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Promsri A. Age and Visual Contribution Effects on Postural Control Assessed by Principal Component Analysis of Kinematic Marker Data. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:sports11050098. [PMID: 37234054 DOI: 10.3390/sports11050098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Postural control, the ability to control the body's position in space, is considered a critical aspect of health outcomes. This current study aimed to investigate the effects of age and visual contribution on postural control. To this end, principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to extract movement components/synergies (i.e., principal movements, PMs) from kinematic marker data of bipedal balancing on stable and unstable surfaces with eyes closed and open, pooled from 17 older adults (67.8 ± 6.6 years) and 17 young adults (26.6 ± 3.3 years), one PCA-analysis for each surface condition. Then, three PCA-based variables were computed for each PM: the relative explained variance of PM-position (PP_rVAR) and of PM-acceleration (PA_rVAR) for measuring the composition of postural movements and of postural accelerations, respectively, and the root mean square of PM-acceleration (PA_RMS) for measuring the magnitude of neuromuscular control. The results show the age and visual contribution effects observed in PM1, resembling the anteroposterior ankle sway in both surface conditions. Specifically, only the greater PA1_rVAR and PA1_RMS are observed in older adults (p ≤ 0.004) and in closed-eye conditions (p < 0.001), reflecting their greater need for neuromuscular control of PM1 than in young adults and in open-eye conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunee Promsri
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
- Unit of Excellence in Neuromechanics, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
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Kodama K, Yasuda K, Yamagiwa H. Impact of Joint Fixation on Postural Dynamics during Single-Leg Stance. J Mot Behav 2023; 55:186-192. [PMID: 36375518 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2022.2144993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the relationship between the mechanical degrees of freedom (DoF) and its postural dynamics. The joint DoF was fixed to constrain the mechanical DoF. Nine participants were required to perform a single-leg stance task. The center of pressure trajectory data was analyzed. Ankle fixation induced a larger amount of variability in the anteroposterior direction, and less dimensionality and complexity in the mediolateral direction. These results suggest that the ankle joint fixation caused limited postural sway in the mediolateral direction; therefore, functional DoF and complexity decreased. In contrast, it increased the amount of postural sway variability in the anteroposterior direction. Our findings imply a direct relationship between the mechanical DoF of the human movement system and its postural dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Kodama
- University Education Center, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
- Faculty of Economics, Kanagawa University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yasuda
- Research Institute for Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideo Yamagiwa
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tokyo Metropolitan Tobu Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
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Promsri A. Assessing Walking Stability Based on Whole-Body Movement Derived from a Depth-Sensing Camera. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22197542. [PMID: 36236642 PMCID: PMC9571104 DOI: 10.3390/s22197542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Stability during walking is considered a crucial aspect of assessing gait ability. The current study aimed to assess walking stability by applying principal component analysis (PCA) to decompose three-dimensional (3D) whole-body kinematic data of 104 healthy young adults (21.9 ± 3.5 years, 54 females) derived from a depth-sensing camera into a set of movement components/synergies called "principal movements" (PMs), forming together to achieve the task goal. The effect of sex as the focus area was tested on three PCA-based variables computed for each PM: the relative explained variance (rVAR) as a measure of the composition of movement structures; the largest Lyapunov exponent (LyE) as a measure of variability; and the number of zero-crossings (N) as a measure of the tightness of neuromuscular control. The results show that the sex effects appear in the specific PMs. Specifically, in PM1, resembling the swing-phase movement, females have greater LyE (p = 0.013) and N (p = 0.017) values than males. Moreover, in PM3, representing the mid-stance-phase movement, females have smaller rVAR (p = 0.020) but greater N (p = 0.008) values than males. These empirical findings suggest that the inherent sex differences in walking stability should be considered in assessing and training locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunee Promsri
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Phayao, 19 Moo 2, Maeka, Muang, Phayao 56000, Thailand;
- Unit of Excellence in Neuromechanics, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Phayao, 19 Moo 2, Maeka, Muang, Phayao 56000, Thailand
