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Al-Amshawee SKA, Yunus MYBM. Electrodialysis membrane desalination with diagonal membrane spacers: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-28727-y. [PMID: 37620701 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28727-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Electrodialysis desalination uses ion exchange membranes, membrane spacers, and conductors to remove salt from water. Membrane spacers, made of polymeric strands, reduce concentration polarization. These spacers have properties such as porosity and filament shape that affect their performance. One important property is the spacer-bulk attack angle. This study systematically reviews the characteristics of a 45° attack angle of spacers and its effects on concentration polarization and fluid dynamics. Membrane spacers in a channel create distinct flow fields and concentration profiles. When set at a 45° attack angle, spacers provide greater turbulence and mass-heat transfer than traditional spacers. This is because both the transverse and longitudinal filaments become diagonal in relation to the bulk flow direction. A lower attack angle (<45°) results in a lower pressure drop coupled with a decline in wakes and stream disruption because when the filaments are more parallel to the primary fluid direction, the poorer their affect. This research concludes that membrane spacers with a 45° spacer-bulk attack angle function optimally compared to other angles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Khudhur Abbas Al-Amshawee
- Centre for Sustainability of Ecosystem and Earth Resources (Earth Centre), Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Yusri Bin Mohd Yunus
- Centre for Sustainability of Ecosystem and Earth Resources (Earth Centre), Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia
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Al-Amshawee SKA, Yunus MYBM, Mohamed HS. Electrodialysis membrane desalination for water and wastewater processing: irregular attack angles of membrane spacers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-28433-9. [PMID: 37378732 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28433-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Electrodialysis desalination is constructed with a number of anion exchange membranes (AEM), cation exchange membranes (CEM), anode, cathode, adjacent silicon gasket integrated membrane spacers, and inlet/outlet holes per cell. At the boundary among an ionic solution and an ion exchange membrane, concentration polarization develops. Spacers placed in between channel's walls function as stream baffles to increase turbulence, improve heat and mass transfer, diminish the laminar boundary layer, and lessen fouling problems. The current study offers a systematic review of membrane spacers, spacer-bulk attack angles, and irregular attack angles. Spacer-bulk attack angle is accountable for variations in the pattern and direction of stream which impact heat-mass transfer and concentration polarization. Irregular attack angles (e.g., 0°, 15°, 30°, 37°, 45°, 55°, 60°, 62°, 70°, 74°, 80°, 90°, 110°, 120°) in the present study were found to provide unique stream patterns due to the spacer's filaments being less or more transverse in respect to the primary solution direction, which may significantly alter heat transfer, mass transport, pressure drop, and overall flow dynamics. Spacer applies shear stress resulting by continuous stream tangent to the membrane exterior, which lessens polarization. In the end, 45° is concluded as the preferred attack angle that offers balanced rates of heat transfer, mass transport, and pressure drop throughout the feed channel while greatly lowering the rate of concentration polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohd Yusri Bin Mohd Yunus
- Centre for Sustainability of Ecosystem & Earth Resources (Earth Centre), Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Pahang, Malaysia
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Hybat Salih Mohamed
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Pahang, Malaysia
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Al-Amshawee SKA, Yunus MYBM. Electrodialysis desalination: The impact of solution flowrate (or Reynolds number) on fluid dynamics throughout membrane spacers. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 219:115115. [PMID: 36574794 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.115115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The incorporation of a spacer among membranes has a major influence on fluid dynamics and performance metrics. Spacers create feed channels and operate as turbulence promoters to increase mixing and reduce concentration/temperature polarization effects. However, spacer geometry remains unoptimized, and studies continue to investigate a wide range of commercial and custom-made spacer designs. The in-depth discussion of the present systematic review seeks to discover the influence of Reynolds number or solution flowrate on flow hydrodynamics throughout a spacer-filled channel. A fast-flowing solution sweeping one membrane's surface first, then the neighboring membrane's surface produces good mixing action, which does not happen commonly at laminar solution flowrates. A sufficient flowrate can suppress the polarization layer, which may normally require the utilization of a simple feed channel rather than complex spacer configurations. When a recirculation eddy occurs, it disrupts the continuous flow and effectively curves the linear fluid courses. The higher the flowrate, the better the membrane performance, the higher the critical flux (or recovery rate), and the lower the inherent limitations of spacer design, spacer shadow effect, poor channel hydrodynamics, and high concentration polarization. In fact, critical flow achieves an acceptable balance between improving flow dynamics and reducing the related trade-offs, such as pressure losses and the occurrence of concentration polarization throughout the cell. If the necessary technical flowrate is not used, the real concentration potential for transport is relatively limited at low velocities than would be predicted based on bulk concentrations. Electrodialysis stack therefore may suffer from the dissociation of water molecules. Next studies should consider that applying a higher flowrate results in greater process efficiency, increased mass transfer potential at the membrane interface, and reduced stack thermal and electrical resistance, where pressure drop should always be indicated as a consequence of the spacer and circumstances used, rather than a problem.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohd Yusri Bin Mohd Yunus
- Centre for Sustainability of Ecosystem & Earth Resources (Earth Centre), Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Pahang, Malaysia; Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Pahang, Malaysia
