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Vaishnavi M, Sathishkumar K, Gopinath KP. Hydrothermal liquefaction of composite household waste to biocrude: the effect of liquefaction solvents on product yield and quality. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:39760-39773. [PMID: 38833053 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33880-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
The hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of composite household waste (CHW) was investigated at different temperatures in the range of 240-360 °C, residence times in the range of 30-90 min, and co-solvent ratios of 2-8 ml/g, by utilising ethanol, glycerol, and produced aqueous phase as liquefaction solvents. Maximum biocrude yield of 46.19% was obtained at 340 °C and 75 min, with aqueous phase recirculation ratio (RR) of 5 ml/g. The chemical solvents such as glycerol and ethanol yielded a biocrude percentage of 45.18% and 42.16% at a ratio of 6 ml/g and 8 ml/g, respectively, for 340 °C and 75 min. The usage of co-solvents as hydrothermal medium increased the biocrude yield by 35.30% and decreased the formation of solid residue and gaseous products by 19.82% and 18.74% respectively. Also, the solid residue and biocrude obtained from co-solvent HTL possessed higher carbon and hydrogen content, thus having a H/C ratio and HHV that is 1.01 and 1.23 times higher than that of water as hydrothermal medium. Among the co-solvents, HTL with aqueous phase recirculation resulted in higher carbon and energy recovery percentages of 9.36% and 9.78% for solid residue and 52.09% and 56.75% for biocrude respectively. Further qualitatively, co-solvent HTL in the presence of obtained aqueous phase yielded 33.43% higher fraction of hydrocarbons than the pure water HTL and 7.70-17.01% higher hydrocarbons when compared with ethanol and glycerol HTL respectively. Nitrogen containing compounds, such as phenols and furfurals, for biocrudes obtained from all HTL processes, were found to be present in the range of 8.30-14.40%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahadevan Vaishnavi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Tamil Nadu, 603110, India
| | - Kannaiyan Sathishkumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Tamil Nadu, 603110, India.
| | - Kannappan Panchamoorthy Gopinath
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Mohamed Sathak Engineering College, Sathak Nagar, SH 49, Keelakarai, Tamil Nadu, 623806, India
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Ranjbar S, Malcata FX. Hydrothermal Liquefaction: How the Holistic Approach by Nature Will Help Solve the Environmental Conundrum. Molecules 2023; 28:8127. [PMID: 38138616 PMCID: PMC10745749 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28248127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) represents a beacon of scientific innovation, which unlocks nature's alchemical wonders while reshaping the waste-to-energy platform. This transformative technology offers sustainable solutions for converting a variety of waste materials to valuable energy products and chemicals-thus addressing environmental concerns, inefficiencies, and high costs associated with conventional waste-management practices. By operating under high temperature and pressure conditions, HTL efficiently reduces waste volume, mitigates harmful pollutant release, and extracts valuable energy from organic waste materials. This comprehensive review delves into the intricacies of the HTL process and explores its applications. Key process parameters, diverse feedstocks, various reactor designs, and recent advancements in HTL technology are thoroughly discussed. Diverse applications of HTL products are examined, and their economic viability toward integration in the market is assessed. Knowledge gaps and opportunities for further exploration are accordingly identified, with a focus on optimizing and scaling up the HTL process for commercial applications. In conclusion, HTL holds great promise as a sustainable technology for waste management, chemical synthesis, and energy production, thus making a significant contribution to a more sustainable future. Its potential to foster a circular economy and its versatility in producing valuable products underscore its transformative role in shaping a more sustainable world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Ranjbar
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal;
- ALiCE—Associated Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Francisco Xavier Malcata
- LEPABE—Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal;
- ALiCE—Associated Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
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Ağbulut Ü, Sirohi R, Lichtfouse E, Chen WH, Len C, Show PL, Le AT, Nguyen XP, Hoang AT. Microalgae bio-oil production by pyrolysis and hydrothermal liquefaction: Mechanism and characteristics. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 376:128860. [PMID: 36907228 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae have great potential in producing energy-dense and valuable products via thermochemical processes. Therefore, producing alternative bio-oil to fossil fuel from microalgae has rapidly gained popularity due to its environmentally friendly process and elevated productivity. This current work aims to review comprehensively the microalgae bio-oil production using pyrolysis and hydrothermal liquefaction. In addition, core mechanisms of pyrolysis and hydrothermal liquefaction process for microalgae were scrutinized, showing that the presence of lipids and proteins could contribute to forming a large amount of compounds containing O and N elements in bio-oil. However, applying proper catalysts and advanced technologies for the two aforementioned approaches could improve the quality, heating value, and yield of microalgae bio-oil. In general, microalgae bio-oil produced under optimal conditions could have 46 MJ/kg heating value and 60% yield, indicating that microalgae bio-oil could become a promising alternative fuel for transportation and power generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ümit Ağbulut
