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Stanley PM, Su AY, Ramm V, Fink P, Kimna C, Lieleg O, Elsner M, Lercher JA, Rieger B, Warnan J, Fischer RA. Photocatalytic CO 2 -to-Syngas Evolution with Molecular Catalyst Metal-Organic Framework Nanozymes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2207380. [PMID: 36394175 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202207380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Syngas, a mixture of CO and H2 , is a high-priority intermediate for producing several commodity chemicals, e.g., ammonia, methanol, and synthetic hydrocarbon fuels. Accordingly, parallel sunlight-driven catalytic conversion of CO2 and protons to syngas is a key step toward a sustainable energy cycle. State-of-the-art catalytic systems and materials often fall short as application-oriented concurrent CO and H2 evolution requires challenging reaction conditions which can hamper stability, selectivity, and efficiency. Here a light-harvesting metal-organic framework hosting two molecular catalysts is engineered to yield colloidal, water-stable, versatile nanoreactors for photocatalytic syngas generation with highly controllable product ratios. In-depth fluorescence, X-ray, and microscopic studies paired with kinetic analysis show that the host delivers energy efficiently to active sites, conceptually yielding nanozymes. This unlocked sustained CO2 reduction and H2 evolution with benchmark turnover numbers and record incident photon conversions up to 36%, showcasing a highly active and durable all-in-one material toward application in solar energy-driven syngas generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Stanley
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Alice Y Su
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Vanessa Ramm
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Pascal Fink
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Ceren Kimna
- School of Engineering and Design, Department of Materials Engineering and Center for Protein Assemblies (CPA), Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Oliver Lieleg
- School of Engineering and Design, Department of Materials Engineering and Center for Protein Assemblies (CPA), Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Martin Elsner
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Johannes A Lercher
- Chair of Chemical Technology II, Department of Chemistry, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 902 Battelle Blvd, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Bernhard Rieger
- WACKER-Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Julien Warnan
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Roland A Fischer
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
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Stanley PM, Sixt F, Warnan J. Decoupled Solar Energy Storage and Dark Photocatalysis in a 3D Metal-Organic Framework. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2207280. [PMID: 36217842 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202207280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Materials enabling solar energy conversion and long-term storage for readily available electrical and chemical energy are key for off-grid energy distribution. Herein, the specific confinement of a rhenium coordination complex in a metal-organic framework (MOF) unlocks a unique electron accumulating property under visible-light irradiation. About 15 C gMOF -1 of electric charges can be concentrated and stored for over four weeks without loss. Decoupled, on-demand discharge for electrochemical reactions and H2 evolution catalysis is shown and light-driven recharging can be conducted for >10 cycles with ≈90% of the initial charging capacity retained. Experimental investigations and theoretical calculations link electron trapping to MOF-induced geometry constraints as well as the coordination environment of the Re-center, highlighting the key role of MOF confinement on molecular guests. This study serves as the seminal report on 3D porous colloids achieving photoaccumulation of long-lived electrons, unlocking dark photocatalysis, and a path toward solar capacitor and solar battery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Stanley
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, and Catalysis, Research Center (CRC), TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Florian Sixt
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, and Catalysis, Research Center (CRC), TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Julien Warnan
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, and Catalysis, Research Center (CRC), TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