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An experimental and modeling investigation of the behaviors of solution in fluoropolymers hollow fiber membranes (HFMs). J Memb Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2023.121421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Mareev S, Gorobchenko A, Ivanov D, Anokhin D, Nikonenko V. Ion and Water Transport in Ion-Exchange Membranes for Power Generation Systems: Guidelines for Modeling. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:34. [PMID: 36613476 PMCID: PMC9820504 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Artificial ion-exchange and other charged membranes, such as biomembranes, are self-organizing nanomaterials built from macromolecules. The interactions of fragments of macromolecules results in phase separation and the formation of ion-conducting channels. The properties conditioned by the structure of charged membranes determine their application in separation processes (water treatment, electrolyte concentration, food industry and others), energy (reverse electrodialysis, fuel cells and others), and chlore-alkali production and others. The purpose of this review is to provide guidelines for modeling the transport of ions and water in charged membranes, as well as to describe the latest advances in this field with a focus on power generation systems. We briefly describe the main structural elements of charged membranes which determine their ion and water transport characteristics. The main governing equations and the most commonly used theories and assumptions are presented and analyzed. The known models are classified and then described based on the information about the equations and the assumptions they are based on. Most attention is paid to the models which have the greatest impact and are most frequently used in the literature. Among them, we focus on recent models developed for proton-exchange membranes used in fuel cells and for membranes applied in reverse electrodialysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semyon Mareev
- Membrane Institute, Kuban State University, 350040 Krasnodar, Russia
- Faculty of Fundamental Physical and Chemical Engineering, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Gorobchenko
- Membrane Institute, Kuban State University, 350040 Krasnodar, Russia
- Faculty of Fundamental Physical and Chemical Engineering, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dimitri Ivanov
- Faculty of Fundamental Physical and Chemical Engineering, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Institut de Sciences des Matériaux de Mulhouse-IS2M, CNRS UMR 7361, Jean Starcky, 15, F-68057 Mulhouse, France
- Center for Genetics and Life Science, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Ave, 354340 Sochi, Russia
| | - Denis Anokhin
- Faculty of Fundamental Physical and Chemical Engineering, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Center for Genetics and Life Science, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 1 Olympic Ave, 354340 Sochi, Russia
- Institute of Chemical Physics Problems of RAS, Acad. Semenov Av., 1, 142432 Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Victor Nikonenko
- Membrane Institute, Kuban State University, 350040 Krasnodar, Russia
- Faculty of Fundamental Physical and Chemical Engineering, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
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Al-Amshawee SKA, Husain MSB, Yunus MYBM, Mohamed Azmin NF, Temidayo Lekan O. Extruded and overlapped geometries of feed spacers for solution mixing in electrochemical reactors and electrodialysis-related processes. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2022.2042271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Khudhur Abbas Al-Amshawee
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Pahang, Malaysia
- Centre for Sustainability of Ecosystem & Earth Resources (Earth Centre), Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Mohamed Saad Bala Husain
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Yusri Bin Mohd Yunus
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Pahang, Malaysia
- Centre for Sustainability of Ecosystem & Earth Resources (Earth Centre), Universiti Malaysia Pahang, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Nor Fadhillah Mohamed Azmin
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Kulliyyah of Engineering, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Oladosu Temidayo Lekan
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Petronas, Perak, Malaysia
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Effect of current-induced ion transfer on the electrical resistance of reverse electrodialysis stack by chronopotentiometry. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Zhang W, Chen X, Wang Y, Wu L, Hu Y. Experimental and Modeling of Conductivity for Electrolyte Solution Systems. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:22465-22474. [PMID: 32923805 PMCID: PMC7482292 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Studying the concentration and temperature dependence of the conductivity of electrolyte solution is of great significance for the evaluation and improvement of the performance of the electrochemical system. In this paper, based on the influence of the number of free ions and ion mobility on the conductivity, a semiempirical conductivity model with five parameters was proposed to correlate the conductivity, concentration and temperature data of electrolyte solutions at medium and high concentrations. The conductivities of NaCl and CaCl2 in propylene carbonate-H2O binary solvents were measured at temperatures varying from 283.15 to 333.15 K. The validity of the model was verified by the experimental data of this paper and the conductivity, concentration, and temperature data of 28 electrolyte solution systems in the literature. The electrolyte solutions investigated in this paper included binary organic solvent systems, pure organic solvent systems, and aqueous solution systems. The results showed that the proposed model can fit the experimental data well for both pure solvent and mixed solvents systems, which is of great value to practical engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitao Zhang
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean
University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China
| | - Xia Chen
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean
University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China
| | - Yan Wang
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao
University, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Lianying Wu
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean
University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China
| | - Yangdong Hu
- College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean
University of China, Qingdao 266100, PR China
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Jalili Z, Burheim OS, Einarsrud KE. Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling of the Resistivity and Power Density in Reverse Electrodialysis: A Parametric Study. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:E209. [PMID: 32872394 PMCID: PMC7558600 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10090209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Electrodialysis (ED) and reverse electrodialysis (RED) are enabling technologies which can facilitate renewable energy generation, dynamic energy storage, and hydrogen production from low-grade waste heat. This paper presents a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) study for maximizing the net produced power density of RED by coupling the Navier-Stokes and Nernst-Planck equations, using the OpenFOAM software. The relative influences of several parameters, such as flow velocities, membrane topology (i.e., flat or spacer-filled channels with different surface corrugation geometries), and temperature, on the resistivity, electrical potential, and power density are addressed by applying a factorial design and a parametric study. The results demonstrate that temperature is the most influential parameter on the net produced power density, resulting in a 43% increase in the net peak power density compared to the base case, for cylindrical corrugated channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Jalili
- Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway;
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway;
| | - Odne Stokke Burheim
- Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway;
| | - Kristian Etienne Einarsrud
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491 Trondheim, Norway;
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