1
|
Kurniawan E, Leamdum C, Imai T, O-Thong S. Exploiting the Thermotolerance of Clostridium Strain M1NH for Efficient Caproic Acid Fermentation from Ethanol and Acetic Acid. Curr Microbiol 2024; 81:244. [PMID: 38935285 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-024-03780-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
A novel thermotolerant caproic acid-producing bacterial strain, Clostridium M1NH, was successfully isolated from sewage sludge. Ethanol and acetic acid at a molar ratio of 4:1 proved to be the optimal substrates, yielding a maximum caproic acid production of 3.5 g/L. Clostridium M1NH exhibited remarkable tolerance to high concentrations of ethanol (up to 5% v/v), acetic acid (up to 5% w/v), and caproic acid (up to 2% w/v). The strain also demonstrated a wide pH tolerance range (pH 5.5-7.5) and an elevated temperature optimum between 35 and 40 °C. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that Clostridium M1NH shares a 98% similarity with Clostridium luticellarii DSM 29923 T. The robustness of strain M1NH and its efficient caproic acid production from low-cost substrates highlight its potential for sustainable bio-based chemical production. The maximum caproic acid yield achieved by Clostridium M1NH was 1.6-fold higher than that reported for C. kluyveri under similar fermentation conditions. This study opens new avenues for valorizing waste streams and advancing a circular economy model in the chemical industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edy Kurniawan
- Biofuel and Biocatalysis Innovation Research Unit, Nakhonsawan Campus, Mahidol University, Nakhonsawan, 60130, Thailand
| | | | - Tsuyoshi Imai
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 755-8611, Japan
| | - Sompong O-Thong
- Biofuel and Biocatalysis Innovation Research Unit, Nakhonsawan Campus, Mahidol University, Nakhonsawan, 60130, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liu Y, Chen L, Duan Y, Li R, Yang Z, Liu S, Li G. Recent progress and prospects for chain elongation of transforming biomass waste into medium-chain fatty acids. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 355:141823. [PMID: 38552798 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Chain elongation technology utilises microorganisms in anaerobic digestion to transform waste biomass into medium-chain fatty acids that have greater economic value. This innovative technology expands upon traditional anaerobic digestion methods, requiring abundant substrates that serve as electron donors and acceptors, and inoculating microorganisms with chain elongation functions. While this process may result in the production of by-products and elicit competitive responses, toxicity suppression of microorganisms by substrates and products remains a significant obstacle to the industrialisation of chain elongation technology. This study provides a comprehensive overview of existing research on widely employed electron donors and their synthetic reactions, competitive reactions, inoculum selection, toxicity inhibition of substrates and products, and increased chain elongation approaches. Additionally, it presents actionable recommendations for future research and development endeavours in this domain, intending to inspire and guide researchers in advancing the frontiers of chain elongation technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Liu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan Province, China.
| | - Long Chen
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan Province, China
| | - Yacong Duan
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan Province, China
| | - Ruihua Li
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan Province, China
| | - Ziyan Yang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan Province, China
| | - Shuli Liu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan Province, China
| | - Guoting Li
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ning Z, Wang X, Zhong W, Yang T, Dou D, Huang Y, Kong Q, Xu X. Influence of acetate-to-butyrate ratio on carbon chain elongation in anaerobic fermentation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 395:130326. [PMID: 38242242 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of electron acceptor (EA) distribution (acetate to butyrate ratio) on the carbon chain elongation (CCE) process. The results showed that the higher content of butyrate in the initial material led to the higher production of caproate. The maximum production of caproate was 3.74 ± 0.30 g·L-1, which was obtained when only butyrate was added as EA. Little caproate but much butyrate was produced where only acetate was added as EA. This indicated that CCE bacteria preferentially selected acetate as the EA to produce butyrate, and butyrate could be selected as EA to produce caproate only when the acetate content was much lower than butyrate. Unclassified_f_Dysgonomonadaceae, Massilibacterium, and Seramator were the predominant bacteria. Functional enzyme analysis showed that high butyrate content strengthened the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway and reverse β-oxidization pathway. The findings showed the importance of butyrate in CCE for caproate production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhifang Ning
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Weizhang Zhong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China.