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Navalón S, Dhakshinamoorthy A, Álvaro M, Ferrer B, García H. Metal-Organic Frameworks as Photocatalysts for Solar-Driven Overall Water Splitting. Chem Rev 2022; 123:445-490. [PMID: 36503233 PMCID: PMC9837824 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been frequently used as photocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) using sacrificial agents with UV-vis or visible light irradiation. The aim of the present review is to summarize the use of MOFs as solar-driven photocatalysts targeting to overcome the current efficiency limitations in overall water splitting (OWS). Initially, the fundamentals of the photocatalytic OWS under solar irradiation are presented. Then, the different strategies that can be implemented on MOFs to adapt them for solar photocatalysis for OWS are discussed in detail. Later, the most active MOFs reported until now for the solar-driven HER and/or oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are critically commented. These studies are taken as precedents for the discussion of the existing studies on the use of MOFs as photocatalysts for the OWS under visible or sunlight irradiation. The requirements to be met to use MOFs at large scale for the solar-driven OWS are also discussed. The last section of this review provides a summary of the current state of the field and comments on future prospects that could bring MOFs closer to commercial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Navalón
- Departamento
de Química, Universitat Politècnica
de València, Camino de Vera s/n, Valencia46022, Spain,S.N.: email,
| | - Amarajothi Dhakshinamoorthy
- Departamento
de Química, Universitat Politècnica
de València, Camino de Vera s/n, Valencia46022, Spain,School
of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Palkalai Nagar, Madurai625021, Tamil
NaduIndia,A.D.: email,
| | - Mercedes Álvaro
- Departamento
de Química, Universitat Politècnica
de València, Camino de Vera s/n, Valencia46022, Spain
| | - Belén Ferrer
- Departamento
de Química, Universitat Politècnica
de València, Camino de Vera s/n, Valencia46022, Spain
| | - Hermenegildo García
- Departamento
de Química, Universitat Politècnica
de València, Camino de Vera s/n, Valencia46022, Spain,Instituto
Universitario de Tecnología Química, CSIC-UPV, Universitat Politècnica de València, Avenida de los Naranjos, Valencia46022, Spain,H.G.:
email,
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Merging molecular catalysts and metal–organic frameworks for photocatalytic fuel production. Nat Chem 2022; 14:1342-1356. [DOI: 10.1038/s41557-022-01093-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Stanley PM, Hemmer K, Hegelmann M, Schulz A, Park M, Elsner M, Cokoja M, Warnan J. Topology- and wavelength-governed CO 2 reduction photocatalysis in molecular catalyst-metal-organic framework assemblies. Chem Sci 2022; 13:12164-12174. [PMID: 36349115 PMCID: PMC9601321 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03097g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimising catalyst materials for visible light-driven fuel production requires understanding complex and intertwined processes including light absorption and catalyst stability, as well as mass, charge, and energy transport. These phenomena can be uniquely combined (and ideally controlled) in porous host-guest systems. Towards this goal we designed model systems consisting of molecular complexes as catalysts and porphyrin metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as light-harvesting and hosting porous matrices. Two MOF-rhenium molecule hybrids with identical building units but differing topologies (PCN-222 and PCN-224) were prepared including photosensitiser-catalyst dyad-like systems integrated via self-assembled molecular recognition. This allowed us to investigate the impact of MOF topology on solar fuel production, with PCN-222 assemblies yielding a 9-fold turnover number enhancement for solar CO2-to-CO reduction over PCN-224 hybrids as well as a 10-fold increase compared to the homogeneous catalyst-porphyrin dyad. Catalytic, spectroscopic and computational investigations identified larger pores and efficient exciton hopping as performance boosters, and further unveiled a MOF-specific, wavelength-dependent catalytic behaviour. Accordingly, CO2 reduction product selectivity is governed by selective activation of two independent, circumscribed or delocalised, energy/electron transfer channels from the porphyrin excited state to either formate-producing MOF nodes or the CO-producing molecular catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip M Stanley
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technical University of Munich Garching Germany
| | - Karina Hemmer
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technical University of Munich Garching Germany
| | - Markus Hegelmann
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technical University of Munich Garching Germany
| | - Annika Schulz
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technical University of Munich Garching Germany
| | - Mihyun Park
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technical University of Munich Garching Germany
| | - Martin Elsner
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich Garching Germany
| | - Mirza Cokoja
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technical University of Munich Garching Germany
| | - Julien Warnan
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Catalysis Research Center (CRC), Technical University of Munich Garching Germany
