon has on the vacancy diffusivity in the alloy and discuss the implications of our findings on the structural features of Nb-Mo-Ta-W.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sicong He
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jaime Marian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Esters M, Oses C, Hicks D, Mehl MJ, Jahnátek M, Hossain MD, Maria JP, Brenner DW, Toher C, Curtarolo S. Settling the matter of the role of vibrations in the stability of high-entropy carbides. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5747. [PMID: 34593798 PMCID: PMC8484556 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25979-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
High-entropy ceramics are attracting significant interest due to their exceptional chemical stability and physical properties. While configurational entropy descriptors have been successfully implemented to predict their formation and even to discover new materials, the contribution of vibrations to their stability has been contentious. This work unravels the issue by computationally integrating disorder parameterization, phonon modeling, and thermodynamic characterization. Three recently synthesized carbides are used as a testbed: (HfNbTaTiV)C, (HfNbTaTiW)C, and (HfNbTaTiZr)C. It is found that vibrational contributions should not be neglected when precursors or decomposition products have different nearest-neighbor environments from the high-entropy carbide. The contribution of vibrations to the stability of high-entropy ceramics is still controversial. Here the authors computationally integrate disorder parameterization, phonon modelling, and thermodynamic characterization to investigate the role of vibrations to the stability of high-entropy carbides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Esters
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.,Center for Autonomous Materials Design, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Corey Oses
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.,Center for Autonomous Materials Design, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - David Hicks
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.,Center for Autonomous Materials Design, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Michael J Mehl
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.,Center for Autonomous Materials Design, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Michal Jahnátek
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Mohammad Delower Hossain
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Jon-Paul Maria
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Donald W Brenner
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Cormac Toher
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.,Center for Autonomous Materials Design, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Stefano Curtarolo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA. .,Center for Autonomous Materials Design, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
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Eisenbach M, Pei Z, Liu X. First-principles study of order-disorder transitions in multicomponent solid-solution alloys. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2019; 31:273002. [PMID: 30917351 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ab13d8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we will focus on the recent development of the order-disorder transition in metallic materials. The past decades have witnessed fast development in the first-principles methodologies and their applications to ordering transitions in multi-component alloys, particularly the high-entropy alloys. The driving force for the proceedings comes from (i) the advance of algorithms and increasingly cheaper hardware, and also (ii) the great passion to model alloys with increasing number of components. The review starts with a brief introduction of the history for the ordering transitions. More detailed scientific proceedings prior to the 1970s had been well summarized in Krivoglaz and Smirnov (1965 The Theory of Order-Disorder in Alloys (New York: Elsevier)) and Stoloff and Davies (1968 Prog. Mater. Sci. 13 1-84). In the second part, the methods to study the ordering transitions, primarily on the theoretic methods are introduced. These will include (i) KKR-CPA method and supercell methods for energetic calculations; and (ii) thermodynamic and statistical methods to compute the transition temperatures. The third part will focus on representative applications in alloys, including our own work and many others. This part supplies the primary information of this review to the readers. The fourth part will summarize the connections between ordering transitions and broader physical properties (e.g. the mechanical properties). In the last part, some concluding remarks and perspectives will be given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Eisenbach
- National Center for Computational Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States of America
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Li Q, Zhang H, Li D, Chen Z, Huang S, Lu Z, Yan H. W xNbMoTa Refractory High-Entropy Alloys Fabricated by Laser Cladding Deposition. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12030533. [PMID: 30754622 PMCID: PMC6385082 DOI: 10.3390/ma12030533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
WxNbMoTa refractory high-entropy alloys with four different tungsten concentrations (x = 0, 0.16, 0.33, 0.53) were fabricated by laser cladding deposition. The crystal structures of WxNbMoTa alloys are all a single-phase solid solution of the body-centered cubic (BCC) structure. The size of the grains and dendrites are 20 μm and 4 μm on average, due to the rapid solidification characteristics of the laser cladding deposition. These are much smaller sizes than refractory high-entropy alloys fabricated by vacuum arc melting. In terms of integrated mechanical properties, the increase of the tungsten concentration of WxNbMoTa has led to four results of the Vickers microhardness, i.e., Hv = 459.2 ± 9.7, 476.0 ± 12.9, 485.3 ± 8.7, and 497.6 ± 5.6. As a result, NbMoTa alloy shows a yield strength (σb) and compressive strain (εp) of 530 Mpa and 8.5% at 1000 °C, leading to better results than traditional refractory alloys such as T-111, C103, and Nb-1Zr, which are commonly used in the aerospace industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyu Li