| | - Tianqi Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Di Dou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Yali Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Qingchen Kong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Xingdan Xu
- Xingtai Ecological Environment Monitoring Center, Xingtai 054001, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wu KK, Zhao L, Wang ZH, Sun ZF, Wu JT, Chen C, Xing DF, Yang SS, Wang AJ, Zhang YF, Ren NQ. Simultaneous biogas upgrading and medium-chain fatty acids production using a dual membrane biofilm reactor. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 249:120915. [PMID: 38029487 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Utilizing H2-assisted ex-situ biogas upgrading and acetate recovery holds great promise for achieving high value utilization of biogas. However, it faces a significant challenge due to acetate's high solubility and limited economic value. To address this challenge, we propose an innovative strategy for simultaneous upgrading of biogas and the production of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs). A series of batch tests evaluated the strategy's efficiency under varying initial gas ratios (v/v) of H2, CH4, CO2, along with varying ethanol concentrations. The results identified the optimal conditions as initial gas ratios of 3H2:3CH4:2CO2 and an ethanol concentration of 241.2 mmol L-1, leading to maximum CH4 purity (97.2 %), MCFAs yield (54.2 ± 2.1 mmol L-1), and MCFAs carbon-flow distribution (62.3 %). Additionally, an analysis of the microbial community's response to varying conditions highlighted the crucial roles played by microorganisms such as Clostridium, Proteiniphilum, Sporanaerobacter, and Bacteroides in synergistically assimilating H2 and CO2 for MCFAs production. Furthermore, a 160-day continuous operation using a dual-membrane aerated biofilm reactor (dMBfR) was conducted. Remarkable achievements were made at a hydraulic retention time of 2 days, including an upgraded CH4 content of 96.4 ± 0.3 %, ethanol utilization ratio (URethanol) of 95.7 %, MCFAs production rate of 28.8 ± 0.3 mmol L-1 d-1, and MCFAs carbon-flow distribution of 70 ± 0.8 %. This enhancement is proved to be an efficient in biogas upgrading and MCFAs production. These results lay the foundation for maximizing the value of biogas, reducing CO2 emissions, and providing valuable insights into resource recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Kai Wu
- School of Environment, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Department of Environmental & Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Lei Zhao
- School of Environment, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Zi-Han Wang
- School of Environment, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Zhong-Fang Sun
- School of Environment, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jie-Ting Wu
- School of Environment, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110000, China
| | - Chuan Chen
- School of Environment, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - De-Feng Xing
- School of Environment, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Shan-Shan Yang
- School of Environment, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Ai-Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yi-Feng Zhang
- Department of Environmental & Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Nan-Qi Ren
- School of Environment, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Arhin SG, Cesaro A, Di Capua F, Esposito G. Acidogenic fermentation of food waste to generate electron acceptors and donors towards medium-chain carboxylic acids production. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 348:119379. [PMID: 37898048 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the optimum pH, temperature, and food-to-microorganisms (F/M) ratio for regulating the formation of electron acceptors and donors during acidogenic fermentation to facilitate medium-chain carboxylic acids (MCCAs) production from food waste. Mesophilic fermentation at pH 6 was optimal for producing mixed volatile fatty acids (719 ± 94 mg COD/g VS) as electron acceptors. Under mesophilic conditions, the F/M ratio (g VS/g VS) could be increased to 6 to generate 22 ± 2 g COD/L of electron acceptors alongside 2 ± 0 g COD/L of caproic acid. Thermophilic fermentation at pH 6 was the best condition for producing lactic acid as an electron donor. However, operating at F/M ratios above 3 g VS/g VS under thermophilic settings significantly reduced lactic acid yield. A preliminary techno-economic evaluation revealed that converting lactic acid and butyric acid generated during acidogenic fermentation to caproic acid was the most profitable food waste valorization scenario and could generate 442-468 €/t VS/y. The results presented in this study provide insights into how to tailor acidogenic fermentation reactions to desired intermediates and will help maximize MCCAs synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Gyebi Arhin
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Via Claudio 21, 80125, Naples, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Cesaro
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Via Claudio 21, 80125, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Capua
- School of Engineering, University of Basilicata, via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Giovanni Esposito
