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Carpen LG, Acasandrei MA, Acsente T, Matei E, Lungu I, Dinescu G. In vitro analysis of the cytotoxic effect of two different sizes ITER-like tungsten nanoparticles on human dermal fibroblasts. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13849. [PMID: 36895402 PMCID: PMC9988585 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Based on the current configuration of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor, tungsten (W) was chosen as the armour material. Nevertheless, during operation, the expected power and temperature of plasma can trigger the formation of W dust in the plasma chamber. According to the scenario for a Loss Of Vacuum Accident (LOVA), in the case of confinement failure dust is released, which can lead to occupational or accidental exposure. Methods For a first evidence of potential risks, fusion devices relevant W dust has been produced on purpose, using a magnetron sputtering gas aggregation source. We aimed to assess the in vitro cytotoxicity of synthesized tungsten nanoparticles (W-NPs) with diameters of 30 and 100 nm, on human BJ fibroblasts. That was systematically investigated using different cytotoxic endpoints (metabolic activity, cellular ATP, AK release and caspase-3/7 activity) and by direct observation with optical and scanning electron microscopy. Results Increasing concentrations of W-NPs of both sizes induced cell viability decrease, but the effect was significantly higher for large W-NPs, starting from 200 μg/mL. In direct correlation with the effect on the cell membrane integrity, high concentrations of large W-NPs appear to increase AK release in the first 24 h of treatment. On the other hand, activation of the cellular caspase 3/7 was found significantly increased after 16 h of treatment solely for low concentrations of small W-NPs. SEM images revealed an increased tendency of agglomeration of small W-NPs in liquid medium, but no major differences in cells development and morphology were observed after treatment. An apparent internalization of nanoparticles under the cell membrane was also identified. Conclusion These results provide evidence for different toxicological outputs identified as mechanistic responses of BJ fibroblasts to different sizes of W-NPs, indicating also that small W-NPs (30 nm) display lower cytotoxicity compared to larger ones (100 nm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavinia Gabriela Carpen
- National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor Street, 077125, Magurele, Ilfov, Romania.,Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, 405 Atomistilor Street, 077125, Magurele, Ilfov, Romania
| | - Maria Adriana Acasandrei
- Horia Hulubei National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, 30 Reactorului Street, 077125, Magurele, Ilfov, Romania
| | - Tomy Acsente
- National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor Street, 077125, Magurele, Ilfov, Romania
| | - Elena Matei
- National Institute of Materials Physics, 405A Atomistilor Street, 077125, Magurele, Ilfov, Romania
| | - Iulia Lungu
- National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor Street, 077125, Magurele, Ilfov, Romania
| | - Gheorghe Dinescu
- National Institute for Lasers, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 409 Atomistilor Street, 077125, Magurele, Ilfov, Romania.,Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, 405 Atomistilor Street, 077125, Magurele, Ilfov, Romania
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Comparative Analysis of Spectroscopic Studies of Tungsten and Carbon Deposits on Plasma-Facing Components in Thermonuclear Fusion Reactors. Symmetry (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/sym15030623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies on the erosion products of tungsten plasma-facing components (films, surfaces, and dust) for thermonuclear fusion reactors by spectroscopic methods are considered and compared with those of carbon deposits. The latter includes: carbon–deuterium CDx (x ~ 0.5) smooth films deposited at the vacuum chamber during the erosion of the graphite limiters in the T-10 tokamak and mixed CHx-Me films (Me = W, Fe, etc.) formed by irradiating a tungsten target with an intense H-plasma flux in a QSPA-T plasma accelerator. It is shown that the formerly developed technique for studying CDx films with 15 methods, including spectroscopic methods, such as XPS, TDS, EPR, Raman, and FT-IR, is universal and can be supplemented by a number of new methods for tungsten materials, including in situ analysis of the MAPP type using XPS, SEM, TEM, and probe methods, and nuclear reaction method. In addition, the analysis of the fractality of the CDx films using SAXS + WAXS is compared with the analysis of the fractal structures formed on tungsten and carbon surfaces under the action of high-intensity plasma fluxes. A comparative analysis of spectroscopic studies on carbon and tungsten deposits makes it possible to identify the problems of the safe operation of thermonuclear fusion reactors.
