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Khalid U, Khoja AH, Daood SS, Khan WUH, Din IU, Al-Anazi A, Petrillo A. Experimental and numerical techniques to evaluate coal/biomass fly ash blend characteristics and potentials. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169218. [PMID: 38092215 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Fossil and renewable fuels are used by industrial units that produce energy-intensive products. Competitive fuel pricing encourages these fuel sources' usage globally, particularly in developing nations, which leads to large volumes of byproducts like fly ash among thermal power plant operators. The elements and compounds found in coal fly ash (CFA) and biomass fly ash (BFA) can be utilized through several engineering applications. This study aims to assess typical CFA and BFA samples quantitatively and qualitatively via techniques such as ultimate analysis (CH-S), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) elemental analysis, and ash fusion temperature (AFT), to anticipate the ideal ratios of coal to biomass blends for combustion applications while adhering to environmental regulations. The optimal blend, consisting of 75 % CFA and 25 % BFA, exhibited improved carbon (C%) and hydrogen (H%) percentages, increasing from 2.5 % to 4.67 % and from 0 % to 0.12 %, respectively. These improvements were further confirmed by the observed functional groups in FTIR, indicating a rising trend in both carbon and hydroxyl groups from BFA to CFA. XRF and XRD also confirmed it and TGA also showed optimum mass loss (ML%) behavior of 14.55 % for 75CFA + 25BFA. According to slagging and fouling indices, the values of RB/A, Rs, and Fu indicate a reduction in slagging and fouling issues through the blending of CFA with BFA. Simultaneously, the fusion temperature increased from 1181 °C to 1207 °C. CFA was found to increase the AFT of the BFA from 1197 °C to 1247 °C, mitigating their propensity. This suggests that a blend of 75CFA + 25BFA results in lower to medium range of slagging and fouling. However, AFI and BAI indicate a slightly higher range. AFT analysis further validates the conclusions drawn from the indices. The ternary phase diagram shows that the ash's melting point increases in the optimum blend. This is attributed to a reduced content of K2O (<15 %) and increased proportions of >50 % CaO and SiO2, effectively inhibiting slagging, agglomeration, and deposition. Meanwhile, the blend maintains a medium level of acidity and susceptively to corrosion, as observed in the case of 75CFA + 25BFA. The identification of optimal blend ratios can be anticipated to offer essential solutions for future research, aiming to ensure smooth industrial operations and regulatory compliance in power plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Khalid
- Fossil Fuels Laboratory, Department of Thermal Energy Engineering, U.S.-Pakistan Centre for Advanced Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST), Sector H-12, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Asif Hussain Khoja
- Fossil Fuels Laboratory, Department of Thermal Energy Engineering, U.S.-Pakistan Centre for Advanced Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST), Sector H-12, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan.
| | - Syed Sheraz Daood
- Institute of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Electrical, Energy & Environmental Engineering, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, Pakistan; Energy Engineering Research and Development Centre, Faculty of Electrical, Energy & Environmental Engineering, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Waqar Ul Habib Khan
- Fossil Fuels Laboratory, Department of Thermal Energy Engineering, U.S.-Pakistan Centre for Advanced Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), National University of Sciences & Technology (NUST), Sector H-12, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Israf Ud Din
- Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Chemistry, King Khalid University, Muhayil, Asir, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Al-Anazi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P. O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Antonella Petrillo
- Department of Engineering, University of Naples "Parthenope", Isola C4, Centro Direzionale Napoli, Napoli, NA 80143, Italy.
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Hashemi F, Mogensen L, Smith AM, Larsen SU, Knudsen MT. Greenhouse gas emissions from bio-based growing media: A life-cycle assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 907:167977. [PMID: 37875197 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
In this study, using an LCA approach we explored how bio-based peat alternatives (wood fiber, compost, and hydrochar based on willow and degassed fiber from agricultural waste) and their mixtures (75 % peat with 25 % peat alternative) as growing media (GM) for plant production in Denmark may provide benefits for reducing greenhouse gas emissions compared to peat. To perform this, foreground data (collected via personal communication and literature) was used together with background data from Ecoinvent V3.8. The chosen functional unit was 1 m3 of GM and the system boundary was from cradle to use as GM. The global warming potential of all the peat alternatives showed significant reduction, varying between 89 and 109 % compared to peat. When incorporating 25 % of each alternative with peat, the climate footprint was reduced by 16 to 33 % compared to pure peat. Thus, there are large climate prospects in replacing peat with bio-based alternatives, and the results underlines the relevance of being able to increase the proportion of the bio-based components in their mixtures with peat beyond the 25 % and towards 100 % replacement. The effectiveness of peat substitutes in term of reducing the CO2 emissions is affected by choice of the feedstock, their processing method and emissions of their end-use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Hashemi
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark; Aarhus University Interdisciplinary Centre for climate change (iCLIMATE), Department of Agroecology, Blichers Alle 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark.
