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Capone M, Romanelli M, Castaldo D, Parolin G, Bello A, Gil G, Vanzan M. A Vision for the Future of Multiscale Modeling. ACS PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY AU 2024; 4:202-225. [PMID: 38800726 PMCID: PMC11117712 DOI: 10.1021/acsphyschemau.3c00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The rise of modern computer science enabled physical chemistry to make enormous progresses in understanding and harnessing natural and artificial phenomena. Nevertheless, despite the advances achieved over past decades, computational resources are still insufficient to thoroughly simulate extended systems from first principles. Indeed, countless biological, catalytic and photophysical processes require ab initio treatments to be properly described, but the breadth of length and time scales involved makes it practically unfeasible. A way to address these issues is to couple theories and algorithms working at different scales by dividing the system into domains treated at different levels of approximation, ranging from quantum mechanics to classical molecular dynamics, even including continuum electrodynamics. This approach is known as multiscale modeling and its use over the past 60 years has led to remarkable results. Considering the rapid advances in theory, algorithm design, and computing power, we believe multiscale modeling will massively grow into a dominant research methodology in the forthcoming years. Hereby we describe the main approaches developed within its realm, highlighting their achievements and current drawbacks, eventually proposing a plausible direction for future developments considering also the emergence of new computational techniques such as machine learning and quantum computing. We then discuss how advanced multiscale modeling methods could be exploited to address critical scientific challenges, focusing on the simulation of complex light-harvesting processes, such as natural photosynthesis. While doing so, we suggest a cutting-edge computational paradigm consisting in performing simultaneous multiscale calculations on a system allowing the various domains, treated with appropriate accuracy, to move and extend while they properly interact with each other. Although this vision is very ambitious, we believe the quick development of computer science will lead to both massive improvements and widespread use of these techniques, resulting in enormous progresses in physical chemistry and, eventually, in our society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Capone
- Department
of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University
of L’Aquila, L’Aquila 67010, Italy
| | - Marco Romanelli
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Davide Castaldo
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Giovanni Parolin
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bello
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
- Department
of Physics, Informatics and Mathematics, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Gabriel Gil
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
- Instituto
de Cibernética, Matemática y Física (ICIMAF), La Habana 10400, Cuba
| | - Mirko Vanzan
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy
- Department
of Physics, University of Milano, Milano 20133, Italy
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Ye J, Zoller P. Essay: Quantum Sensing with Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Platforms for Fundamental Physics. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:190001. [PMID: 38804927 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.190001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Atomic, molecular, and optical (AMO) physics has been at the forefront of the development of quantum science while laying the foundation for modern technology. With the growing capabilities of quantum control of many atoms for engineered many-body states and quantum entanglement, a key question emerges: what critical impact will the second quantum revolution with ubiquitous applications of entanglement bring to bear on fundamental physics? In this Essay, we argue that a compelling long-term vision for fundamental physics and novel applications is to harness the rapid development of quantum information science to define and advance the frontiers of measurement physics, with strong potential for fundamental discoveries. As quantum technologies, such as fault-tolerant quantum computing and entangled quantum sensor networks, become much more advanced than today's realization, we wonder what doors of basic science can these tools unlock. We anticipate that some of the most intriguing and challenging problems, such as quantum aspects of gravity, fundamental symmetries, or new physics beyond the minimal standard model, will be tackled at the emerging quantum measurement frontier. Part of a series of Essays which concisely present author visions for the future of their field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ye
- JILA, National Institute of Standards and Technology, and Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Peter Zoller
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria and Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Austrian Academy of Sciences, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Najafi P, Naeimi G, Saeidian S. Phase estimation of definite photon number states by using quantum circuits. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15268. [PMID: 37709855 PMCID: PMC10502080 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42516-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We propose a method to map the conventional optical interferometry setup into quantum circuits. The unknown phase shift inside a Mach-Zehnder interferometer in the presence of photon loss is estimated by simulating the quantum circuits. For this aim, we use the Bayesian approach in which the likelihood functions are needed, and they are obtained by simulating the appropriate quantum circuits. The precision of four different definite photon-number states of light, which all possess six photons, is compared. The measurement scheme that we have considered is counting the number of photons detected after the final beam splitter of the interferometer, and photon loss is modeled by using fictitious beam splitters in the arms of the interferometer. Our results indicate that three of the four definite photon-number states considered can have better precision than the standard interferometry limit whenever the photon loss rate is in a specific range. In addition, the Fisher information for the four definite photon-number states in the setup is also estimated to check the optimality of the chosen measurement scheme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peyman Najafi
- Department of Physics, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, 45137-66731, Iran
| | - Ghasem Naeimi
- Department of Physics, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin Branch, Qazvin, 34185-1416, Iran
| | - Shahpoor Saeidian
- Department of Physics, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan, 45137-66731, Iran.