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Via Claudio 21, 80125, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang Q, Yang N, Cai Y, Zhang R, Wu Y, Ma W, Fu C, Zhang P, Zhang G. Advances in understanding entire process of medium chain carboxylic acid production from organic wastes via chain elongation. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 339:139723. [PMID: 37543231 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Chain elongation is an environmentally friendly biological technology capable of converting organic wastes into medium chain carboxylic acids (MCCAs). This review aims to offer a comprehensive analysis of MCCA production from organic wastes via chain elongation. Seven kinds of organic wastes are introduced and classified as easily degradable and hardly degradable. Among them, food waste, fruit and vegetable waste are the most potential organic wastes for MCCA production. Combined pretreatment technologies should be encouraged for the pretreatment of hardly degradable organic wastes. Furthermore, the mechanisms during MCCA production are analyzed, and the key influencing factors are evaluated, which affect the MCCA production and chain elongation efficiency indirectly. Extracting MCCA simultaneously is the most important way to improve MCCA production efficiency, and technologies for sequentially extracting different kinds of MCCAs are recommended. Finally, some perspectives for future chain elongation researches are proposed to promote the large-scale application of chain elongation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingyan Wang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Nan Yang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yajing Cai
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ru Zhang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yan Wu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing, 404632, China
| | - Weifang Ma
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chuan Fu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing, 404632, China
| | - Panyue Zhang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing, 404632, China.
| | - Guangming Zhang
- School of Energy & Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300130, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang Q, Yang N, Cai Y, Zhang G, Wu Y, Ma W, Fu C, Zhang P. Advanced treatment and valorization of food waste through staged fermentation and chain elongation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023:129286. [PMID: 37277004 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A novel valorization approach of food waste via staged fermentation and chain elongation was proposed. Food waste was moderately saccharified, saccharification effluent was fermented to produce ethanol and saccharification residue was hydrolyzed and acidified to produce VFAs. The yeast fermentation effluent and hydrolytic acidification effluent were sequentially performed for chain elongation. Ethanol and volatile fatty acids from staged fermentation were suitable for direct chain elongation and the n-caproate production was 184.69 mg COD/g VS when yeast fermentation effluent to hydrolytic acidification effluent ratio was 2:1. Food waste was deeply utilized with an organic conversion of 80%. The relative abundance of Clostridium sensu stricto increased during chain elongation, which might be responsible for the improvement of n-caproate production. A profit of 10.65 USD/t was estimated for chain elongation of food waste staged fermentation effluent. This study provided a new technology to achieve advanced treatment and high-valued utilization of food waste.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingyan Wang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Nan Yang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yajing Cai
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Guangming Zhang
- School of Energy & Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Yan Wu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404632, China
| | - Weifang Ma
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chuan Fu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404632, China
| | - Panyue Zhang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404632, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang Q, Zhang G, Chen L, Yang N, Wu Y, Fang W, Zhang R, Wang X, Fu C, Zhang P. Volatile fatty acid production in anaerobic fermentation of food waste saccharified residue: Effect of substrate concentration. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 164:29-36. [PMID: 37023642 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In this study, food waste saccharified residue was used to produce volatile fatty acids (VFAs), and the effects of substrate concentration on VFA production, VFA composition, acidogenic efficiency, microbial community, and carbon transfer were investigated. Interestingly, chain elongation from acetate to n-butyrate played an important role with a substrate concentration of 200 g/L in the acidogenesis process. Results showed that 200 g/L was a suitable substrate concentration for both VFA and n-butyrate production, the highest VFA production, and n-butyrate composition were 280.87 mg COD/g vS and more than 90.00 %, respectively, and VFA/SCOD reached 82.39 %. Microbial analysis showed that Clostridium_Sensu_Stricto_12 promoted n-butyrate production by chain elongation. Carbon transfer analysis indicated that chain elongation made a contribution of 43.93 % to n-butyrate production. Totally 38.47 % of organic matter in food waste saccharified residue was further utilized. This study provides a new way for n-butyrate production with waste recycling and low cost.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingyan Wang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Guangming Zhang
- School of Energy & Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Le Chen
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Nan Yang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yan Wu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404632, China
| | - Wei Fang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ru Zhang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chuan Fu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404632, China