| | - Lisbeth Mogensen
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Aidan Mark Smith
- Aarhus University Interdisciplinary Centre for climate change (iCLIMATE), Department of Agroecology, Blichers Alle 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark; Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Hangøvej 2, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Søren Ugilt Larsen
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark; Danish Technological Institute, Agro Food Park 15, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Marie Trydeman Knudsen
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark; Aarhus University Interdisciplinary Centre for climate change (iCLIMATE), Department of Agroecology, Blichers Alle 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
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Integration of Hydrothermal Carbonisation and Anaerobic Digestion for the Energy Valorisation of Grass. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15103495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The integration of hydrothermal carbonisation (HTC) and anaerobic digestion (AD) can overcome some of the disadvantages of thermal or biological processing alone. This study aims to investigate integrated HTC-AD across a range of integration strategies and HTC processing temperatures (150 °C, 200 °C and 250 °C) to improve the energy conversion efficiency (ECE) of grass, compared to AD alone. The separation of hydrochars (HCs) for combustion and process waters (PWs) for digestion appears to be the most energetically feasible HTC-AD integration strategy, compared to HC or HTC-slurry AD. Hydrochars represent the greater energy carrier with between 81–85% of total energy output. The ECE of grass was improved from 51% to 97% (150 °C), 83% (200 °C) and 68% (250 °C) through integrated HTC-AD. Therefore, lower HTC processing temperatures yield more favourable energetics. However, higher HTC temperatures favour more desirable HC properties as a combustion fuel. The hydrochar produced at 250 °C (HC-250) displayed the highest HHV (25.8 MJ/kg) and fixed carbon: volatile matter ratio (0.47), as well as the greatest reduction in slagging and fouling potential (ash flow temperature > 1550 °C). Overall, integrated HTC-AD is an effective energy valorisation strategy for grass. A compromise exists between the quality of hydrochar and the energetic balance. However, at 250 °C the process remains energetically feasible (EROI = 2.63).
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Hydrothermal Carbonization of Residual Algal Biomass for Production of Hydrochar as a Biobased Metal Adsorbent. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14010455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Conversion of residual algal biomass to value-added products is essential for enhancing the economics of algae cultivation. Algal hydrochar produced via hydrothermal carbonization of lipid-extracted Picochlorum oculatum is a material rich in oxygen functional groups and carbon (up to 67.3%) and hence a promising candidate for remediation of wastewaters. The hydrothermal carbonization conditions were optimized and the adsorption capacity of the hydrochar was tested for metal removal. By the end of the remediation process, cumulative removal of Al3+, Cu2+, Fe2+, Mg2+, Mn2+, and Pb2+ reached 89, 98, 75, 88, 75, and 100%, respectively. The adsorption of all metals was found to follow pseudo second-order kinetics and the Langmuir isotherm. Overall, when hydrothermal carbonization is applied to lipid-extracted algae, it generates a promising biobased adsorbent with value-added potential in metal remediation.