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Duzce University, 81620 Düzce, Türkiye
| | - Ranjna Sirohi
- School of Health Sciences and Technology, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248 007, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Eric Lichtfouse
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049 PR China
| | - Wei-Hsin Chen
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung 411, Taiwan
| | - Christophe Len
- Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, PSL University, France
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Subtropical Water Environment and Marine Biological Resources Protection, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia; Department of Sustainable Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai 602105, India
| | - Anh Tuan Le
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Xuan Phuong Nguyen
- PATET Research Group, Ho Chi Minh City University of Transport, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Anh Tuan Hoang
- Institute of Engineering, HUTECH University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
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Review of Studies on Joint Recovery of Macroalgae and Marine Debris by Hydrothermal Liquefaction. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12020569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
At the moment, macroalgae blooms in sea waters, the rotting of which causes greenhouse gas emissions and contributes to the formation of a negative ecological and economic situation in coastal zones, which has become a serious problem. Fuel production through hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of macroalgae and marine debris is a promising solution to this ecological problem. The article provides an overview of studies on producing fuel from macroalgae and an assessment of the possibility of their joint recovery with marine debris. The optimal process conditions and their technological efficiency were evaluated. The article shows the feasibility of using heterogeneous catalysis and co-solvent to increase the yield of bio-oil and improve its quality. An assessment of the possibility of joint processing of waste macroalgae and marine debris showed the inexpediency of this direction. The high degree of drift macroalgae contamination also raises the question of the appropriateness of the preliminary extraction of other valuable components for nutrition use, such as fats, proteins, carbohydrates, and their derivatives.
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An In-Depth Process Model for Fuel Production via Hydrothermal Liquefaction and Catalytic Hydrotreating. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9071172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the more promising technologies for future renewable fuel production from biomass is hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL). Although enormous progress in the context of continuous experiments on demonstration plants has been made in the last years, still many research questions concerning the understanding of the HTL reaction network remain unanswered. In this study, a unique process model of an HTL process chain has been developed in Aspen Plus® for three feedstock, microalgae, sewage sludge and wheat straw. A process chain consisting of HTL, hydrotreatment (HT) and catalytic hydrothermal gasification (cHTG) build the core process steps of the model, which uses 51 model compounds representing the hydrolysis products of the different biochemical groups lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, lignin, extractives and ash for modeling the biomass. Two extensive reaction networks of 272 and 290 reactions for the HTL and HT process step, respectively, lead to the intermediate biocrude (~200 model compounds) and the final upgraded biocrude product (~130 model compounds). The model can reproduce important characteristics, such as yields, elemental analyses, boiling point distribution, product fractions, density and higher heating values of experimental results from continuous experiments as well as literature values. The model can be applied as basis for techno-economic and environmental assessments of HTL fuel production, and may be further developed into a predictive yield modeling tool.
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Wang S, Zhao S, Cheng X, Qian L, Barati B, Gong X, Cao B, Yuan C. Study on two-step hydrothermal liquefaction of macroalgae for improving bio-oil. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 319:124176. [PMID: 33017778 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the conversion of Enteromorpha clathrata into bio-oil through hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) was investigated under different preparation conditions. A two-step reaction method was compared with single-step reaction. At a high temperature, bio-oil produced through the two-step hydrothermal reaction displayed slight changes in yield, but solid residue rate was low. The liquid-to-material ratio of the optimal preparation condition was 40/4 (mL/g). Bio-oil produced in each experiment at this ratio was further analyzed using GC/MS. Furthermore, density functional theory (DFT) quantitative calculation was used in analyzing and proving the possible reaction path of the conversion of furan compounds to aromatic compounds during a direct high-temperature liquefaction process. Results revealed that the two-step method can ensure a high bio-oil yield, while preventing the occurrence of side reactions caused by long-term high-temperature reactions, and improve the bio-oil quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Xiaoxue Cheng
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Lili Qian
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Bahram Barati
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Xun Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei 430074, China.
| | - Bin Cao
- Research Center of Fluid Machinery Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Chuan Yuan
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Jiangsu 212013, China
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