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Salvia R, Mehboudi M, Perarnau-Llobet M. Critical Quantum Metrology Assisted by Real-Time Feedback Control. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:240803. [PMID: 37390423 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.240803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
We investigate critical quantum metrology, that is, the estimation of parameters in many-body systems close to a quantum critical point, through the lens of Bayesian inference theory. We first derive a no-go result stating that any nonadaptive strategy will fail to exploit quantum critical enhancement (i.e., precision beyond the shot-noise limit) for a sufficiently large number of particles N whenever our prior knowledge is limited. We then consider different adaptive strategies that can overcome this no-go result and illustrate their performance in the estimation of (i) a magnetic field using a probe of 1D spin Ising chain and (ii) the coupling strength in a Bose-Hubbard square lattice. Our results show that adaptive strategies with real-time feedback control can achieve sub-shot-noise scaling even with few measurements and substantial prior uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Salvia
- Scuola Normale Superiore, I-56127 Pisa, Italy
- Département de Physique Appliquée, Université de Genève, 1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - Mohammad Mehboudi
- Département de Physique Appliquée, Université de Genève, 1211 Genève, Switzerland
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Mehboudi M, Jørgensen MR, Seah S, Brask JB, Kołodyński J, Perarnau-Llobet M. Fundamental Limits in Bayesian Thermometry and Attainability via Adaptive Strategies. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:130502. [PMID: 35426703 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.130502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the limits of thermometry using quantum probes at thermal equilibrium within the Bayesian approach. We consider the possibility of engineering interactions between the probes in order to enhance their sensitivity, as well as feedback during the measurement process, i.e., adaptive protocols. On the one hand, we obtain an ultimate bound on thermometry precision in the Bayesian setting, valid for arbitrary interactions and measurement schemes, which lower bounds the error with a quadratic (Heisenberg-like) scaling with the number of probes. We develop a simple adaptive strategy that can saturate this limit. On the other hand, we derive a no-go theorem for nonadaptive protocols that does not allow for better than linear (shot-noise-like) scaling even if one has unlimited control over the probes, namely, access to arbitrary many-body interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mehboudi
- Département de Physique Appliquée, Université de Genève, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mathias R Jørgensen
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Stella Seah
- Département de Physique Appliquée, Université de Genève, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jonatan B Brask
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jan Kołodyński
- Centre for Quantum Optical Technologies, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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Han C, Huang J, Jiang X, Fang R, Qiu Y, Lu B, Lee C. Adaptive Bayesian algorithm for achieving a desired magneto-sensitive transition. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:21031-21043. [PMID: 34266178 DOI: 10.1364/oe.431334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Bayesian methods that utilize Bayes' theorem to update the knowledge of desired parameters after each measurement are used in a wide range of quantum science. For various applications in quantum science, efficiently and accurately achieving a quantum transition frequency is essential. However, the exact relation between a desired transition frequency and the controllable experimental parameters is usually absent. Here, we propose an efficient scheme to search the suitable conditions for a desired magneto-sensitive transition via an adaptive Bayesian algorithm and experimentally demonstrate it by using coherent population trapping in an ensemble of laser-cooled 87Rb atoms. The transition frequency is controlled by an external magnetic field, which can be tuned in realtime by applying a d.c. voltage. Through an adaptive Bayesian algorithm, the voltage can automatically converge to the desired one from a random initial value only after few iterations (N ≥ 10). The response time is limited by the time of obtaining the spectrum signal, which is about 50 s for 10 iterations in our experiment. In particular, when the relation between the target frequency and the applied voltage is nonlinear (e.g., quadratic), our algorithm shows significant advantages over traditional methods. This work provides a simple and efficient way to determine a transition frequency, which can be widely applied in the fields of precision spectroscopy, such as atomic clocks, magnetometers, and nuclear magnetic resonance.
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Synthesis of 2′,3′,4′-triaryl-5,6-dihydro-8H-spiro[indolizine-7,5′-isoxazolidin]-8-ones via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction involving (Z)-C-aryl-N-phenylnitrones. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-020-02774-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Cimini V, Gianani I, Spagnolo N, Leccese F, Sciarrino F, Barbieri M. Calibration of Quantum Sensors by Neural Networks. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:230502. [PMID: 31868431 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.230502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Introducing quantum sensors as a solution to real world problems demands reliability and controllability outside of laboratory conditions. Producers and operators ought to be assumed to have limited resources readily available for calibration, and yet, they should be able to trust the devices. Neural networks are almost ubiquitous for similar tasks for classical sensors: here we show the applications of this technique to calibrating a quantum photonic sensor. This is based on a set of training data, collected only relying on the available probe states, hence reducing overhead. We found that covering finely the parameter space is key to achieving uncertainties close to their ultimate level. This technique has the potential to become the standard approach to calibrate quantum sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Cimini
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Gianani
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146, Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicolò Spagnolo
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Leccese
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Sciarrino
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto dei sistemi Complessi (CNR-ISC), Via dei Taurini 19, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Barbieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università degli Studi Roma Tre, Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146, Rome, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica-CNR, Largo Enrico Fermi 6, 50125, Florence, Italy
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Zhao W, Guo Y, Zhang L, Huang D. Phase noise estimation using Bayesian inference for continuous-variable quantum key distribution. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:1838-1853. [PMID: 30732231 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.001838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Excess noise induced by the phase drifts is a serious impairment for the continuous-variable quantum key distribution with locally generated local oscillator scheme, which is recently proposed to avoid the side channel attacks due to the transmitted local oscillator. Theoretical and experimental studies on the phase estimation have been widely reported, while two frequency-locked laser sources are indispensable to achieve quantum coherent detection. Moreover, the self-referenced phase estimation scheme requires to propagate the strong reference pulse through optical fiber, which opens a security loophole through the manipulation of the reference pulse amplitude. Based on the theoretical security and Bayes' theorem, we propose a phase estimation protocol, which does not require propagating the strong reference pulse for performing phase estimation. Compared to the other related work, the protocol can avoid the security problem caused by strong reference pulse. Moreover, this algorithm is an iterative progress for each of experiment to obtain the phase estimation and its uncertainty. We hope the proposed scheme could further promote the performance of continuous-variable quantum key distribution.
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