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Stollberg C, Kroupp E, Mikitchuk D, Sharma P, Bernshtam V, Cvejić M, Doron R, Stambulchik E, Maron Y, Fruchtman A, Ochs IE, Fisch NJ, Shumlak U. Observation of Fast Current Redistribution in an Imploding Plasma Column. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:205101. [PMID: 37267532 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.205101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Spectroscopic measurements of the magnetic field evolution in a Z-pinch throughout stagnation and with particularly high spatial resolution reveal a sudden current redistribution from the stagnating plasma (SP) to a low-density plasma (LDP) at larger radii, while the SP continues to implode. Based on the plasma parameters it is shown that the current is transferred to an increasing-conductance LDP outside the stagnation, a process likely to be induced by the large impedance of the SP. Since an LDP often exists around imploding plasmas and in various pulsed-power systems, such a fast current redistribution may dramatically affect the behavior and achievable parameters in these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Stollberg
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Herzl Street 243, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - E Kroupp
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Herzl Street 243, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - D Mikitchuk
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Herzl Street 243, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - P Sharma
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Herzl Street 243, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - V Bernshtam
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Herzl Street 243, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - M Cvejić
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Herzl Street 243, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - R Doron
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Herzl Street 243, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - E Stambulchik
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Herzl Street 243, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Y Maron
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Herzl Street 243, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - A Fruchtman
- Department of Physics, Holon Institute of Technology, Holon 58102, Israel
| | - I E Ochs
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - N J Fisch
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
| | - U Shumlak
- Aerospace and Energetics Research Program, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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Martinelli L, Mikitchuck D, Duval BP, Andrebe Y, Blanchard P, Février O, Gorno S, Elaian H, Linehan BL, Perek A, Stollberg C, Vincent B. Implementation of high-resolution spectroscopy for ion (and electron) temperature measurements of the divertor plasma in the Tokamak à configuration variable. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:123505. [PMID: 36586937 DOI: 10.1063/5.0114538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
High resolution spectroscopy on the Tokamak à Configuration Variable (TCV) divertor plasma provided Doppler broadening measurements to infer the ion and neutral temperature of injected helium gas. This paper presents the Divertor Spectroscopy System's (DSS) access to He II ion temperature measurements over a broad range, ≈0.5-15 eV, with an uncertainty of <10% for most of the studied plasma discharges. TCV's shaping flexibility was employed to validate these measurements against Thomson scattering across the DSS lines of sight. In detachment-related experiments, Ti(He II) ≃ Te, making this diagnostic a reliable thermometer along the divertor leg plasma over the wide range of magnetic equilibria and divertor configurations achievable in TCV. A detailed description of the diagnostic hardware, data analysis, and sources of uncertainty is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Martinelli
- Swiss Plasma Center, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (SPC-EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - D Mikitchuck
- Swiss Plasma Center, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (SPC-EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - B P Duval
- Swiss Plasma Center, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (SPC-EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Y Andrebe
- Swiss Plasma Center, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (SPC-EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - P Blanchard
- Swiss Plasma Center, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (SPC-EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - O Février
- Swiss Plasma Center, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (SPC-EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - S Gorno
- Swiss Plasma Center, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (SPC-EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - H Elaian
- Swiss Plasma Center, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (SPC-EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - B L Linehan
- Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A Perek
- Swiss Plasma Center, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (SPC-EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - C Stollberg
- Swiss Plasma Center, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (SPC-EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - B Vincent
- Swiss Plasma Center, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (SPC-EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Röpke G, Schörner M, Redmer R, Bethkenhagen M. Virial expansion of the electrical conductivity of hydrogen plasmas. Phys Rev E 2021; 104:045204. [PMID: 34781483 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.104.045204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The low-density limit of the electrical conductivity σ(n,T) of hydrogen as the simplest ionic plasma is presented as a function of the temperature T and mass density n in the form of a virial expansion of the resistivity. Quantum statistical methods yield exact values for the lowest virial coefficients which serve as a benchmark for analytical approaches to the electrical conductivity as well as for numerical results obtained from density functional theory-based molecular dynamics simulations (DFT-MD) or path-integral Monte Carlo simulations. While these simulations are well suited to calculate σ(n,T) in a wide range of density and temperature, in particular, for the warm dense matter region, they become computationally expensive in the low-density limit, and virial expansions can be utilized to balance this drawback. We present new results of DFT-MD simulations in that regime and discuss the account of electron-electron collisions by comparison with the virial expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Röpke
