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Arakaki X, Arechavala RJ, Choy EH, Bautista J, Bliss B, Molloy C, Wu DA, Shimojo S, Jiang Y, Kleinman MT, Kloner RA. The connection between heart rate variability (HRV), neurological health, and cognition: A literature review. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1055445. [PMID: 36937689 PMCID: PMC10014754 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1055445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The heart and brain have bi-directional influences on each other, including autonomic regulation and hemodynamic connections. Heart rate variability (HRV) measures variation in beat-to-beat intervals. New findings about disorganized sinus rhythm (erratic rhythm, quantified as heart rate fragmentation, HRF) are discussed and suggest overestimation of autonomic activities in HRV changes, especially during aging or cardiovascular events. When excluding HRF, HRV is regulated via the central autonomic network (CAN). HRV acts as a proxy of autonomic activity and is associated with executive functions, decision-making, and emotional regulation in our health and wellbeing. Abnormal changes of HRV (e.g., decreased vagal functioning) are observed in various neurological conditions including mild cognitive impairments, dementia, mild traumatic brain injury, migraine, COVID-19, stroke, epilepsy, and psychological conditions (e.g., anxiety, stress, and schizophrenia). Efforts are needed to improve the dynamic and intriguing heart-brain interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianghong Arakaki
- Cognition and Brain Integration Laboratory, Department of Neurosciences, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Rebecca J. Arechavala
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Elizabeth H. Choy
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Jayveeritz Bautista
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Bishop Bliss
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Cathleen Molloy
- Cognition and Brain Integration Laboratory, Department of Neurosciences, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Daw-An Wu
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Shinsuke Shimojo
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Yang Jiang
- Department of Behavioral Science, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Michael T. Kleinman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Robert A. Kloner
- Cardiovascular Research, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, United States
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Manzoni D, Catrambone V, Valenza G. Causal Symbolic Information Transfer for the Assessment of functional Brain-Heart Interplay through EEG Microstates Occurrences: a proof-of-concept study. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2022; 2022:255-258. [PMID: 36086149 DOI: 10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Electroencephalography (EEG) microstates analysis provides a sequence of topographies representing the scalp-related electric field over time, and each microstate is synthetically represented by a symbol. Despite recent advances on functional brain-heart interplay (BHI) assessment, to our knowledge no methodology takes EEG microstates into account to relate the causal heartbeat dynamics. Moreover, standard BHI methods are tailored to a single EEG-channel analysis, neglecting the comprehensive information associated with a multichannel cluster or a whole-brain activity. To overcome these limitations, we devised a novel methodological frame-work for the assessment of functional BHI that exploits the symbolic representation of both EEG microstates and heart rate variability (HRV) series. Directional BHI quantification is then performed through Kullback-Leibler Divergence (KLD) and Transfer Entropy. The proposed methodology is here preliminarily tested on a dataset gathered from healthy subjects undergoing a resting state and a mental arithmetic task. Except for the KLD in the from-brain-to-heart direction, all other estimates showed significant differences between the two experimental conditions. We conclude that the proposed frame-work may promisingly provide novel insights on brain-heart phenomena through a whole-brain symbolic representation.
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Günther M, Kantelhardt JW, Bartsch RP. The Reconstruction of Causal Networks in Physiology. FRONTIERS IN NETWORK PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 2:893743. [PMID: 36926108 PMCID: PMC10013035 DOI: 10.3389/fnetp.2022.893743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We systematically compare strengths and weaknesses of two methods that can be used to quantify causal links between time series: Granger-causality and Bivariate Phase Rectified Signal Averaging (BPRSA). While a statistical test method for Granger-causality has already been established, we show that BPRSA causality can also be probed with existing statistical tests. Our results indicate that more data or stronger interactions are required for the BPRSA method than for the Granger-causality method to detect an existing link. Furthermore, the Granger-causality method can distinguish direct causal links from indirect links as well as links that arise from a common source, while BPRSA cannot. However, in contrast to Granger-causality, BPRSA is suited for the analysis of non-stationary data. We demonstrate the practicability of the Granger-causality method by applying it to polysomnography data from sleep laboratories. An algorithm is presented, which addresses the stationarity condition of Granger-causality by splitting non-stationary data into shorter segments until they pass a stationarity test. We reconstruct causal networks of heart rate, breathing rate, and EEG amplitude from young healthy subjects, elderly healthy subjects, and subjects with obstructive sleep apnea, a condition that leads to disruption of normal respiration during sleep. These networks exhibit differences not only between different sleep stages, but also between young and elderly healthy subjects on the one hand and subjects with sleep apnea on the other hand. Among these differences are 1) weaker interactions in all groups between heart rate, breathing rate and EEG amplitude during deep sleep, compared to light and REM sleep, 2) a stronger causal link from heart rate to breathing rate but disturbances in respiratory sinus arrhythmia (breathing to heart rate coupling) in subjects with sleep apnea, 3) a stronger causal link from EEG amplitude to breathing rate during REM sleep in subjects with sleep apnea. The Granger-causality method, although initially developed for econometric purposes, can provide a quantitative, testable measure for causality in physiological networks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan W Kantelhardt
- Institute of Physics, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Ronny P Bartsch
- Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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Wang T, Yang J, Song Y, Pang F, Guo X, Luo Y. Interactions of central and autonomic nervous systems in patients with sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome during sleep. Sleep Breath 2021; 26:621-631. [PMID: 34231085 DOI: 10.1007/s11325-021-02429-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (SAHS) is an independent risk factor for various cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, but the underlying relationship of its physiological subsystems remains unclear. Thus, we aimed to investigate the effect of SAHS on central and autonomic nervous system (CNS-ANS) interactions during sleep. METHODS Thirty-five patients with SAHS and 19 healthy age-matched controls underwent overnight polysomnography. The absolute spectral powers of five frequency bands from six EEG channels and ECG morphological features (HR, PR interval, QT interval) were calculated. Multivariable transfer entropy was applied to analyze the differences of the CNS-ANS network interactions between patients with SAHS of different severities and healthy controls during deep, light, and rapid eye movement sleep. RESULTS The CNS-ANS network interacted bidirectionally in all researched groups, with the cardiac information modulating the brain activity. The information strength from QT to most EEG components and PR to some EEG components was significantly affected by SAHS severity during light sleep, which indicates the coupling features of QT-brain nodes are important indicators. The driver effects from the β-band significantly increased in patients with SAHS. CONCLUSIONS Respiratory events may be the main reason for the CNS-ANS interaction changes in SAHS. These findings help explain the physiological regulation process of SAHS and provide valuable information for analysis of the development of SAHS-related cardiovascular and chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juan Yang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingjie Song
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Pang
- Sleep-Disordered Breathing Center, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinwen Guo
- Psychology Department, Guangdong 999 Brain Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuxi Luo
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument of Guangdong Province, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Candia-Rivera D, Catrambone V, Valenza G. The role of electroencephalography electrical reference in the assessment of functional brain-heart interplay: From methodology to user guidelines. J Neurosci Methods 2021; 360:109269. [PMID: 34171310 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2021.109269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The choice of EEG reference has been widely studied. However, the choice of the most appropriate re-referencing for EEG data is still debated. Moreover, the role of EEG reference in the estimation of functional Brain-Heart Interplay (BHI), together with different multivariate modelling strategies, has not been investigated yet. METHODS This study identifies the best methodology combining a proper EEG electrical reference and signal processing methods for an effective functional BHI assessment. The effects of the EEG reference among common average, mastoids average, Laplacian reference, Cz reference, and the reference electrode standardization technique (REST) were explored throughout different BHI methods including synthetic data generation (SDG) model, heartbeat-evoked potentials, heartbeat-evoked oscillations, and maximal information coefficient. RESULTS The SDG model exhibited high robustness between EEG references, whereas the maximal information coefficient method exhibited a high sensitivity. The common average and REST references for EEG showed a good consistency in the between-method comparisons. Laplacian, and Cz references significantly bias a BHI measurement. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS The use of EEG reference based on a common average outperforms on the use of other references for consistency in estimating directed functional BHI. We do not recommend the use of EEG references based on analytical derivations as the experimental conditions may not meet the requirements of their optimal estimation, particularly in clinical settings. CONCLUSION The use of a common average for EEG electrical reference is concluded to be the most appropriate choice for a quantitative, functional BHI assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Candia-Rivera
- Bioengineering and Robotics Research Center E. Piaggio and the Department of Information Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Catrambone
- Bioengineering and Robotics Research Center E. Piaggio and the Department of Information Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Gaetano Valenza
- Bioengineering and Robotics Research Center E. Piaggio and the Department of Information Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Catrambone V, Talebi A, Barbieri R, Valenza G. Time-resolved Brain-to-Heart Probabilistic Information Transfer Estimation Using Inhomogeneous Point-Process Models. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2021; 68:3366-3374. [DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2021.3071348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Catrambone
- Research Center E. Piaggio, Information Engineering, University of Pisa, 9310 Pisa, Toscana, Italy, (e-mail: )
| | - Alireza Talebi
- Research Center E. Piaggio, Information Engineering, University of Pisa, 9310 Pisa, Toscana, Italy, (e-mail: )
| | | | - Gaetano Valenza
- Research Center E. Piaggio, Information Engineering, University of Pisa, 9310 Pisa, Toscana, Italy, (e-mail: )
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Talebi A, Catrambone V, Barbieri R, Valenza G. An Inhomogeneous Point-process Model for the Assessment of the Brain-to-Heart Functional Interplay: a Pilot Study. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2020:557-560. [PMID: 33018050 DOI: 10.1109/embc44109.2020.9175750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We propose a novel computational framework for the estimation of functional directional brain-to-heart interplay in an instantaneous fashion. The framework is based on inhomogeneous point-process models for human heartbeat dynamics and employs inverse-Gaussian probability density functions characterizing the timing of R-peak events. The instantaneous estimation of the functional directional coupling is based on the definition of point-process transfer entropy, which is here retrieved from heart rate variability (HRV) and Electroencephalography (EEG) power spectral series gathered from 12 healthy subjects undergoing significant sympathovagal changes induced by a cold-pressor test. Results suggest that EEG oscillations dynamically influence heartbeat dynamics with specific time delays in the 30-60s and 90-120s ranges, and through a functional activity over specific cortical regions.
