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Winkler A, Modler N, Gude M, Xu Y, Helwig M, Dohmen E, Dittes A, Höhlich D, Lampke T. Numerical Investigation of the Orientability of Single Reinforcement Fibers in Polymer Matrices. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030534. [PMID: 35160521 PMCID: PMC8838106 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Fiber-reinforced polymers are increasingly being used, especially in lightweight structures. Here, the effective adaptation of mechanical or physical properties to the necessary application or manufacturing requirements plays an important role. In this context, the alignment of reinforcing fibers is often hindered by manufacturing aspects. To achieve graded or locally adjusted alignment of different fiber lengths, common manufacturing technologies such as injection molding or compression molding need to be supported by the external non-mechanical process. Magnetic or electrostatic fields seem to be particularly suitable for this purpose. The present work shows a first simulation study of the alignment of magnetic particles in polymer matrices as a function of different parameters. The parameters studied are the viscosity of the surrounding polymer as a function of the focused processing methods, the fiber length, the thickness and permeability of the magnetic fiber coatings, and the magnetic flux density. The novelty of the presented works is in the development of an advanced simulation model that allows the simulative representation and reveal of the fluid–structure interaction, the influences of these parameters on the inducible magnetic torque and fiber alignment of a single fiber. Accordingly, the greatest influence on fiber alignment is caused by the magnetic flux density and the coating material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Winkler
- Institute of Lightweight Engineering and Polymer Technology (ILK), Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (N.M.); (M.G.); (Y.X.); (M.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-351-46338074
| | - Niels Modler
- Institute of Lightweight Engineering and Polymer Technology (ILK), Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (N.M.); (M.G.); (Y.X.); (M.H.)
| | - Maik Gude
- Institute of Lightweight Engineering and Polymer Technology (ILK), Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (N.M.); (M.G.); (Y.X.); (M.H.)
| | - Yun Xu
- Institute of Lightweight Engineering and Polymer Technology (ILK), Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (N.M.); (M.G.); (Y.X.); (M.H.)
| | - Martin Helwig
- Institute of Lightweight Engineering and Polymer Technology (ILK), Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (N.M.); (M.G.); (Y.X.); (M.H.)
| | - Eike Dohmen
- Institute of Mechatronic Engineering (IME), Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Axel Dittes
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering (IWW), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany; (A.D.); (D.H.); (T.L.)
| | - Dominik Höhlich
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering (IWW), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany; (A.D.); (D.H.); (T.L.)
| | - Thomas Lampke
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering (IWW), Chemnitz University of Technology, 09107 Chemnitz, Germany; (A.D.); (D.H.); (T.L.)
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Available Technologies and Commercial Devices to Harvest Energy by Human Trampling in Smart Flooring Systems: A Review. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15020432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Technological innovation has increased the global demand for electrical power and energy. Accordingly, energy harvesting has become a research area of primary interest for the scientific community and companies because it constitutes a sustainable way to collect energy from various sources. In particular, kinetic energy generated from human walking or vehicle movements on smart energy floors represents a promising research topic. This paper aims to analyze the state-of-art of smart energy harvesting floors to determine the best solution to feed a lighting system and charging columns. In particular, the fundamentals of the main harvesting mechanisms applicable in this field (i.e., piezoelectric, electromagnetic, triboelectric, and relative hybrids) are discussed. Moreover, an overview of scientific works related to energy harvesting floors is presented, focusing on the architectures of the developed tiles, the transduction mechanism, and the output performances. Finally, a survey of the commercial energy harvesting floors proposed by companies and startups is reported. From the carried-out analysis, we concluded that the piezoelectric transduction mechanism represents the optimal solution for designing smart energy floors, given their compactness, high efficiency, and absence of moving parts.