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Bigand F, Prigent E, Berret B, Braffort A. Decomposing spontaneous sign language into elementary movements: A principal component analysis-based approach. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259464. [PMID: 34714862 PMCID: PMC8555838 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sign Language (SL) is a continuous and complex stream of multiple body movement features. That raises the challenging issue of providing efficient computational models for the description and analysis of these movements. In the present paper, we used Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to decompose SL motion into elementary movements called principal movements (PMs). PCA was applied to the upper-body motion capture data of six different signers freely producing discourses in French Sign Language. Common PMs were extracted from the whole dataset containing all signers, while individual PMs were extracted separately from the data of individual signers. This study provides three main findings: (1) although the data were not synchronized in time across signers and discourses, the first eight common PMs contained 94.6% of the variance of the movements; (2) the number of PMs that represented 94.6% of the variance was nearly the same for individual as for common PMs; (3) the PM subspaces were highly similar across signers. These results suggest that upper-body motion in unconstrained continuous SL discourses can be described through the dynamic combination of a reduced number of elementary movements. This opens up promising perspectives toward providing efficient automatic SL processing tools based on heavy mocap datasets, in particular for automatic recognition and generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Bigand
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, LISN, Orsay, France
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Bastien Berret
- Université Paris-Saclay, CIAMS, Institut Universitaire de France, Orsay, France
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Busquets A, Ferrer-Uris B, Angulo-Barroso R, Federolf P. Gymnastics Experience Enhances the Development of Bipedal-Stance Multi-Segmental Coordination and Control During Proprioceptive Reweighting. Front Psychol 2021; 12:661312. [PMID: 33935920 PMCID: PMC8081832 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.661312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Performance and control of upright bipedal posture requires a constant and dynamic integration of relative contributions of different sensory inputs (i. e., sensory reweighting) to enable effective adaptations as individuals face environmental changes and perturbations. Children with gymnastic experience showed balance performance closer to that of adults during and after proprioceptive alteration than children without gymnastic experience when their center of pressure (COP) was analyzed. However, a particular COP sway can be achieved through performing and coordinating different postural movements. The aim of this study was to assess how children and adults of different gymnastic experience perform and control postural movements while they have to adjust balance during and after bilateral tendon vibration. All participants were equipped with spherical markers attached to their skin and two vibrators strapped over the Achilles tendons. Bipedal stance was performed in three 45-s trials in two visual conditions (eyes open, EO, and eyes closed, EC) ordered randomly in which vibration lasted 10 s. Posture movements were analyzed by a principal component analysis (PCA) calculated on normalized and weighted markers coordinates. The relative standard deviation of each principal movement component (principal position, PP-rSTD) quantified its contribution to the whole postural movements, i.e., quantified the coordinative structure. The first (principal velocities, PV-rSTD) and second (principal accelerations, PA-rSTD) time-derivatives characterized the rate-dependent sensory information associated with and the neuromuscular control of the postural movements, respectively. Children without gymnastic experience showed a different postural coordinative structure and different sensory-motor control characteristics. They used less ankle movements in the anterior-posterior direction but increased ankle movements in medio-lateral direction, presented larger hip and trunk velocities, and exhibited more hip actions. Gymnastic experience during childhood seemed to benefit the development of proprioceptive reweighting processes in children, leading to a more mature form of coordinating and controlling posture similarly to adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Busquets
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Blai Ferrer-Uris
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Angulo-Barroso
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Northridge, CA, United States
| | - Peter Federolf
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Promsri A, Mohr M, Federolf P. Principal postural acceleration and myoelectric activity: Interrelationship and relevance for characterizing neuromuscular function in postural control. Hum Mov Sci 2021; 77:102792. [PMID: 33862279 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2021.102792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
One approach to investigating sensorimotor control is to assess the accelerations that produce changes in the kinematic state of the system. When assessing complex whole-body movements, structuring the multi-segmental accelerations is important. A useful structuring can be achieved through a principal component analysis (PCA) performed on segment positions followed by double-differentiation to obtain "principal accelerations" (PAs). In past research PAs have proven sensitive to altered motor control strategies, however, the interrelationship between PAs and muscle activation (surface electromyography, sEMG) have never been determined. The purpose of the current study was therefore to assess the relationship between PAs and sEMG signals recorded from muscles controlling the ankle joint during one-leg standing trials. It was hypothesized that medium correlation should be observed when accounting for neurophysiologic latencies (electro-mechanical delay). Unipedal