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, D-18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - M Schörner
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, D-18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - R Redmer
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, D-18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - M Bethkenhagen
- École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon, LGLTPE UMR 5276, Centre Blaise Pascal, 46 allée d'Italie, Lyon 69364, France
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Vaghela H, Lakhera VJ, Sarkar B. Forced flow cryogenic cooling in fusion devices: A review. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06053. [PMID: 33553741 PMCID: PMC7846934 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The constantly increasing energy consumption along with the depleting fossil fuel resources as well as owing to the fact that the nuclear fission not being an intrinsically safe method of energy generation, it has become necessary to look for other solutions to fulfil the future energy demands. Nuclear fusion, the source of energy for billions of stars, has attracted the attention of scientists and engineers despite a lot of technical challenges in the replication of the fusion process in laboratories. For fusion to take place in a device, one of the major challenges faced is the strong magnetic confinement of the plasma using large superconducting (SC) magnets, which need efficient cryogenic cooling techniques to maintain the required low temperatures for the superconducting state. In order to maintain the compactness, the SC magnets generally employ Cable in Conduit Conductor (CICC) windings, carrying high current densities, which are cooled by the forced flow of helium at ~4 K temperature to maintain the required superconducting temperatures. The construction of CICC aims to maintain the superconductivity state by optimization of various parameters such as thermal stability, the ratio of normal conductor to SC material, mechanical strength, low hydraulic impedance, current density, magnetic field, etc. The cryogenic thermal stability of the CICC is of prime importance for safe, stable and reliable operation of SC magnets. The prediction of thermal and hydraulic behavior of the CICC in large SC magnets is difficult due to the complex geometry involved, the variation in fluid properties, various heat in-flux incidences over the long length of CICC and a complex heat transport phenomenon. Another application which utilizes a forced flow cryogenic cooling in the fusion devices is a cryo-adsorption pump for creating clean and high vacuum with large pumping speed. This paper presents an overview of the forced flow cryogenic cooling schemes in fusion devices along with a systematic review of the thermal and hydraulic studies related to CICC and cryo-adsorption pump, thereby highlighting the challenges and opportunities for further improvement in their design and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitensinh Vaghela
- ITER-India, Institute for Plasma Research, Ahmedabad, 380005, India
- Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, 382481, India
| | - Vikas J. Lakhera
- Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, 382481, India
| | - Biswanath Sarkar
- ITER-India, Institute for Plasma Research, Ahmedabad, 380005, India
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Kim H, Hong I, Jung WS. Measuring national capability over big science's multidisciplinarity: A case study of nuclear fusion research. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211963. [PMID: 30735548 PMCID: PMC6368312 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the era of big science, countries allocate big research and development budgets to large scientific facilities that boost collaboration and research capability. A nuclear fusion device called the "tokamak" is a source of great interest for many countries because it ideally generates sustainable energy expected to solve the energy crisis in the future. Here, to explore the scientific effects of tokamaks, we map a country's research capability in nuclear fusion research with normalized revealed comparative advantage on five topical clusters-material, plasma, device, diagnostics, and simulation-detected through a dynamic topic model. Our approach captures not only the growth of China, India, and the Republic of Korea but also the decline of Canada, Japan, Sweden, and the Netherlands. Time points of their rise and fall are related to tokamak operation, highlighting the importance of large facilities in big science. The gravity model points out that two countries collaborate less in device, diagnostics, and plasma research if they have comparative advantages in different topics. This relation is a unique feature of nuclear fusion compared to other science fields. Our results can be used and extended when building national policies for big science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunuk Kim
- Department of Industrial and Management Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
- Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
- Northwestern Institute on Complex Systems, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - Inho Hong
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Sung Jung
- Department of Industrial and Management Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Republic of Korea
- Asia Pacific Center for Theoretical Physics, Pohang, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Lee H, Kim S, Jung S, Jo J, Lee H, Hwang Y, Lee B. Traveling-wave antenna for the current drive using the fast wave in the lower hybrid-frequency range in the Versatile Experiment Spherical Torus (VEST). FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2018.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Installation, Commissioning and Tests of Four Fast Switching Units of up to 20 kA for the JT-60SA Nuclear Fusion Experiment. ENERGIES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/en11040996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Progress of the Plasma Centerpost for the PROTO-SPHERA Spherical Tokamak. ENERGIES 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/en9070508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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