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Zulkepli N, Yunas J, Mohamed MA, Hamzah AA. Review of Thermoelectric Generators at Low Operating Temperatures: Working Principles and Materials. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:734. [PMID: 34206662 PMCID: PMC8303398 DOI: 10.3390/mi12070734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Thermoelectric generators (TEGs) are a form of energy harvester and eco-friendly power generation system that directly transform thermal energy into electrical energy. The thermoelectric (TE) method of energy harvesting takes advantage of the Seebeck effect, which offers a simple solution for fulfilling the power-supply demand in almost every electronics system. A high-temperature condition is commonly essential in the working mechanism of the TE device, which unfortunately limits the potential implementation of the device. This paper presents an in-depth analysis of TEGs at low operating temperature. The review starts with an extensive description of their fundamental working principles, structure, physical properties, and the figure of merit (ZT). An overview of the associated key challenges in optimising ZT value according to the physical properties is discussed, including the state of the art of the advanced approaches in ZT optimisation. Finally, this manuscript summarises the research status of Bi2Te3-based semiconductors and other compound materials as potential materials for TE generators working at low operating temperatures. The improved TE materials suggest that TE power-generation technology is essential for sustainable power generation at near-room temperature to satisfy the requirement for reliable energy supplies in low-power electrical/electronics systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurkhaizan Zulkepli
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronic (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 46300, Malaysia; (N.Z.); (M.A.M.)
- Centre of Foundation Studies, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Selangor, Kampus Dengkil, Dengkil 43800, Malaysia
| | - Jumril Yunas
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronic (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 46300, Malaysia; (N.Z.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Mohd Ambri Mohamed
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronic (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 46300, Malaysia; (N.Z.); (M.A.M.)
| | - Azrul Azlan Hamzah
- Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronic (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 46300, Malaysia; (N.Z.); (M.A.M.)
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Review of Power Converter Impact of Electromagnetic Energy Harvesting Circuits and Devices for Autonomous Sensor Applications. ELECTRONICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/electronics10091108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The demand for power is increasing due to the rapid growth of the population. Therefore, energy harvesting (EH) from ambient sources has become popular. The reduction of power consumption in modern wireless systems provides a basis for the replacement of batteries with the electromagnetic energy harvesting (EMEH) approach. This study presents a general review of the EMEH techniques for autonomous sensor (ATS) applications. Electromagnetic devices show great potential when used to power such ATS technologies or convert mechanical energy to electrical energy. As its power source, this stage harvests ambient energy and features a self-starting and self-powered process without the use of batteries. Therefore, it consumes low power and is highly stable for harvesting energy from the environment with low ambient energy sources. The review highlights EMEH circuits, low power EMEH devices, power electronic converters, and controllers utilized in numerous applications, and described their impacts on energy conservation, benefits, and limitation. This study ultimately aims to suggest a smart, low-voltage electronic circuit for a low-power sensor that harvests electromagnetic energy. This review also focuses on various issues and suggestions of future EMEH for low power autonomous sensors.
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Teso-Fz-Betoño D, Aramendia I, Martinez-Rico J, Fernandez-Gamiz U, Zulueta E. Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Controlled with an IGBT H-Bridge and Bidirectional Buck-Boost for Low-Cost 4G Devices. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20247039. [PMID: 33316922 PMCID: PMC7762988 DOI: 10.3390/s20247039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a semi-submersible piezoelectric energy harvester was used to provide power to a low-cost 4G Arduino shield. Initially, unsteady Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS)-based simulations were conducted to investigate the dynamic forces under different conditions. An adaptive differential evolution (JADE) multivariable optimization algorithm was used for the power calculations. After JADE optimization, a communication cycle was designed. The shield works in two modes: communication and power saving. The power-saving mode is active for 285 s and the communication mode for 15 s. This cycle consumes a determinate amount of power, which requires a specific piezoelectric material and, in some situations, an extra power device, such as a battery or supercapacitor. The piezoelectric device is able to work at the maximum power point using a specific Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) H-bridge controlled with a relay action. For the extra power supply, a bidirectional buck–boost converter was implemented to flow the energy in both directions. This electronic circuit was simulated to compare the extra power supply and the piezoelectric energy harvester behavior. Promising results were obtained in terms of power production and energy storage. We used 0.59, 0.67 and 1.69 W piezoelectric devices to provide the energy for the 4G shield and extra power supply device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Teso-Fz-Betoño
- System Engineering and Automation Control Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Nieves Cano 12, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-9-4501-4066
| | - Iñigo Aramendia
- Nuclear Engineering and Fluid Mechanics Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Nieves Cano 12, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (I.A.); (J.M.-R.); (U.F.-G.)
| | - Jon Martinez-Rico
- Nuclear Engineering and Fluid Mechanics Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Nieves Cano 12, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (I.A.); (J.M.-R.); (U.F.-G.)