| | - Panyue Zhang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404632, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang Q, Fu H, Zhang G, Wu Y, Ma W, Fu C, Cai Y, Zhong L, Zhao Y, Wang X, Zhang P. Efficient chain elongation synthesis of n-caproate from shunting fermentation of food waste. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 370:128569. [PMID: 36592865 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Food waste was used to produce ethanol by yeast fermentation and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) by hydrolytic acidogenesis for chain elongation. Effectiveness of mole ratio of ethanol in yeast fermentation effluent (YFE) to VFAs in hydrolytic acidification effluent (HAE) on chain elongation was examined. The ideal YFE to HAE ratio for chain elongation was 2:1, the highest n-caproate production was 169.76 mg COD/g vS and the food waste utilization was 65.43 %. Electron transfer and carbon distribution did not completely correspond to n-caproate production, suggesting timely product extraction. The abundance of Romboutsia and Clostridium_sensu_stricto_12 increased as chain elongation progressed, which was critical for the chain elongation to n-caproate. The food waste shunting ratio of yeast fermentation to hydrolytic acidogenesis was 6:5, and 572.6 CNY can be created through chain elongation from shunting fermentation of 1 t food waste. This study proposed a new approach for efficient producing n-caproate from food waste.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingyan Wang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Hao Fu
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Guangming Zhang
- School of Energy & Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Yan Wu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404632, China
| | - Weifang Ma
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chuan Fu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404632, China
| | - Yajing Cai
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lihui Zhong
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yiwei Zhao
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Panyue Zhang
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; Engineering Research Center for Water Pollution Source Control & Eco-remediation, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404632, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Huo W, Fu X, Bao M, Ye R, Shao Y, Liu Y, Bi J, Shi X, Lu W. Strategy of electron acceptors for ethanol-driven chain elongation from kitchen waste. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 846:157492. [PMID: 35870578 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A two-phase kitchen waste (KW) fermentation was proposed in the current study to enhance medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) production from kitchen waste. In particular, effect of acetate to butyrate ratio (ABR) on MCFAs production was investigated which can be regulated by different pH and organic loading during the acidification phase. Medium ABR (1.00) was obtained when pH is 5.5 and organic loading is 20 g VS/L in FW acidification fermentation. Subsequent chain elongation fermentation demonstrated that the highest yield of caproate 9.67 g/L with selectivity of 79 %, and highest ethanol conversion efficiency of 1.11 was achieved in medium ABR system. Microbial community study showed that medium ABR significantly enrich the functional bacteria especially Clostridium kluyveri. The study provides a new method for chain elongation enhancement without addition of other additives in kitchen waste fermentation system and gives a guide for the regulation of the short-chain fatty acids distribution in its acidification phase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weizhong Huo
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xindi Fu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Everbright Environtech (China) Ltd., Nanjing 211102, China
| | - Menggang Bao
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Rong Ye
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuchao Shao
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yanqing Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiangtao Bi
- School of Ecology and Environment, Ningxia University, Ningxia 750021, China
| | - Xiong Shi
- Yangtze Eco-Environment Engineering Research Center, China Three Gorges Corporation, Beijing 100038, China; National Engineering Research Center of Eco-Environment Protection for Yangtze River Economic Belt, China
| | - Wenjing Lu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wu B, Lin R, Ning X, Kang X, Deng C, Dobson ADW, Murphy JD. An assessment of how the properties of pyrochar and process thermodynamics impact pyrochar mediated microbial chain elongation in steering the production of medium-chain fatty acids towards n-caproate. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 358:127294. [PMID: 35550922 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microbial chain elongation fermentation is an alternative technology for medium-chain fatty acid (MCFA) production. This paper proposed the addition of pyrochar and graphene in chain elongation to improve MCFA production using ethanol and acetate as substrates. Results showed that the yield of, and selectivity towards, C6 n-caproate were significantly enhanced with pyrochar addition. At the optimal mass ratio of pyrochar to substrate of 2 g/g, the maximum n-caproate yield of 13.67 g chemical oxygen demand/L and the corresponding selectivity of 56.8% were obtained; this represents an increase of 115% and 128% respectively as compared with no pyrochar addition. Such improvements were postulated as due to the high electrical conductivity and surface redox groups of pyrochar. The optimal ethanol to acetate molar ratio of 2 mol/mol achieved the highest MCFA yield under pyrochar mediated chain elongation conditions. Thermodynamic calculations modelled an energy benefit of 93.50 kJ/mol reaction for pyrochar mediated n-caproate production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benteng Wu
- MaREI Centre, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork T23 XE10, Ireland; Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Architecture, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - Richen Lin
- MaREI Centre, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork T23 XE10, Ireland; Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China.
