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Miller RS, Bevins SN, Cook G, Free R, Pepin KM, Gidlewski T, Brown VR. Adaptive risk-based targeted surveillance for foreign animal diseases at the wildlife-livestock interface. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e2329-e2340. [PMID: 35490290 PMCID: PMC9790623 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Animal disease surveillance is an important component of the national veterinary infrastructure to protect animal agriculture and facilitates identification of foreign animal disease (FAD) introduction. Once introduced, pathogens shared among domestic and wild animals are especially challenging to manage due to the complex ecology of spillover and spillback. Thus, early identification of FAD in wildlife is critical to minimize outbreak severity and potential impacts on animal agriculture as well as potential impacts on wildlife and biodiversity. As a result, national surveillance and monitoring programs that include wildlife are becoming increasingly common. Designing surveillance systems in wildlife or, more importantly, at the interface of wildlife and domestic animals, is especially challenging because of the frequent lack of ecological and epidemiological data for wildlife species and technical challenges associated with a lack of non-invasive methodologies. To meet the increasing need for targeted FAD surveillance and to address gaps in existing wildlife surveillance systems, we developed an adaptive risk-based targeted surveillance approach that accounts for risks in source and recipient host populations. The approach is flexible, accounts for changing disease risks through time, can be scaled from local to national extents and permits the inclusion of quantitative data or when information is limited to expert opinion. We apply this adaptive risk-based surveillance framework to prioritize areas for surveillance in wild pigs in the United States with the objective of early detection of three diseases: classical swine fever, African swine fever and foot-and-mouth disease. We discuss our surveillance framework, its application to wild pigs and discuss the utility of this framework for surveillance of other host species and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S. Miller
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, Veterinary ServicesCenter for Epidemiology and Animal HealthFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Sarah N. Bevins
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, Wildlife ServicesNational Wildlife Research CenterFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Gericke Cook
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, Veterinary ServicesCenter for Epidemiology and Animal HealthFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Ross Free
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, Veterinary ServicesSwine Commodity HealthRaleighNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Kim M. Pepin
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, Wildlife ServicesNational Wildlife Research CenterFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Thomas Gidlewski
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, Wildlife ServicesNational Wildlife Disease ProgramFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Vienna R. Brown
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, Wildlife ServicesNational Feral Swine Damage Management ProgramFort CollinsColoradoUSA
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2
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van Rees CB, Hand BK, Carter SC, Bargeron C, Cline TJ, Daniel W, Ferrante JA, Gaddis K, Hunter ME, Jarnevich CS, McGeoch MA, Morisette JT, Neilson ME, Roy HE, Rozance MA, Sepulveda A, Wallace RD, Whited D, Wilcox T, Kimball JS, Luikart G. A framework to integrate innovations in invasion science for proactive management. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2022; 97:1712-1735. [PMID: 35451197 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Invasive alien species (IAS) are a rising threat to biodiversity, national security, and regional economies, with impacts in the hundreds of billions of U.S. dollars annually. Proactive or predictive approaches guided by scientific knowledge are essential to keeping pace with growing impacts of invasions under climate change. Although the rapid development of diverse technologies and approaches has produced tools with the potential to greatly accelerate invasion research and management, innovation has far outpaced implementation and coordination. Technological and methodological syntheses are urgently needed to close the growing implementation gap and facilitate interdisciplinary collaboration and synergy among evolving disciplines. A broad review is necessary to demonstrate the utility and relevance of work in diverse fields to generate actionable science for the ongoing invasion crisis. Here, we review such advances in relevant fields including remote sensing, epidemiology, big data analytics, environmental DNA (eDNA) sampling, genomics, and others, and present a generalized framework for distilling existing and emerging data into products for proactive IAS research and management. This integrated workflow provides a pathway for scientists and practitioners in diverse disciplines to contribute to applied invasion biology in a coordinated, synergistic, and scalable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles B van Rees
- Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, 32125 Bio Station Lane, Polson, MT, 59860, U.S.A
| | - Brian K Hand
- Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, 32125 Bio Station Lane, Polson, MT, 59860, U.S.A
| | - Sean C Carter
- Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group, University of Montana, ISB 415, Missoula, MT, 59812, U.S.A
| | - Chuck Bargeron
- Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health, University of Georgia, 4601 Research Way, Tifton, GA, 31793, U.S.A
| | - Timothy J Cline
- U.S. Geological Survey, Northern Rocky Mountain Science Center, 2327 University Way STE 2, Bozeman MT 59717 & 320 Grinnel Drive, West Glacier, MT, 59936, U.S.A
| | - Wesley Daniel
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, 7920 NW 71st Street, Gainesville, FL, 32653, U.S.A
| | - Jason A Ferrante
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, 7920 NW 71st Street, Gainesville, FL, 32653, U.S.A
| | - Keith Gaddis
- NASA Biological Diversity and Ecological Forecasting Programs, 300 E St. SW, Washington, DC, 20546, U.S.A
| | - Margaret E Hunter
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, 7920 NW 71st Street, Gainesville, FL, 32653, U.S.A
| | - Catherine S Jarnevich
- U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, 2150 Centre Avenue Bldg C, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, U.S.A
| | - Melodie A McGeoch
- Department of Environment and Genetics, La Trobe University, Plenty Road & Kingsbury Drive, Bundoora, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Jeffrey T Morisette
- U.S. Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, 26 Fort Missoula Road, Missoula, 59804, MT, U.S.A
| | - Matthew E Neilson
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, 7920 NW 71st Street, Gainesville, FL, 32653, U.S.A
| | - Helen E Roy
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, MacLean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, OX10 8BB, U.K
| | - Mary Ann Rozance
- Northwest Climate Adaptation Science Center, University of Washington, Box 355674, Seattle, WA, 98195, U.S.A
| | - Adam Sepulveda
- U.S. Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, 26 Fort Missoula Road, Missoula, 59804, MT, U.S.A
| | - Rebekah D Wallace
- Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health, University of Georgia, 4601 Research Way, Tifton, GA, 31793, U.S.A
| | - Diane Whited
- Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, 32125 Bio Station Lane, Polson, MT, 59860, U.S.A
| | - Taylor Wilcox
- U.S. Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station, 26 Fort Missoula Road, Missoula, 59804, MT, U.S.A
| | - John S Kimball
- Numerical Terradynamic Simulation Group, University of Montana, ISB 415, Missoula, MT, 59812, U.S.A
| | - Gordon Luikart
- Flathead Lake Biological Station, University of Montana, 32125 Bio Station Lane, Polson, MT, 59860, U.S.A
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Engelstad P, Jarnevich CS, Hogan T, Sofaer HR, Pearse IS, Sieracki JL, Frakes N, Sullivan J, Young NE, Prevéy JS, Belamaric P, LaRoe J. INHABIT: A web-based decision support tool for invasive plant species habitat visualization and assessment across the contiguous United States. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0263056. [PMID: 35134065 PMCID: PMC8824347 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Narrowing the communication and knowledge gap between producers and users of scientific data is a longstanding problem in ecological conservation and land management. Decision support tools (DSTs), including websites or interactive web applications, provide platforms that can help bridge this gap. DSTs can most effectively disseminate and translate research results when producers and users collaboratively and iteratively design content and features. One data resource seldom incorporated into DSTs are species distribution models (SDMs), which can produce spatial predictions of habitat suitability. Outputs from SDMs can inform management decisions, but their complexity and inaccessibility can limit their use by resource managers or policy makers. To overcome these limitations, we present the Invasive Species Habitat Tool (INHABIT), a novel, web-based DST built with R Shiny to display spatial predictions and tabular summaries of habitat suitability from SDMs for invasive plants across the contiguous United States. INHABIT provides actionable science to support the prevention and management of invasive species. Two case studies demonstrate the important role of end user feedback in confirming INHABIT's credibility, utility, and relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peder Engelstad
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Catherine S. Jarnevich
- U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Terri Hogan
- National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Helen R. Sofaer
- U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Ian S. Pearse
- U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | | | - Neil Frakes
- National Park Service, Joshua Tree National Park, Twentynine Palms, California, United States of America
| | - Julia Sullivan
- Student Contractor to the U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Nicholas E. Young
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Janet S. Prevéy
- U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Pairsa Belamaric
- Student Contractor to the U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jillian LaRoe
- Student Contractor to the U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
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Socio-environmental drivers of establishment of Lymantria dispar, a nonnative forest pest, in the United States. Biol Invasions 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-021-02637-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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5