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Wang J, Chai J, Dang W, Pan XD, Li XC, Luo GN. Molecular dynamics study on melting point of tungsten nanostructures. NUCLEAR MATERIALS AND ENERGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nme.2022.101260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Meehan N, Maldonado GI, Brown NR. Demonstration of RELAP5-3D for transient analysis of a dual coolant lead lithium fusion blanket concept. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2022.113192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Pérez P, Monge M. Influence of 2 (wt. %) titanium addition on the oxidation resistance of tungsten. NUCLEAR MATERIALS AND ENERGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nme.2022.101172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
To investigate the parameters of sucrose dust explosion, the minimum ignition energy (MIE) and minimum ignition temperature (MIT) were evaluated. The experiments tested the MIE of sucrose dust under different conditions of dust quantity, ignition delay time (IDT), and powder injection pressure (PIP). The experiments tested the MIT of different particle sizes. The results demonstrate that the MIE of sucrose powder under three conditions was an open-up quadratic polynomial. When the dust quantity, the IDT, and PIP were 0.5 g (417 g/m3), 90 ms, and 150 kPa, respectively, the MIE was 58.9 mJ, 62.6 mJ, and 52.4 mJ. The MIT was positively correlated with the particle size of sucrose dust, and the MIT was 340 °C. At the molecular level, the “O–H” bonds of the sucrose molecule hydroxyl groups were broken by the discharge of electrodes or high temperature to generate H2. The combustion of H2 caused the explosion to spread to the surrounding sucrose dust and made the deposited dust rise, forming an interlocking explosion. The explosion would not stop until the dust concentration dropped below the lowest explosion limit. The results of this study can provide guidance for sucrose enterprises to prevent dust explosion accidents.
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Numerical simulations of radioactive dust particle releases during a Loss Of Vacuum Accident in a nuclear fusion reactor. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2020.112161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Rossi R, Gaudio P, Ciparisse JF, Malizia A. Experimental measurements of pressure, temperature and dust velocities in case of LOVA: Comparisons with a multiphase numerical model. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2019.01.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Rossi R, Ciparisse JF, Gaudio P, Malizia A. A scaling law of pressurisation time in the case of Loss Of Vacuum Accidents (LOVAs): Theoretical and experimental analysis. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2019.03.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Malizia A, Rossi R, Cacciotti I. Improvement of the shadow tracking setup as a method to measure the velocities values of dark dust in order to reduce the risks of radioactive releases or explosions. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:083306. [PMID: 30184644 DOI: 10.1063/1.5006603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The mobilisation of dust is a key security issue in nuclear and industrial plants because it can provoke both explosions (in particular temperature and pressure conditions) and dangerous radioactive releases. This work is focused on the tungsten dust resuspension inside small tank for aerosol removal and DUST (STARDUST)-Upgrade, an experimental facility used to reproduce different conditions typical of the loss of vacuum accidents. In this paper, the authors present the facility and the materials used to mount the experimental setup together with the methods and algorithms implemented to track the dust velocity vectors. Tungsten dust is also analyzed through scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction to find some correlation between the variation of the dust morphology, due to the different experimental conditions, with the dust mobilisation paths. The materials and methods together with the experimental results are analyzed and discussed to demonstrate the implementation with the shadow tracking setup presented in the previous facility STARDUST.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Malizia
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via di Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - R Rossi
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - I Cacciotti
- Department of Engineering, INSTM RU, University of Rome "Niccolò Cusano," Via Don Carlo Gnocchi 3, Rome, Italy
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Rossi R, Gaudio P, Ciparisse J, Poggi L, Malizia A. Imaging of dust re-suspension in case of LOVA. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2017.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Weinzettl V, Matejicek J, Ratynskaia S, Tolias P, De Angeli M, Riva G, Dimitrova M, Havlicek J, Adamek J, Seidl J, Tomes M, Cavalier J, Imrisek M, Havranek A, Panek R, Peterka M. Dust remobilization experiments on the COMPASS tokamak. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2017.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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A novel integrated approach for the hazardous radioactive dust source terms estimation in future nuclear fusion power plants. Heliyon 2016; 2:e00184. [PMID: 27812553 PMCID: PMC5079662 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2016.e00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An open issue still under investigation by several international entities working on the safety and security field for the foreseen nuclear fusion reactors is the estimation of source terms that are a hazard for the operators and public, and for the machine itself in terms of efficiency and integrity in case of severe accident scenarios. Source term estimation is a crucial key safety issue to be addressed in the future reactors safety assessments, and the estimates available at the time are not sufficiently satisfactory. The lack of neutronic data along with the insufficiently accurate methodologies used until now, calls for an integrated methodology for source term estimation that can provide predictions with an adequate accuracy. This work proposes a complete methodology to estimate dust source terms starting from a broad information gathering. The wide number of parameters that can influence dust source term production is reduced with statistical tools using a combination of screening, sensitivity analysis, and uncertainty analysis. Finally, a preliminary and simplified methodology for dust source term production prediction for future devices is presented.
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