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Georgiou E, Mihajlović M, Petrović J, Anastopoulos I, Dosche C, Pashalidis I, Kalderis D. Single-stage production of miscanthus hydrochar at low severity conditions and application as adsorbent of copper and ammonium ions. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 337:125458. [PMID: 34186330 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the framework of bio-circular economy, miscanthus biomass was valorized through a single-stage, low severity hydrothermal carbonization process. The produced hydrochars were characterized using elemental and spectroscopic methodologies. It was determined that as the temperature increased so did the C content (47.9 and 68.9% for the samples prepared at 180 and 260 °C, respectively), whereas the O content decreased (from 44.2 to 25.5%, respectively). The adsorption behaviour of the hydrochars was investigated in the adsorption of Cu2+ and NH4+ and MIS-180 was determined as the optimum sample, achieving qmax values of 310 and 71 mg g-1, respectively. Isotherm and kinetic analysis indicated the higher number of O-containing functional groups of MIS-180 as the main reason for its higher adsorption capacities. Furthermore, Cu2+ adsorption followed the 2nd-order kinetic model, whereas NH4+ adsorption followed the 1st-order kinetic model, due to the different mechanisms involved, inner-sphere and outer-sphere complex formation, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efthalia Georgiou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Marija Mihajlović
- Institute for Technology of Nuclear and Other Mineral Raw Materials, Franše d'Eperea 86, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Petrović
- Institute for Technology of Nuclear and Other Mineral Raw Materials, Franše d'Eperea 86, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ioannis Anastopoulos
- Department of Electronic Engineering, School of Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Chania, Crete 73100, Greece
| | - Carsten Dosche
- Department of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Ioannis Pashalidis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Dimitrios Kalderis
- Department of Electronic Engineering, School of Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Chania, Crete 73100, Greece; Institute for Plasma Physics and Lasers-IPPL, School of Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Rethymnon 74100, Greece.
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Cao Z, Hülsemann B, Wüst D, Oechsner H, Lautenbach A, Kruse A. Effect of residence time during hydrothermal carbonization of biogas digestate on the combustion characteristics of hydrochar and the biogas production of process water. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 333:125110. [PMID: 33882383 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The biogas digestate from anaerobic digestion of cow manure and energy crops was treated by hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) at 210 °C for 0.5 to 5 h to understand the effect of HTC residence time on the combustion characteristics of hydrochar and the biogas production of process water. The increase in HTC residence time slightly reduced the higher heating values (16.3-16.0 MJ/kg) but improved most slagging and fouling indices of the hydrochar. However, the slagging and fouling during hydrochar combustion were almost impossible to avoid. The specific methane yield of the process water was not significantly influenced by the HTC residence time. Energy assessment demonstrated that HTC for 0.5 h achieved the highest process efficiency and net energy gain when the combustion energy was obtained from hydrochar and CH4 (from process water). Therefore, the HTC condition of 210 °C, 0.5 h is suggested to valorize biogas digestate for energy production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zebin Cao
- Department of Conversion Technologies of Biobased Resources, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 9, Stuttgart 70599, Germany.
| | - Benedikt Hülsemann
- State Institute of Agricultural Engineering and Bioenergy, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 9, Stuttgart 70599, Germany
| | - Dominik Wüst
- Department of Conversion Technologies of Biobased Resources, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 9, Stuttgart 70599, Germany
| | - Hans Oechsner
- State Institute of Agricultural Engineering and Bioenergy, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 9, Stuttgart 70599, Germany
| | - Armin Lautenbach
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
| | - Andrea Kruse
- Department of Conversion Technologies of Biobased Resources, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 9, Stuttgart 70599, Germany
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Gallifuoco A, Papa AA, Taglieri L. Biomass Hydrothermal Carbonization: Markov-Chain Monte Carlo Data Analysis and Modeling. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2021.643041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper introduces Bayesian statistical methods for studying the kinetics of biomass hydrothermal carbonization. Two simple, specially developed computer programs implement Markov-chain Monte Carlo methods to illustrate these techniques' potential, long since established in other areas of chemical reaction engineering. A range of experimental data, both from this study and the literature, test the soundness of a Bayesian approach to modeling biomass hydrothermal carbonization kinetics. The first program carries out parameter estimations and performs better or equal than the traditional deterministic methods (R2 as high as 0.9998). For three out of the 22 datasets, the program detected the global minima of the parameter space, while the deterministic least-square found local values. The second program uses Gillespie's algorithm for the statistical simulation of the reactions occurring in hydrothermal carbonization. Comparing six basic kinetic models with literature data tested the stochastic simulation as a tool for assessing biomass conversion reaction networks rapidly. Among the simple models discussed, reaction scheme 3 fitted better to the experimental data (R2 > 0.999). The proposed approach is worth extending to more complex, time-consuming computer models and could support other techniques for studying hydrothermal conversions.
