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Paś J, Klimczak T, Rosiński A, Stawowy M, Duer S, Harničárová M. The Dynamic Change in the Reliability Function Level in a Selected Fire Alarm System during a Fire. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:4054. [PMID: 39000835 PMCID: PMC11244082 DOI: 10.3390/s24134054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
This article discusses fundamental issues associated with the functional reliability of selected fire alarm systems (FASs) in operation during building fires. FASs operate under diverse external or internal natural environmental conditions, and the operational process of FAS should take into account the impacts of physical phenomena that occur during fires. Their operation is associated with the constant provision of reliability. FAS designers should also consider the system's reliability when developing fire control matrices, tables, algorithms, or scenarios. All functions arising from an FAS control matrix should be implemented with a permissible reliability level, RDPN(t), prior to, as well as during, a fire. This should be assigned to the controls saved in the fire alarm control unit (FCP). This article presents the process by which high temperatures generated during a fire impact the reliability of FAS functioning. It was developed considering selected critical paths for a specific scenario and the control matrix for an FAS. Such assumptions make it possible to determine the impact of various temperatures generated during a fire on the reliability of an FAS. To this end, the authors reviewed that the waveform of the R(t) function changes for a given FAS over time, Δt, and then determined the fitness paths. The critical paths are located within the fire detection and suppression activation process, using FAS or fixed extinguishing devices (FEDs), and the paths were modeled with acceptable and unacceptable technical states. The last section of this article defines a model and graph for the operational process of a selected FAS, the analysis of which enables conclusions to be drawn that can be employed in the design and implementation stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Paś
- Division of Electronic Systems Exploitations, Institute of Electronic Systems, Faculty of Electronics, Military University of Technology, 2 Gen. S. Kaliski St, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Klimczak
- Department of Building Safety, Fire University, 52/54 J. Słowackiego St., 01-629 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Rosiński
- Department of Air Transport Engineering and Teleinformatics, Faculty of Transport, Warsaw University of Technology, 75 Koszykowa St, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Stawowy
- Department of Air Transport Engineering and Teleinformatics, Faculty of Transport, Warsaw University of Technology, 75 Koszykowa St, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Stanisław Duer
- Department of Energy, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Koszalin, 15-17 Raclawicka St., 75-620 Koszalin, Poland
| | - Marta Harničárová
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Institute of Technology and Business in České Budějovice, Okružní 10, 370 01 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Institute of Electrical Engineering, Automation, Informatics and Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovakia
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Wiśnios M, Tatko S, Mazur M, Paś J, Łukasiak JM, Klimczak T. Identifying Characteristic Fire Properties with Stationary and Non-Stationary Fire Alarm Systems. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:2772. [PMID: 38732878 PMCID: PMC11086265 DOI: 10.3390/s24092772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
The article reviews issues associated with the operation of stationary and non-stationary electronic fire alarm systems (FASs). These systems are employed for the fire protection of selected buildings (stationary) or to monitor vast areas, e.g., forests, airports, logistics hubs, etc. (non-stationary). An FAS is operated under various environmental conditions, indoor and outdoor, favourable or unfavourable to the operation process. Therefore, an FAS has to exhibit a reliable structure in terms of power supply and operation. To this end, the paper discusses a representative FAS monitoring a facility and presents basic tactical and technical assumptions for a non-stationary system. The authors reviewed fire detection methods in terms of fire characteristic values (FCVs) impacting detector sensors. Another part of the article focuses on false alarm causes. Assumptions behind the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with visible-range cameras (e.g., Aviotec) and thermal imaging were presented for non-stationary FASs. The FAS operation process model was defined and a computer simulation related to its operation was conducted. Analysing the FAS operation process in the form of models and graphs, and the conducted computer simulation enabled conclusions to be drawn. They may be applied for the design, ongoing maintenance and operation of an FAS. As part of the paper, the authors conducted a reliability analysis of a selected FAS based on the original performance tests of an actual system in operation. They formulated basic technical and tactical requirements applicable to stationary and mobile FASs detecting the so-called vast fires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Wiśnios
- Division of Electronic Systems Exploitations, Institute of Electronic Systems, Faculty of Electronics, Military University of Technology, 2 Gen. S. Kaliski St., 00-908 Warsaw, Poland; (M.W.); (J.P.); (J.M.Ł.)
| | - Sebastian Tatko
- Doctoral School, Faculty of Electronics, Military University of Technology, 2 Gen. S. Kaliski St., 00-908 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Michał Mazur
- Doctoral School, Faculty of Electronics, Military University of Technology, 2 Gen. S. Kaliski St., 00-908 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Jacek Paś
- Division of Electronic Systems Exploitations, Institute of Electronic Systems, Faculty of Electronics, Military University of Technology, 2 Gen. S. Kaliski St., 00-908 Warsaw, Poland; (M.W.); (J.P.); (J.M.Ł.)
| | - Jarosław Mateusz Łukasiak
- Division of Electronic Systems Exploitations, Institute of Electronic Systems, Faculty of Electronics, Military University of Technology, 2 Gen. S. Kaliski St., 00-908 Warsaw, Poland; (M.W.); (J.P.); (J.M.Ł.)
| | - Tomasz Klimczak
- Department of Building Safety, Fire University, 52/54 J. Słowackiego St., 01-629 Warsaw, Poland;
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Nowakowski M, Dudek E, Rosiński A. The Influence of Varying Atmospheric and Space Weather Conditions on the Accuracy of Position Determination. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:2814. [PMID: 36905018 PMCID: PMC10007505 DOI: 10.3390/s23052814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Today's technological developments make it possible to use machines to perform specific tasks instead of humans. However, the challenge for such autonomous devices is to precisely move and navigate in constantly changing external environments. In this paper, the influence of varying weather conditions (air temperature, humidity, wind speed, atmospheric pressure, type of satellite systems used/satellites visible, and solar activity) on the accuracy of position determination was analyzed. To reach the receiver, a satellite signal must travel a great distance and pass through all layers of the Earth's atmosphere, the variability of which causes errors and delays. Moreover, the weather conditions for receiving data from satellites are not always favorable. In order to investigate the impact of delays and errors on position determination, the measurements of the satellite signal were conducted, the motion trajectories were determined, and the standard deviations of these trajectories were compared. The results obtained show that it is possible to achieve high precision in determining the position, but varying conditions, such as solar flares or satellites' visibility, meant that not all measurements are able to achieve the required accuracy. The use of the absolute method of satellite signal measurements contributed to this to a large extent. To increase the accuracy of positioning by GNSS systems, it is first of all proposed to use a dual-frequency receiver that eliminates ionospheric refractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Nowakowski
- Demant Technology Centre Sp. z o.o., Al. Jana Pawła II 22, 00-133 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Dudek
- Faculty of Transport, Warsaw University of Technology, 75 Koszykowa St., 00-662 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Rosiński
- Division of Electronic Systems Exploitations, Institute of Electronic Systems, Faculty of Electronics, Military University of Technology, 2 Gen. S. Kaliski St., 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
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