balancing on a level-rigid ground was performed by 25 volunteers. sEMG activities were recorded from the tibialis anterior, peroneus longus, gastrocnemius medialis, and soleus muscles of the stance leg. The first eight PA-time series were determined from kinematic marker data. Then, a cross-correlation analysis was performed between sEMG and PA time series. We found that peak correlation coefficients for many participants aligned at time delays between 0.116 and 0.362 s and were typically in the range small to medium (|r| = 0.1 to 0.6). Thus, the current study confirmed a direct association between many principal accelerations PA(t) and muscle activation signals recorded from four muscles crossing the ankle joint complex. The combined analysis of PA and sEMG signals allowed exploring the neuromuscular function of each muscle in different postural movement components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunee Promsri
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Fürstenweg 185, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Physical Therapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Phayao, 19 Moo 2 Maeka, Muang, Phayao 56000, Thailand; Unit of Excellence in Well-Being and Health Innovation, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Phayao, 19 Moo2 Maeka, Muang, Phayao 56000, Thailand.
| | - Maurice Mohr
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Fürstenweg 185, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Peter Federolf
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Fürstenweg 185, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Promsri A, Federolf P. Analysis of Postural Control Using Principal Component Analysis: The Relevance of Postural Accelerations and of Their Frequency Dependency for Selecting the Number of Movement Components. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:480. [PMID: 32509755 PMCID: PMC7248432 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
One criterion when selecting the number of principal components (PCs) to be considered in a principal component analysis (PCA) is the fraction of overall variance that each PC represents. When applying a PCA to kinematic marker data in postural control research, this criterion relates to the amplitude of postural changes, recently often called "principal (postural) positions" (PPs). However, in the assessment of postural control, important aspects are also how fast posture changes and the acceleration of postural changes, i.e., "principal accelerations" (PAs). The current study compared how much of the total position variance each PP explained (PP_rVAR) and how much of the total acceleration variance each PA explained (PA_rVAR). Furthermore, the frequency content of PP and PA signals were evaluated. Postural movements of 26 participants standing on stable ground or balancing on a multiaxial balance board were analyzed by applying a PCA on 90 marker coordinates. For each PC, PP_rVAR, PA_rVAR, and the Fourier transformations of the PP and PA time series were calculated. The PP_rVAR and the PA_rVAR-distributions differed substantially. The PP-frequency domain was observed well below 5 Hz, the PA-frequency domain up to 5 Hz for stable standing and up to 10 Hz on the balance board. These results confirm that small-amplitude but fast movement components can have a higher impact on postural accelerations-and thus on the forces active in the system-than large-amplitude but slow lower-order movement components. Thus, PA variance and its dependence on filter frequencies should be considered in dimensionality reduction decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunee Promsri
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Phayao, Phayao, Thailand
| | - Peter Federolf
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Wachholz F, Tiribello F, Mohr M, van Andel S, Federolf P. Adolescent Awkwardness: Alterations in Temporal Control Characteristics of Posture with Maturation and the Relation to Movement Exploration. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E216. [PMID: 32260555 PMCID: PMC7226109 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10040216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A phenomenon called adolescent awkwardness is believed to alter motor control, but underlying mechanisms remain largely unclear. Since adolescents undergo neurological and anthropometrical changes during this developmental phase, we hypothesized that adolescents control their movements less tightly and use a different coordinative structure compared to adults. Moreover, we tested if emerging differences were driven by body height alterations between age groups. Using 39 reflective markers, postural movements during tandem stance with eyes open and eyes closed of 12 adolescents (height 168.1 ± 8.8 cm) and 14 adults were measured, in which 9 adults were smaller or equal than 180 cm (177.9 ± 3.0 cm) and 5 taller or equal than 190 cm (192.0 ± 2.5 cm). A principal component analysis (PCA) was used to extract the first nine principal movement components (PMk). The contribution of each PMk to the overall balancing movement was determined according to their relative variance share (rVARk) and tightness of motor control was examined using the number of times that the acceleration of each PMk changed direction (Nk). Results in rVARk did not show significant differences in coordinative structure between adolescents and adults, but Nk revealed that adolescents seem to control their movements less tightly in higher-order PMk, arguably due to slower processing times and missing automatization of postural control or potential increases in exploration. Body height was found to not cause motor control differences between age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Wachholz
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria (M.M.); (S.v.A.); (P.F.)