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Yang J, Pan Y, Wang T, Zhang X, Wen J, Luo Y. Sleep-Dependent Directional Interactions of the Central Nervous System-Cardiorespiratory Network. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2020; 68:639-649. [PMID: 32746063 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2020.3009950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the nature of interactions between the central nervous system (CNS) and the cardiorespiratory system during sleep. METHODS Overnight polysomnography recordings were obtained from 33 healthy individuals. The relative spectral powers of five frequency bands, three ECG morphological features and respiratory rate were obtained from six EEG channels, ECG, and oronasal airflow, respectively. The synchronous feature series were interpolated to 1 Hz to retain the high time-resolution required to detect rapid physiological variations. CNS-cardiorespiratory interaction networks were built for each EEG channel and a directionality analysis was conducted using multivariate transfer entropy. Finally, the difference in interaction between Deep, Light, and REM sleep (DS, LS, and REM) was studied. RESULTS Bidirectional interactions existed in central-cardiorespiratory networks, and the dominant direction was from the cardiorespiratory system to the brain during all sleep stages. Sleep stages had evident influence on these interactions, with the strength of information transfer from heart rate and respiration rate to the brain gradually increasing with the sequence of REM, LS, and DS. Furthermore, the occipital lobe appeared to receive the most input from the cardiorespiratory system during LS. Finally, different ECG morphological features were found to be involved with various central-cardiac and cardiac-respiratory interactions. CONCLUSION These findings reveal detailed information regarding CNS-cardiorespiratory interactions during sleep and provide new insights into understanding of sleep control mechanisms. SIGNIFICANCE Our approach may facilitate the investigation of the pathological cardiorespiratory complications of sleep disorders.
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Schulz S, Haueisen J, Bär KJ, Voss A. The Cardiorespiratory Network in Healthy First-Degree Relatives of Schizophrenic Patients. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:617. [PMID: 32612509 PMCID: PMC7308718 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired heart rate- and respiratory regulatory processes as a sign of an autonomic dysfunction seems to be obviously present in patients suffering from schizophrenia. Since the linear and non-linear couplings within the cardiorespiratory system with respiration as an important homeostatic control mechanism are only partially investigated so far for those subjects, we aimed to characterize instantaneous cardiorespiratory couplings by quantifying the casual interaction between heart rate (HR) and respiration (RESP). Therefore, we investigated causal linear and non-linear cardiorespiratory couplings of 23 patients suffering from schizophrenia (SZO), 20 healthy first-degree relatives (REL) and 23 healthy subjects, who were age-gender matched (CON). From all participants' heart rate (HR) and respirations (respiratory frequency, RESP) were investigated for 30 min under resting conditions. The results revealed highly significant increased HR, reduced HR variability, increased respiration rates and impaired cardiorespiratory couplings in SZO in comparison to CON. SZO were revealed bidirectional couplings, with respiration as the driver (RESP → HR), and with weaker linear and non-linear coupling strengths when RESP influencing HR (RESP → HR) and with stronger linear and non-linear coupling strengths when HR influencing RESP (HR → RESP). For REL we found only significant increased HR and only slightly reduced cardiorespiratory couplings compared to CON. These findings clearly pointing to an underlying disease-inherent genetic component of the cardiac system for SZO and REL, and those respiratory alterations are only clearly present in SZO seem to be connected to their mental emotional states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Schulz
- Institute of Innovative Health Technologies (IGHT), University of Applied Sciences, Jena, Germany
| | - Jens Haueisen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Ilmenau University of Technology, Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Karl-Jürgen Bär
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Voss
- Institute of Innovative Health Technologies (IGHT), University of Applied Sciences, Jena, Germany
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