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Parapat RY, Laksono AT, Fauzi RI, Maulani Y, Haryanto F, Noviyanto A, Schwarze M, Schomäcker R. Effect of design parameters in nanocatalyst synthesis on pyrolysis for producing diesel-like fuel from waste lubricating oil. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:15568-15584. [PMID: 39102025 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr01183j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Converting waste lubricating oil into diesel-like liquid fuels using pyrolysis presents a dual solution, addressing environmental pollution while offering a viable response to the fossil energy crisis. However, achieving high-quality fuel with a substantial yield necessitates the utilization of highly active and cost-effective catalysts. We report the development of Fe-Ni nanocatalysts, synthesized using a green approach and supported on TiO2, as a promising strategy for converting waste lubricating oil into premium-grade diesel-like fuel. To ensure efficient and effective pyrolysis processes, tailoring the synthesis parameters of these nanocatalysts is indispensable. In this study, we investigate the effect of design parameters on nanocatalyst synthesis, such as the concentrations of pre-catalysts and reducing agents, reducing time, and the amount of support material, and evaluate their impact on the quality and quantity of pyrolysis products. Through optimization of the synthesis process, a high quality diesel-like fuel with a product yield of about 54% at a mild reaction temperature of 400 °C was obtained. This study highlights the critical role of nanocatalysis in addressing persistent environmental and energy challenges while showcasing the potential of green nanocatalysts in sustainable waste-to-energy conversion processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riny Yolandha Parapat
- Chemical Engineering Department, Institut Teknologi Nasional Bandung, PHH, Mustopha 23, 40124 Bandung, Indonesia.
| | - Aji Tri Laksono
- Chemical Engineering Department, Institut Teknologi Nasional Bandung, PHH, Mustopha 23, 40124 Bandung, Indonesia.
| | - Rizki Imam Fauzi
- Chemical Engineering Department, Institut Teknologi Nasional Bandung, PHH, Mustopha 23, 40124 Bandung, Indonesia.
| | - Yuni Maulani
- Chemical Engineering Department, Institut Teknologi Nasional Bandung, PHH, Mustopha 23, 40124 Bandung, Indonesia.
| | - Freddy Haryanto
- Physics Department, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Ganesha 10, 40132, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Alfian Noviyanto
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mercu Buana University, Jl. Meruya Selatan, Kebun Jeruk, Jakarta 11650, Indonesia
| | - Michael Schwarze
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17, Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Reinhard Schomäcker
- Department of Chemistry, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17, Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany
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Zerin NH, Rasul MG, Jahirul MI, Sayem ASM. End-of-life tyre conversion to energy: A review on pyrolysis and activated carbon production processes and their challenges. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:166981. [PMID: 37709084 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
The number of end-of-life waste tyres has increased enormously worldwide, which is one of the non-biodegradable Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) piling up in an open space for a long time. Every year, various types of tyres are released in the environment from different vehicles, such as trucks, buses, cars, motorcycles, and bicycles, which negatively impact the environment. Nowadays, waste tyres are treated in several ways, whereas thermochemical conversion is one of them, including combustion, gasification, incineration, and pyrolysis. Many literatures revealed that pyrolysis is a more environmentally friendly process than others since it can convert waste tyres into crude oil, char, and syngas without emitting harmful gases. In this study, the pyrolysis of tyres and the chemical activation of tyres are reviewed in terms of their kinetic behaviour. According to the literature, the most influential factors of the pyrolysis process are reactors, temperature, heating rate, residence time, feedstock size and catalyst. As the main ingredient of the tyre is rubber, tyre pyrolysis starts from 300 °C and completely decomposed nearly 550 °C. It can be found from literature that Pyrolysed tyre can produce 30-65% oil, 25-45% char and 5-20 % gas. It is also explained how the properties of active carbon (AC) are affected by activating conditions, including activation temperature, agent, the ratio of reagent mixture and others. Generally, pyrolytic char has surface area between 20 and 80 m2/g, whereas tyre-derived activated carbon's (TDAC) surface area varied from 90 to 970 m2/g. For large surface area and porous structure, TDAC has large application in purification and energy storage sector. The individuality of this article is to depict the entire pathway of AC production from waste tyres. The findings of this literature review help to improve technologies for producing activated carbon from waste tyres pyrolysed char.
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Affiliation(s)
- N H Zerin
- Fuel and Energy Research Group, School of Engineering and Technology, Central Queensland University, North Rockhampton, Queensland 4702, Australia
| | - M G Rasul
- Fuel and Energy Research Group, School of Engineering and Technology, Central Queensland University, North Rockhampton, Queensland 4702, Australia.