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Promsri A, Haid T, Werner I, Federolf P. Leg Dominance Effects on Postural Control When Performing Challenging Balance Exercises. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E128. [PMID: 32106392 PMCID: PMC7139434 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10030128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Leg dominance reflects the preferential use of one leg over another and is typically attributed to asymmetries in the neural circuitry. Detecting leg dominance effects on motor behavior, particularly during balancing exercises, has proven difficult. The current study applied a principal component analysis (PCA) on kinematic data, to assess bilateral asymmetry on the coordinative structure (hypothesis H1) or on the control characteristics of specific movement components (hypothesis H2). Marker-based motion tracking was performed on 26 healthy adults (aged 25.3 ± 4.1 years), who stood unipedally on a multiaxial unstable board, in a randomized order, on their dominant and non-dominant leg. Leg dominance was defined as the kicking leg. PCA was performed to determine patterns of correlated segment movements ("principal movements" PMks). The control of each PMk was characterized by assessing its acceleration (second-time derivative). Results were inconclusive regarding a leg-dominance effect on the coordinative structure of balancing movements (H1 inconclusive); however, different control (p = 0.005) was observed in PM3, representing a diagonal plane movement component (H2 was supported). These findings supported that leg dominance effects should be considered when assessing or training lower-limb neuromuscular control and suggest that specific attention should be given to diagonal plane movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunee Promsri
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria; (A.P.); (T.H.); (I.W.)
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
| | - Thomas Haid
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria; (A.P.); (T.H.); (I.W.)
| | - Inge Werner
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria; (A.P.); (T.H.); (I.W.)
| | - Peter Federolf
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria; (A.P.); (T.H.); (I.W.)
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Wachholz F, Tiribello F, Promsri A, Federolf P. Should the Minimal Intervention Principle Be Considered When Investigating Dual-Tasking Effects on Postural Control? Brain Sci 2019; 10:E1. [PMID: 31861521 PMCID: PMC7016962 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dual-tasking charges the sensorimotor system with performing two tasks simultaneously. Center of pressure (COP) analysis reveals the postural control that is altered during dual-tasking, but may not reveal the underlying neural mechanisms. In the current study, we hypothesized that the minimal intervention principle (MIP) provides a concept by which dual-tasking effects on the organization and prioritization of postural control can be predicted. Postural movements of 23 adolescents (age 12.7 ± 1.3; 8 females) and 15 adults (26.9 ± 2.3) were measured in a bipedal stance with eyes open, eyes closed and eyes open while performing a dual-task using a force plate and 39 reflective markers. COP data was analyzed by calculating the mean velocity, standard deviation and amplitude of displacement. Kinematic data was examined by performing a principal component analysis (PCA) and extracting postural movement components. Two variables were determined to investigate changes in amplitude (aVark) and in control (Nk) of the principal movement components. Results in aVark and in Nk agreed well with the predicted dual-tasking effects. Thus, the current study corroborates the notion that the MIP should be considered when investigating postural control under dual-tasking conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Wachholz
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria; (F.T.); (A.P.); (P.F.)
| | - Federico Tiribello
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria; (F.T.); (A.P.); (P.F.)
| | - Arunee Promsri
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria; (F.T.); (A.P.); (P.F.)
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand
| | - Peter Federolf
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria; (F.T.); (A.P.); (P.F.)
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