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Gallifuoco A, Papa AA, Taglieri L. Modeling biomass hydrothermal carbonization by the maximum information entropy criterion. REACT CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1re00002k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of biomass hydrothermal carbonization is modeled by the MaxEnt principle, without assuming a reaction network. Modeling is in good accordance with the experimental data concerning a broad range of biomass and reaction conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Gallifuoco
- University of L'Aquila
- Department of Industrial and Information Engineering & Economics
- Italy
| | | | - Luca Taglieri
- University of L'Aquila
- Department of Industrial and Information Engineering & Economics
- Italy
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An Assessment of Different Integration Strategies of Hydrothermal Carbonisation and Anaerobic Digestion of Water Hyacinth. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13225983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Water hyacinth (WH) is an invasive aquatic macrophyte that dominates freshwater bodies across the world. However, due to its rapid growth rate and wide-spread global presence, WH could offer great potential as a biomass feedstock, including for bioenergy generation. This study compares different integration strategies of hydrothermal carbonisation (HTC) and anaerobic digestion (AD) using WH, across a range of temperatures. These include (i) hydrochar combustion and process water digestion, (ii) hydrochar digestion, (iii) slurry digestion. HTC reactions were conducted at 150 °C, 200 °C, and 250 °C. Separation of hydrochars for combustion and process waters for digestion offers the most energetically-feasible valorisation route. However, hydrochars produced from WH display slagging and fouling tendencies; limiting their use in large-scale combustion. AD of WH slurry produced at 150 °C appears to be energetically-feasible and has the potential to also be a viable integration strategy between HTC and AD, using WH.
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The Influence of pH on the Combustion Properties of Bio-Coal Following Hydrothermal Treatment of Swine Manure. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13020331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The application of excessive amounts of manure to soil prompted interest in using alternative approaches for treating slurry. One promising technology is hydrothermal carbonisation (HTC) which can recover nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen while simultaneously making a solid fuel. Processing manure under acidic conditions can facilitate nutrient recovery; however, very few studies considered the implications of operating at low pH on the combustion properties of the resulting bio-coal. In this work, swine manure was hydrothermally treated at temperatures ranging from 120 to 250 °C in either water alone or reagents including 0.1 M NaOH, 0.1 M H2SO4, and finally 0.1 M organic acid (CH3COOH and HCOOH). The influence of pH on the HTC process and the combustion properties of the resulting bio-coals was assessed. The results indicate that pH has a strong influence on ash chemistry, with decreasing pH resulting in an increased removal of ash. The reduction in mineral matter influences the volatile content of the bio-coal and its energy content. As the ash content in the final bio-coal reduces, the energy density increases. Treatment at 250 °C results in a more “coal like” bio-coal with fuel properties similar to that of lignite coal and a higher heating value (HHV) ranging between 21 and 23 MJ/kg depending on pH. Processing at low pH results in favourable ash chemistry in terms of slagging and fouling. Operating at low pH also appears to influence the level of dehydration during HTC. The level of dehydration increases with decreasing pH, although this effect is reduced at higher temperatures. At higher-temperature processing (250 °C), operating at lower pH increases the yield of bio-coal; however, at lower temperatures (below 200 °C), the reverse is true. The lower yields obtained below 200 °C in the presence of acid may be due to acid hydrolysis of carbohydrate in the manure, whereas, at the higher temperatures, it may be due to the acid promoting polymerisation.
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Integration of Hydrothermal Carbonisation with Anaerobic Digestion; Opportunities for Valorisation of Digestate. ENERGIES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/en12091586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hydrothermal carbonisation (HTC) has been identified as a potential route for digestate enhancement producing a solid hydrochar and a process water rich in organic carbon. This study compares the treatment of four dissimilar digestates from anaerobic digestion (AD) of agricultural residue (AGR); sewage sludge (SS); residual municipal solid waste (MSW), and vegetable, garden, and fruit waste (VGF). HTC experiments were performed at 150, 200 and 250 °C for 1 h using 10%, 20%, and 30% solid loadings of a fixed water mass. The effect of temperature and solid loading to the properties of biocoal and biochemical methane potential (BMP) of process waters are investigated. Results show that the behaviour of digestate during HTC is feedstock dependent and the hydrochar produced is a poor-quality solid fuel. The AGR digestate produced the greatest higher heating value (HHV) of 24 MJ/kg, however its biocoal properties are poor due to slagging and fouling propensities. The SS digestate process water produced the highest amount of biogas at 200 °C and 30% solid loading. This study concludes that solely treating digestate via HTC enhances biogas production and that hydrochar be investigated for its use as a soil amender.
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