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Fabrication of UiO-66-NH2/Ce(HCOO)3 heterojunction with enhanced photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to CH4. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Shatery OB, Omer KM. Selectivity Enhancement for Uric Acid Detection via In Situ Preparation of Blue Emissive Carbon Dots Entrapped in Chromium Metal-Organic Frameworks. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:16576-16583. [PMID: 35601314 PMCID: PMC9118210 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, for the first time, the in situ formation of blue emissive carbon dots (bCDs) and encapsulation into the pores of chromium-based metal-organic frameworks (Cr-MOFs) are described. The luminescent bCDs via in situ process are formed and entrapped inside the pores of Cr-MOFs to form a nanocomposite of bCDs@Cr-MOFs. The bCDs@Cr-MOFs showed a strong broad blue emission at 420 nm (excited at 310 nm), which corresponds to both, the ligand (2-aminoterephthalic acid) in the Cr-MOF and the entrapped bCDs. This is assigned for the entrapping of bCDs in the pores of the MOFs. Additionally, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images showed two types of particles, 150 rod-like shapes for Cr-MOF and 5-10 nm spherical shapes assigned for the presence of bCDs. The bCDs alone (without Cr-MOF) showed no selectivity, and their emission was quenched by different biomolecules and ions, such as ascorbic acid, uric acid, Fe3+, Cu2+, and Hg2+. The selectivity of bCDs toward uric acid was increased dramatically when they were encapsulated in the Cr-MOF. The linear range for uric acid was 20-50 μM, and the LOD was measured as 1.3 μM. Spike recoveries for the detection of uric acid in serum samples were between 94 and 108%. The relative standard deviation (RSD, n = 3) at each concentration value was less than 2%. The results showed high ruggedness and robustness of the assay due to its high shelf-life stability of probe (four weeks), water stability, and long working pH range. Validation experiments showed that the established MOF-based sensing system is appropriate for uric acid detection in real samples.
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Facile Route for Fabrication of Ferrimagnetic Mn3O4 Spinel Material for Supercapacitors with Enhanced Capacitance. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15051812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was the development of a new colloidal route for the fabrication of Mn3O4 electrodes for supercapacitors with enhanced charge storage performance. Mn3O4-carbon nanotube electrodes were fabricated with record-high capacitances of 6.67 F cm−2 obtained from cyclic voltammetry tests at a scan rate of 2 mV s−1 and 7.55 F cm−2 obtained from the galvanostatic charge–discharge tests at a current density of 3 mA cm−2 in 0.5 M Na2SO4 electrolyte in a potential window of 0.9 V. The approach involves the use of murexide as a capping agent for the synthesis of Mn3O4 and a co-dispersant for Mn3O4 and carbon nanotubes. Good electrochemical performance of the electrode material was achieved at a high active mass loading of 40 mg cm−2 and was linked to a reduced agglomeration of Mn3O4 nanoparticles and efficient co-dispersion of Mn3O4 with carbon nanotubes. The mechanisms of murexide adsorption on Mn3O4 and carbon nanotube are discussed. With the proposed method, the time-consuming electrode activation procedure for Mn3O4 electrodes can be avoided. The approach developed in this investigation paves the way for the fabrication of advanced cathodes for asymmetric supercapacitors and multifunctional devices, combining capacitive, magnetic, and other functional properties.
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Binding Materials for MOF Monolith Shaping Processes: A Review towards Real Life Application. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15041489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) could be utilized for a wide range of applications such as sorption, catalysis, chromatography, energy storage, sensors, drug delivery, and nonlinear optics. However, to date, there are very few examples of MOFs exploited on a commercial scale. Nevertheless, progress in MOF-related research is currently paving the way to new industrial opportunities, fostering applications and processes interconnecting fundamental chemistry with engineering and relevant sectors. Yet, the fabrication of porous MOF materials within resistant structures is a key challenge impeding their wide commercial use for processes such as adsorptive separation. In fact, the integration of nano-scale MOF crystallic structures into bulk components that can maintain the desired characteristics, i.e., size, shape, and mechanical stability, is a prerequisite for their wide practical use in many applications. At the same time, it requires sophisticated shaping techniques that can structure nano/micro-crystalline fine powders of MOFs into diverse types of macroscopic bodies such as monoliths. Under this framework, this review aims to bridge the gap between research advances and industrial necessities for fostering MOF applications into real life. Therefore, it critically explores recent advances in the shaping and production of MOF macro structures with regard to the binding materials that have received little attention to date, but have the potential to give new perspectives in the industrial applicability of MOFs. Moreover, it proposes future paths that can be adopted from both academy and industry and can further boost MOF exploitation.
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