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Hang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Dichen Li
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Zihao Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Sheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Zhongliang Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Haoqi Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
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Santodonato LJ, Liaw PK, Unocic RR, Bei H, Morris JR. Predictive multiphase evolution in Al-containing high-entropy alloys. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4520. [PMID: 30375384 PMCID: PMC6207727 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06757-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to predict and understand phases in high-entropy alloys (HEAs) is still being debated, and primarily true predictive capabilities derive from the known thermodynamics of materials. The present work demonstrates that prior work using high-throughput first-principles calculations may be further utilized to provide direct insight into the temperature- and composition-dependent phase evolution in HEAs, particularly Al-containing HEAs with a strengthening multiphase microstructure. Using a simple model with parameters derived from first-principles calculations, we reproduce the major features associated with Al-containing phases, demonstrating a generalizable approach for exploring potential phase evolution where little experimental data exists. Neutron scattering, in situ microscopy, and calorimetry measurements suggest that our high-throughput Monte Carlo technique captures both qualitative and quantitative features for both intermetallic phase formation and microstructure evolution at lower temperatures. This study provides a simple approach to guide HEA development, including ordered multi-phase HEAs, which may prove valuable for structural applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Santodonato
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
- Advanced Research Systems, Macungie, PA, 18018, USA
| | - P K Liaw
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - R R Unocic
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - H Bei
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - J R Morris
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
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Hard and crack resistant carbon supersaturated refractory nanostructured multicomponent coatings. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14508. [PMID: 30266967 PMCID: PMC6162281 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32932-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of ceramic hardness with high crack resistance is a major challenge in the design of protective thin films. High entropy alloys have shown in earlier studies promising mechanical properties with a potential use as thin film materials. In this study, we show that small amounts of carbon in magnetron-sputtered multicomponent CrNbTaTiW films can lead to a significant increase in hardness. The film properties were strongly dependent on the metal composition and the most promising results were observed for TaW-rich films. They crystallised in a bcc structure with a strong (110) texture and coherent grain boundaries. It was possible to deposit films with 8 at.% C in a supersaturated solid-solution into the bcc structure without carbide formation. A major effect of carbon was a significant grain refinement, reducing the column diameter from approximately 35 to 10 nm. This resulted in an increase in hardness from 14.7 to 19.1 GPa while the reduced E-modulus stayed constant at 322 GPa. The carbon-containing films exhibited extremely little plastic deformation around the indent and no cracks were observed. These results show that supersaturation of carbon into high entropy films can be a promising concept to combine superior hardness with high crack resistance.
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Rogal L, Bobrowski P, Körmann F, Divinski S, Stein F, Grabowski B. Computationally-driven engineering of sublattice ordering in a hexagonal AlHfScTiZr high entropy alloy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2209. [PMID: 28526830 PMCID: PMC5438366 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02385-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-principle element alloys have enormous potential, but their exploration suffers from the tremendously large range of configurations. In the last decade such alloys have been designed with a focus on random solid solutions. Here we apply an experimentally verified, combined thermodynamic and first-principles design strategy to reverse the traditional approach and to generate a new type of hcp Al-Hf-Sc-Ti-Zr high entropy alloy with a hitherto unique structure. A phase diagram analysis narrows down the large compositional space to a well-defined set of candidates. First-principles calculations demonstrate the energetic preference of an ordered superstructure over the competing disordered solid solutions. The chief ingredient is the Al concentration, which can be tuned to achieve a D019 ordering on the hexagonal lattice. The computationally designed D019 superstructure is experimentally confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray studies. Our scheme enables the exploration of a new class of high entropy alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Rogal
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-059, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Piotr Bobrowski
- Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science of the Polish Academy of Sciences, 30-059, Krakow, Poland
| | - Fritz Körmann
- Materials Science and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628, CD, Delft, Netherlands
| | - Sergiy Divinski
- Institute of Materials Physics, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Stein
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH D-40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Blazej Grabowski
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH D-40237, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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