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Jarnevich CS, Sofaer HR, Engelstad P. Modelling presence versus abundance for invasive species risk assessment. DIVERS DISTRIB 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Helen R. Sofaer
- U.S. Geological Survey Fort Collins Research Center Fort Collins CO USA
| | - Peder Engelstad
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory Colorado State University Fort Collins CO USA
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6
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Jarnevich CS, Belamaric PN, Fricke K, Houts M, Rossi L, Beauprez G, Cooper B, Martin R. Challenges in updating habitat suitability models: An example with the lesser prairie-chicken. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256633. [PMID: 34543290 PMCID: PMC8452035 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Habitat loss from land-use change is one of the top causes of declines in wildlife species of concern. As such, it is critical to assess and reassess habitat suitability as land cover and anthropogenic features change for both monitoring and developing current information to inform management decisions. However, there are obstacles that must be overcome to develop consistent assessments through time. A range-wide lek habitat suitability model for the lesser prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus pallidicinctus), currently under review by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service for potential listing under the Endangered Species Act, was published in 2016. This model was based on lek data from 2002 to 2012, land cover data ranging from 2001 to 2013, and anthropogenic features from circa 2011, and has been used to help guide lesser prairie-chicken management and anthropogenic development actions. We created a second iteration model based on new lek surveys (2015 to 2019) and updated predictors (2016 land cover and cleaned/updated anthropogenic data) to evaluate changes in lek suitability and to quantify current range-wide habitat suitability. Only three of 11 predictor variables were directly comparable between the iterations, making it difficult to directly assess what predicted changes resulted from changes in model inputs versus actual landscape change. The second iteration model showed a similar positive relationship with land cover and negative relationship with anthropogenic features to the first iteration, but exhibited more variation among candidate models. Range-wide, more suitable habitat was predicted in the second iteration. The Shinnery Oak Ecoregion, however, exhibited a loss in predicted suitable habitat that could be due to predictor source changes. Iterated models such as this are important to ensure current information is being used in conservation and development decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine S. Jarnevich
- U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Pairsa N. Belamaric
- Student contractor to the U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Kent Fricke
- Kansas Department of Wildlife, Parks and Tourism, Emporia, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Mike Houts
- Kansas Biological Survey, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Liza Rossi
- Colorado Parks and Wildlife, Steamboat Springs, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Grant Beauprez
- New Mexico Department of Game and Fish, Texico, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Brett Cooper
- Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation, Woodward, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Russell Martin
- Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Canyon, Texas, United States of America
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Optimal invasive species surveillance in the real world: practical advances from research. Emerg Top Life Sci 2020; 4:513-520. [PMID: 33241845 PMCID: PMC7803343 DOI: 10.1042/etls20200305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
When alien species make incursions into novel environments, early detection through surveillance is critical to minimizing their impacts and preserving the possibility of timely eradication. However, incipient populations can be difficult to detect, and usually, there are limited resources for surveillance or other response activities. Modern optimization techniques enable surveillance planning that accounts for the biology and expected behavior of an invasive species while exploring multiple scenarios to identify the most cost-effective options. Nevertheless, most optimization models omit some real-world limitations faced by practitioners during multi-day surveillance campaigns, such as daily working time constraints, the time and cost to access survey sites and personnel work schedules. Consequently, surveillance managers must rely on their own judgments to handle these logistical details, and default to their experience during implementation. This is sensible, but their decisions may fail to address all relevant factors and may not be cost-effective. A better planning strategy is to determine optimal routing to survey sites while accounting for common daily logistical constraints. Adding site access and other logistical constraints imposes restrictions on the scope and extent of the surveillance effort, yielding costlier but more realistic expectations of the surveillance outcomes than in a theoretical planning case.