| | - Xue Ning
- MaREI Centre, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork T23 XE10, Ireland; Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Architecture, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - Xihui Kang
- MaREI Centre, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork T23 XE10, Ireland; Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Architecture, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - Chen Deng
- MaREI Centre, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork T23 XE10, Ireland; Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Architecture, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - Alan D W Dobson
- MaREI Centre, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork T23 XE10, Ireland; School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland
| | - Jerry D Murphy
- MaREI Centre, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork T23 XE10, Ireland; Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Architecture, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Naresh Kumar A, Sarkar O, Chandrasekhar K, Raj T, Narisetty V, Mohan SV, Pandey A, Varjani S, Kumar S, Sharma P, Jeon BH, Jang M, Kim SH. Upgrading the value of anaerobic fermentation via renewable chemicals production: A sustainable integration for circular bioeconomy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150312. [PMID: 34844320 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The single bioprocess approach has certain limitations in terms of process efficiency, product synthesis, and effective resource utilization. Integrated or combined bioprocessing maximizes resource recovery and creates a novel platform to establish sustainable biorefineries. Anaerobic fermentation (AF) is a well-established process for the transformation of organic waste into biogas; conversely, biogas CO2 separation is a challenging and expensive process. Biological fixation of CO2 for succinic acid (SA) mitigates CO2 separation issues and produces commercially important renewable chemicals. Additionally, utilizing digestate rich in volatile fatty acid (VFA) to produce medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) creates a novel integrated platform by utilizing residual organic metabolites. The present review encapsulates the advantages and limitations of AF along with biogas CO2 fixation for SA and digestate rich in VFA utilization for MCFA in a closed-loop approach. Biomethane and biohydrogen processes CO2 utilization for SA production is cohesively deliberated along with the role of biohydrogen as an alternative reducing agent to augment SA yields. Similarly, MCFA production using VFA as a substrate and functional role of electron donors namely ethanol, lactate, and hydrogen are comprehensively discussed. A road map to establish the fermentative biorefinery approach in the framework of AF integrated sustainable bioprocess development is deliberated along with limitations and factors influencing for techno-economic analysis. The discussed integrated approach significantly contributes to promote the circular bioeconomy by establishing carbon-neutral processes in accord with sustainable development goals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Naresh Kumar
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Omprakash Sarkar
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, 971‑87, Luleå, Sweden
| | - K Chandrasekhar
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Tirath Raj
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Vivek Narisetty
- School of Water, Energy, and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
| | - S Venkata Mohan
- Bioengineering and Environmental Sciences Lab, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500 007, India
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Centre for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
| | - Sunita Varjani
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382010, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nagpur 440 020, India
| | - Pooja Sharma
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nagpur 440 020, India
| | - Byong-Hun Jeon
- Department of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyoun Kim
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
He Y, Lens PNL, Veiga MC, Kennes C. Selective butanol production from carbon monoxide by an enriched anaerobic culture. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150579. [PMID: 34582872 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
An anaerobic mixed culture able to grow on pure carbon monoxide (CO) as well as syngas (CO, CO2 and H2), that produced unusual high concentrations of butanol, was enriched in a bioreactor with intermittent CO gas feeding. At pH 6.2, it mainly produced acids, generally acetic and butyric acid. After adaptation, under stress conditions of CO exposure at a partial pressure of 1.8 bar and low pH (e.g., 5.7), the enrichment accumulated ethanol, but also high amounts of butanol, up to 6.8 g/L, never reported before, with a high butanol/butyric acid molar ratio of 12.6, highlighting the high level of acid to alcohol conversion. At the end of the assay, both the acetic acid and ethanol concentrations decreased, with concomitant butyric acid production, suggesting C2 to C4 acid bioconversion, though this was not a dominant bioconversion process. The reverse reaction of ethanol oxidation to acetic acid was observed in the presence of CO2 produced during CO fermentation. Interestingly, butanol oxidation with simultaneous butyric acid production occurred upon production of CO2 from CO, which has to the best of our knowledge never been reported. Although the sludge inoculum contained a few known solventogenic Clostridia, the relative taxonomic abundance of the enriched sludge was diverse in Clostridia and Bacilli classes, containing known solventogens, e.g., Clostridium ljungdhalii, Clostridium ragsdalei and Clostridium coskatii, confirming their efficient enrichment. The relative abundance of unassigned Clostridium species amounted to 27% with presumably novel ethanol/butanol producers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaxue He