- Automation and Control Unit, Fundación Tekniker, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 20600 Eibar, Spain
| | - Unai Fernandez-Gamiz
- Nuclear Engineering and Fluid Mechanics Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Nieves Cano 12, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; (I.A.); (J.M.-R.); (U.F.-G.)
| | - Ekaitz Zulueta
- System Engineering and Automation Control Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Nieves Cano 12, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain;
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Shousha M, Dinulovic D, Zafar T, Brooks M, Haug M. Wire-Wound Multi-Phase Stator Based EMEH with MPPT Self-Powered Energy Management System. 2020 22ND EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON POWER ELECTRONICS AND APPLICATIONS (EPE'20 ECCE EUROPE) 2020. [DOI: 10.23919/epe20ecceeurope43536.2020.9215929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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Design and Implementation of an IoT-Oriented Strain Smart Sensor with Exploratory Capabilities on Energy Harvesting and Magnetorheological Elastomer Transducers. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10124387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This work designed and implemented a new low-cost, Internet of Things-oriented, wireless smart sensor prototype to measure mechanical strain. The research effort explores the use of smart materials as transducers, e.g., a magnetorheological elastomer as an electrical-resistance sensor, and a cantilever beam with piezoelectric sensors to harvest energy from vibrations. The study includes subsequent and validated results with a magnetorheological elastomer transducer that contained multiwall carbon nanotubes with iron particles, generated voltage tests from an energy-harvesting system that functions with an array of piezoelectric sensors embedded in a rubber-based cantilever beam, wireless communication to send data from the sensor’s central processing unit towards a website that displays and stores the handled data, and an integrated manufactured prototype. Experiments showed that electrical-resistivity variation versus measured strain, and the voltage-generation capability from vibrations have the potential to be employed in smart sensors that could be integrated into commercial solutions to measure strain in automotive and aircraft systems, and civil structures. The reported experiments included cloud-computing capabilities towards a potential Internet of Things application of the smart sensor in the context of monitoring automotive-chassis vibrations and airfoil damage for further analysis and diagnostics, and in general structural-health-monitoring applications.
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Ibrahim HH, Singh MSJ, Al-Bawri SS, Islam MT. Synthesis, Characterization and Development of Energy Harvesting Techniques Incorporated with Antennas: A Review Study. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20102772. [PMID: 32414069 PMCID: PMC7294434 DOI: 10.3390/s20102772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The investigation into new sources of energy with the highest efficiency which are derived from existing energy sources is a significant research area and is attracting a great deal of interest. Radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting is a promising alternative for obtaining energy for wireless devices directly from RF energy sources in the environment. An overview of the energy harvesting concept will be discussed in detail in this paper. Energy harvesting is a very promising method for the development of self-powered electronics. Many applications, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), smart environments, the military or agricultural monitoring depend on the use of sensor networks which require a large variety of small and scattered devices. The low-power operation of such distributed devices requires wireless energy to be obtained from their surroundings in order to achieve safe, self-sufficient and maintenance-free systems. The energy harvesting circuit is known to be an interface between piezoelectric and electro-strictive loads. A modern view of circuitry for energy harvesting is based on power conditioning principles that also involve AC-to-DC conversion and voltage regulation. Throughout the field of energy conversion, energy harvesting circuits often impose electric boundaries for devices, which are important for maximizing the energy that is harvested. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) is described as the ratio between the rectifier’s output DC power and the antenna-based RF-input power (before its passage through the corresponding network).
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Affiliation(s)
- Husam Hamid Ibrahim
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, Bangi 43600, Malaysia; (H.H.I.); (M.S.J.S.)
| | - Mandeep S. J. Singh
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, Bangi 43600, Malaysia; (H.H.I.); (M.S.J.S.)
| | - Samir Salem Al-Bawri
- Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Petroleum, Hadhramout University, Al-Mukalla 50512, Hadhramout, Yemen;
| | - Mohammad Tariqul Islam
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM, Bangi 43600, Malaysia; (H.H.I.); (M.S.J.S.)
- Correspondence:
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