| | - M I Jahirul
- Fuel and Energy Research Group, School of Engineering and Technology, Central Queensland University, North Rockhampton, Queensland 4702, Australia
| | - A S M Sayem
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chittagong University of Engineering & Technology, Chattogram, Bangladesh
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Wu Q, Zhang Q, Chen X, Song G, Xiao J. Integrated Assessment of Waste Tire Pyrolysis and Upgrading Pathways for Production of High-Value Products. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:30954-30966. [PMID: 36092573 PMCID: PMC9453798 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c02952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Waste tire pyrolysis has received increasing attention as a promising technology recently due to the shortage of fossil resources and the severity of environmental impact. In this study, the process of waste tire pyrolysis and upgrading to obtain high-value products was simulated by Aspen Plus. Also, based on life cycle assessment, the indexes of energy, environmental, economic, and comprehensive performance were proposed to evaluate different high-value pathways. Results demonstrate that the integrated system of waste tire pyrolysis, pyrolytic oil (TPO) refining, and pyrolytic carbon black (CBp) modification has higher energy efficiency than the independent system of TPO refining, with an improvement rate of 2.6%. Meanwhile, the resource-environmental performance of the integrated system is better. However, combined with the economic benefit, the independent system is more comprehensively beneficial, with the index of comprehensive performance (BEECR) of 0.94, which increases by 3.3% compared with the integrated system. Furthermore, the comparisons of different improved high-value paths based on the independent system as the benchmark indicate that the pathway of promoting sulfur conversion during pyrolysis to reduce the sulfur content in TPO can increase the BEECR from 0.94 to 1.064, with the growth of 13.2%. Also, the physical modification of CBp to reduce the production cost and environmental impact has better performance of BEECR, increasing by 20.2%. The final sensitivity analyses show that the combined improved high-value case established by the abovementioned two paths can achieve a favorable benefit in a wide range of crude oil and waste tire prices and the environmental tax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijing Wu
- Key
Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of
Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Research
Institute, Doublestar Group Co., Ltd., Qingdao, Shandong 266400, China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Research
Institute, Doublestar Group Co., Ltd., Qingdao, Shandong 266400, China
| | - Guohui Song
- School
of Energy and Power Engineering, Nanjing
Institute of Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211167, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- Key
Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of
Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
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Production and Upgrading of Recovered Carbon Black from the Pyrolysis of End-of-Life Tires. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15062030. [PMID: 35329479 PMCID: PMC8953607 DOI: 10.3390/ma15062030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Increasing awareness regarding fossil fuel dependence, waste valorization, and greenhouse gas emissions have prompted the emergence of new solutions for numerous markets over the last decades. The tire industry is no exception to this, with a global production of more than 1.5 billion tires per year raising environmental concerns about their end-of-life recycling or disposal. Pyrolysis enables the recovery of both energy and material from end-of-life tires, yielding valuable gas, liquid, and solid fractions. The latter, known as recovered carbon black (rCB), has been extensively researched in the last few years to ensure its quality for market applications. These studies have shown that rCB quality depends on the feedstock composition and pyrolysis conditions such as type of reactor, temperature range, heating rate, and residence time. Recent developments of activation and demineralization techniques target the production of rCB with specific chemical, physical, and morphological properties for singular applications. The automotive industry, which is the highest consumer of carbon black, has set specific targets to incorporate recycled materials (such as rCB) following the principles of sustainability and a circular economy. This review summarizes the pyrolysis of end-of-life tires for the production of syngas, oil, and rCB, focusing on the process conditions and product yield and composition. A further analysis of the characteristics of the solid material is performed, including their influence on the rCB application as a substitute of commercial CB in the tire industry. Purification and modification post-treatment processes for rCB upgrading are also inspected.
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Tackling the Circular Economy Challenges—Composites Recycling: Used Tyres, Wind Turbine Blades, and Solar Panels. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs5090243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Transformation of waste into resources is an important part of the circular economy. Nowadays, the recovery of materials in the most effective way is crucial for sustainable development. Composite materials offer great opportunities for product development and high performance in use, but their position in a circular economy system remains challenging, especially in terms of material recovery. Currently, the methods applied for recycling composites are not always effective. The aim of the article is to analyse the most important methods of material recovery from multilateral composites. The manuscript presents three case studies related to the recycling of products manufactured from composites: used tyres, wind turbine blades, and solar panels. It shows the advantages and disadvantages of currently applied methods for multilateral composite utilisation and presents further trends in composite recycling. The results show that increasing volumes of end-of-life composites have led to increased attention from government, industry, and academia.
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Abstract
Pyrolysis is an optimal thermochemical process for obtaining valuable products (char, oil, and gas) from waste tires. The preliminary research was done on the three groups of samples acquired by cutting the same waste tire of a passenger vehicle into cylindrical granules with a base diameter of 3, 7, and 11 mm. Each batch weighed 10 g. The heating rate was 14 °C/min, and the final pyrolysis temperature was 750 °C, with 90 s residence time. After the pyrolysis product yields were determined for all of the three sample groups, further research was performed only on 3 mm granules, with the same heating rate, but with altered final pyrolytic temperatures (400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, and 750 °C). The results of this study show that thermochemical decomposition of the waste tire sample takes place in the temperature range of 200–500 °C, with three distinct phases of degradation. The highest yield of the pyrolytic oil was achieved at a temperature of 500 °C, but further heating of volatile matters reduced the oil yield, and simultaneously increased the yield of gas, due to the existence of secondary cracking reactions. The analysis of pyrolytic oil and char showed that these products can be used as fuel.
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