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Mukherjee A, Hartikainen A, Joutsensaari J, Basnet S, Mesceriakovas A, Ihalainen M, Yli-Pirilä P, Leskinen J, Somero M, Louhisalmi J, Fang Z, Kalberer M, Rudich Y, Tissari J, Czech H, Zimmermann R, Sippula O. Black carbon and particle lung-deposited surface area in residential wood combustion emissions: Effects of an electrostatic precipitator and photochemical aging. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 952:175840. [PMID: 39214360 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Residential wood combustion (RWC) remains a significant global source of particulate matter (PM) emissions with adverse impacts on regional air quality, climate, and human health. The lung-deposited surface area (LDSA) and equivalent black carbon (eBC) concentrations have emerged as important metrics to assess particulate pollution. In this study we estimated combustion phase-dependent emission factors of LDSA for alveolar, tracheobronchial, and head-airway regions of human lungs and explored the relationships between eBC and LDSA in fresh and photochemically aged RWC emissions. Photochemical aging was simulated in an oxidative flow reactor at OH• exposures equivalent to 1.4 or 3.4 days in the atmosphere. Further, the efficiency of a small-scale electrostatic precipitator (ESP) for reducing LDSA and eBC from the wood stove was determined. For fresh emission eBC correlated extremely well with LDSA, but the correlation decreased after aging. Soot-dominated flaming phase showed the highest eBC dependency of LDSA whereas for ignition and char burning phases non-BC particles contributed strongly the LDSA. Deposition to the alveolar region contributed around 60 % of the total lung-deposition. The ESP was found as an effective method to mitigate particulate mass, LDSA, as well as eBC emissions from wood stoves, as they were reduced on average by 72%, 71%, and 69%, respectively. The reduction efficiencies, however, consistently dropped over the span of an experiment, especially for eBC. Further, the ESP was found to increase the sub-30 nm ultrafine particle number emissions, with implications for LDSA. The results of this study can be used for assessing the contribution of RWC to LDSA concentrations in ambient air.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mukherjee
- Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70210, Finland.
| | - A Hartikainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70210, Finland.
| | - J Joutsensaari
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - S Basnet
- Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - A Mesceriakovas
- Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - M Ihalainen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - P Yli-Pirilä
- Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - J Leskinen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - M Somero
- Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - J Louhisalmi
- Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - Z Fang
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - M Kalberer
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Y Rudich
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - J Tissari
- Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70210, Finland
| | - H Czech
- Group of Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; Department of Technical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock 18056, Germany
| | - R Zimmermann
- Group of Comprehensive Molecular Analytics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; Department of Technical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, Rostock 18056, Germany
| | - O Sippula
- Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio 70210, Finland; Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu 80101, Finland.
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Vicente ED, Calvo AI, Alves C, Blanco-Alegre C, Candeias C, Rocha F, Sánchez de la Campa A, Fraile R. Residential combustion of coal: Effect of the fuel and combustion stage on emissions. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 340:139870. [PMID: 37633612 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide coal is still used for household heating purposes not only because it is available and cheap but also due to behavioural issues. Regional variability in fuels and combustion appliances make accurate emission estimates from this source hard to achieve. In the present study, gaseous (CO, VOCs, SO2 and NOX) and particulate matter (TSP) emission factors (EFs) were determined for Spanish household coal combustion covering three commercial coals and distinct combustion stages and mimicking usage patterns in real households. TSP samples were analysed to determine water-soluble inorganic ions, metal(loid)s, and organic and elemental carbon (OC and EC). Additionally, the morphology of the emitted particles was also characterised. CO (3.43-169 g kg-1), NOX (1.29-6.00 g kg-1) and SO2 (8.96-22.3 g kg-1) EFs showed no trend regarding the combustion stage or coal type tested. On the other hand, VOC, TSP and EC EFs were higher for the ignition/devolatilisation combustion stage, regardless of the fuel tested. TSP EFs (0.085-1.08 g kg-1) increased with increasing coal volatile matter while the opposite trend was recorded for VOC emissions (0.045-3.39 gC kg-1). TSP carbonaceous matter was dominated by EC while OC represented a small fraction of the particulate mass emitted (less than 8 %wt.). Inorganic compounds composed an important fraction of the TSP samples. Sulphate particulate mass fractions (8.66-22.9 %wt.) appeared to increase with coal S-content. Coal combustion released particles with diverse morphologies, including silicate-rich particles, ferro- and glassy-spheres. This study provides novel emission factors to update emission inventories of residential coal combustion. Additionally, detailed chemical profiles were obtained for source apportionment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Vicente
- Department of Physics, University of León, León, 24071, Spain; Department of Environment and Planning, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal.