- Chemical Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Center for Advanced Scientific Research (CICA), BIOENGIN Group, University of La Coruña (UDC), E-15008 La Coruña, Spain; National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | - Piet N L Lens
- National University of Ireland Galway, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | - María C Veiga
- Chemical Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Center for Advanced Scientific Research (CICA), BIOENGIN Group, University of La Coruña (UDC), E-15008 La Coruña, Spain
| | - Christian Kennes
- Chemical Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Center for Advanced Scientific Research (CICA), BIOENGIN Group, University of La Coruña (UDC), E-15008 La Coruña, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Joshi S, Robles A, Aguiar S, Delgado AG. The occurrence and ecology of microbial chain elongation of carboxylates in soils. THE ISME JOURNAL 2021; 15:1907-1918. [PMID: 33558687 PMCID: PMC8245554 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-021-00893-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Chain elongation is a growth-dependent anaerobic metabolism that combines acetate and ethanol into butyrate, hexanoate, and octanoate. While the model microorganism for chain elongation, Clostridium kluyveri, was isolated from a saturated soil sample in the 1940s, chain elongation has remained unexplored in soil environments. During soil fermentative events, simple carboxylates and alcohols can transiently accumulate up to low mM concentrations, suggesting in situ possibility of microbial chain elongation. Here, we examined the occurrence and microbial ecology of chain elongation in four soil types in microcosms and enrichments amended with chain elongation substrates. All soils showed evidence of chain elongation activity with several days of incubation at high (100 mM) and environmentally relevant (2.5 mM) concentrations of acetate and ethanol. Three soils showed substantial activity in soil microcosms with high substrate concentrations, converting 58% or more of the added carbon as acetate and ethanol to butyrate, butanol, and hexanoate. Semi-batch enrichment yielded hexanoate and octanoate as the most elongated products and microbial communities predominated by C. kluyveri and other Firmicutes genera not known to undergo chain elongation. Collectively, these results strongly suggest a niche for chain elongation in anaerobic soils that should not be overlooked in soil microbial ecology studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sayalee Joshi
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Aide Robles
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Engineering Research Center for Bio-mediated and Bio-inspired Geotechnics (CBBG), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Samuel Aguiar
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Anca G Delgado
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
- Engineering Research Center for Bio-mediated and Bio-inspired Geotechnics (CBBG), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang Q, Zhang P, Bao S, Liang J, Wu Y, Chen N, Wang S, Cai Y. Chain elongation performances with anaerobic fermentation liquid from sewage sludge with high total solid as electron acceptor. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 306:123188. [PMID: 32199398 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This work studied the effect of total solid (TS) of sewage sludge on VFA production and composition in anaerobic fermentation. Results revealed that VFA concentration reached the highest of 10.16 g/L and the ratio of acetic acid, propionic acid and n-butyric acid was 5:2:2 with the 8% TS sewage sludge. In subsequent chain elongation with sludge fermentation liquid, n-caproic acid concentration reached 43.45 mmol/L. The microbial community analysis indicated that relative abundance of Clostridium_sensu_stricto_12 for n-caproic acid production was high (52.41%). The chain elongation with sludge fermentation liquid had more pathways to produce n-caproic acid, and the chain elongation reactions were thermodynamically possible. The mixed VFAs and high concentration of n-butyric acid benefitted n-caproic acid production. Carbon balance revealed that the VFA composition of sludge fermentation liquid was beneficial to the chain elongation. This study will contribute to wasted sludge minimization and high-value material production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingyan Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Panyue Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404632, China.
| | - Shuai Bao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jinsong Liang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yan Wu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404632, China
| | - Na Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Siqi Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yajing Cai
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| |
Collapse
|