| | - A I Calvo
- Department of Physics, University of León, León, 24071, Spain
| | - C Alves
- Department of Environment and Planning, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - C Blanco-Alegre
- Department of Physics, University of León, León, 24071, Spain
| | - C Candeias
- Department of Geosciences, Geobiosciences, Geotechnologies and Geoengineering Research Centre (GeoBioTec), University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - F Rocha
- Department of Geosciences, Geobiosciences, Geotechnologies and Geoengineering Research Centre (GeoBioTec), University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - A Sánchez de la Campa
- Associate Unit CSIC-University of Huelva "Atmospheric Pollution", Centre for Research in Sustainable Chemistry - CIQSO, University of Huelva, E21071, Huelva, Spain; Department of Earth Science, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Huelva, Campus El Carmen s/n, 21071, Huelva, Spain
| | - R Fraile
- Department of Physics, University of León, León, 24071, Spain
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Zhang X, Ojha B, Bichlmaier H, Hartmann I, Kohler H. Extensive Gaseous Emissions Reduction of Firewood-Fueled Low Power Fireplaces by a Gas Sensor Based Advanced Combustion Airflow Control System and Catalytic Post-Oxidation. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:4679. [PMID: 37430592 DOI: 10.3390/s23104679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
In view of the tremendous emissions of toxic gases and particulate matter (PM) by low-power firewood-fueled fireplaces, there is an urgent need for effective measures to lower emissions to keep this renewable and economical source for private home heating available in the future. For this purpose, an advanced combustion air control system was developed and tested on a commercial fireplace (HKD7, Bunner GmbH, Eggenfelden, Germany), complemented with a commercial oxidation catalyst (EmTechEngineering GmbH, Leipzig, Germany) placed in the post-combustion zone. Combustion air stream control of the wood-log charge combustion was realized by five different control algorithms to describe all situations of combustion properly. These control algorithms are based on the signals of commercial sensors representing catalyst temperature (thermocouple), residual oxygen concentration (LSU 4.9, Bosch GmbH, Gerlingen, Germany) and CO/HC-content in the exhaust (LH-sensor, Lamtec Mess- und Regeltechnik für Feuerungen GmbH & Co. KG, Walldorf (Germany)). The actual flows of the combustion air streams, as calculated for the primary and secondary combustion zone, are adjusted by motor-driven shutters and commercial air mass flow sensors (HFM7, Bosch GmbH, Gerlingen, Germany) in separate feedback control loops. For the first time, the residual CO/HC-content (CO, methane, formaldehyde, etc.) in the flue gas is in-situ monitored with a long-term stable AuPt/YSZ/Pt mixed potential high-temperature gas sensor, which allows continuous estimation of the flue gas quality with an accuracy of about ±10%. This parameter is not only an essential input for advanced combustion air stream control but also provides monitoring of the actual combustion quality and logging of this value over a whole heating period. By many firing experiments in the laboratory and by field tests over four months, it could be demonstrated that with this long-term stable and advanced automated firing system, depression of the gaseous emissions by about 90% related to manually operated fireplaces without catalyst could be achieved. In addition, preliminary investigations at a firing appliance complemented by an electrostatic precipitator yielded PM emission depression between 70% and 90%, depending on the firewood load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Institute for Sensor and Information Systems (ISIS), Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences, Moltkestr. 30, D-76133 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Binayak Ojha
- Institute for Sensor and Information Systems (ISIS), Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences, Moltkestr. 30, D-76133 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - Ingo Hartmann
- Deutsches Biomasseforschungszentrum Gemeinnützige GmbH (DBFZ), Torgauer Str. 116, D-04347 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heinz Kohler
- Institute for Sensor and Information Systems (ISIS), Karlsruhe University of Applied Sciences, Moltkestr. 30, D-76133 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Chojnacki J, Kielar J, Kuczyński W, Najser T, Kukiełka L, Frantík J, Berner B, Peer V, Knutel B, Gaze B. Analysis of the Effect of Fe 2O 3 Addition in the Combustion of a Wood-Based Fuel. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7740. [PMID: 36363332 PMCID: PMC9657857 DOI: 10.3390/ma15217740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A comparative study was carried out of emissions from the catalytic combustion of pellets made from furniture board waste and pellets made from wood mixed with Fe2O3. The mass content of the Fe2O3 catalyst in the fuel was varied from 0% to 5%, 10%, and 15% in relation to the total dry mass weight of the pellets. The average flame temperature in the boiler was between 730 and 800 °C. The effect of the catalyst concentration in the fuel was analysed with respect to the contents of O2, CO2, CO, H2, and NOx in the flue gas and the combustion quality of the pellets in the heating boiler. Changes in the CO2 content and the proportion of unburned combustible components in the combustion residue were assessed. It was established that an increase in the Fe2O3 content of the prepared fuels had a positive effect on reducing NOx, CO, and H2 emissions. However, the proportion of iron oxide in the tested fuel pellets did not significantly influence changes in their combustion quality. A strong effect of the addition of Fe2O3 on the reduction of the average NOx content in the flue gas occurred with the combustion of furniture board fuel, from 51.4 ppm at 0% Fe2O3 to 7.7 ppm for an additive content of 15%. Based on the analysis of the residue in the boiler ash pan, the amount of unburned combustibles relative to their input amounts was found to be 0.09-0.22% for wood pellets and 0.50-0.31% for furniture board waste pellets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy Chojnacki
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Koszalin University of Technology, Racławicka Str. 15-17, 75-620 Koszalin, Poland
| | - Jan Kielar
- Centre of Energy Utilization of Non-Traditional Energy Sources—ENET Centre, VSB—Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Waldemar Kuczyński
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Koszalin University of Technology, Racławicka Str. 15-17, 75-620 Koszalin, Poland
| | - Tomáš Najser
- Centre of Energy Utilization of Non-Traditional Energy Sources—ENET Centre, VSB—Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Leon Kukiełka
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Koszalin University of Technology, Racławicka Str. 15-17, 75-620 Koszalin, Poland
| | - Jaroslav Frantík
- Centre of Energy Utilization of Non-Traditional Energy Sources—ENET Centre, VSB—Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Bogusława Berner
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Koszalin University of Technology, Racławicka Str. 15-17, 75-620 Koszalin, Poland
| | - Václav Peer
- Centre of Energy Utilization of Non-Traditional Energy Sources—ENET Centre, VSB—Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Bernard Knutel
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Błażej Gaze
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
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