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Chiffard J, Marciau C, Yoccoz NG, Mouillot F, Duchateau S, Nadeau I, Fontanilles P, Besnard A. Adaptive niche‐based sampling to improve ability to find rare and elusive species: Simulations and field tests. Methods Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jules Chiffard
- EPHE PSL Research UniversityCNRSUMSupAgroIRDINRAUMR 5175 CEFE Montpellier France
| | - Coline Marciau
- EPHE PSL Research UniversityCNRSUMSupAgroIRDINRAUMR 5175 CEFE Montpellier France
| | - Nigel Gilles Yoccoz
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology UiT The Arctic University of Norway Tromsø Norway
| | - Florent Mouillot
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) UMR CEFE 5175 CNRSUniversité MontpellierUniversité Paul Valery MontpellierEPHE Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | | | - Iris Nadeau
- EPHE PSL Research UniversityCNRSUMSupAgroIRDINRAUMR 5175 CEFE Montpellier France
| | | | - Aurélien Besnard
- EPHE PSL Research UniversityCNRSUMSupAgroIRDINRAUMR 5175 CEFE Montpellier France
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Young NE, Jarnevich CS, Sofaer HR, Pearse I, Sullivan J, Engelstad P, Stohlgren TJ. A modeling workflow that balances automation and human intervention to inform invasive plant management decisions at multiple spatial scales. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229253. [PMID: 32150554 PMCID: PMC7062246 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Predictions of habitat suitability for invasive plant species can guide risk assessments at regional and national scales and inform early detection and rapid-response strategies at local scales. We present a general approach to invasive species modeling and mapping that meets objectives at multiple scales. Our methodology is designed to balance trade-offs between developing highly customized models for few species versus fitting non-specific and generic models for numerous species. We developed a national library of environmental variables known to physiologically limit plant distributions and relied on human input based on natural history knowledge to further narrow the variable set for each species before developing habitat suitability models. To ensure efficiency, we used largely automated modeling approaches and human input only at key junctures. We explore and present uncertainty by using two alternative sources of background samples, including five statistical algorithms, and constructing model ensembles. We demonstrate the use and efficiency of the Software for Assisted Habitat Modeling [SAHM 2.1.2], a package in VisTrails, which performs the majority of the modeling analyses. Our workflow includes solicitation of expert feedback on model outputs such as spatial prediction results and variable response curves, and iterative improvement based on new data availability and directed field validation of initial model results. We highlight the utility of the models for decision-making at regional and local scales with case studies of two plant species that invade natural areas: fountain grass (Pennisetum setaceum) and goutweed (Aegopodium podagraria). By balancing model automation with human intervention, we can efficiently provide land managers with mapped predicted distributions for multiple invasive species to inform decisions across spatial scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E. Young
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Catherine S. Jarnevich
- U.S. Geological Survey Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Helen R. Sofaer
- U.S. Geological Survey Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Ian Pearse
- U.S. Geological Survey Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Julia Sullivan
- U.S. Geological Survey Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Peder Engelstad
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Stohlgren
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
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Right place. Right time. Right tool: guidance for using target analysis to increase the likelihood of invasive species detection. Biol Invasions 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-019-02145-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn response to the National Invasive Species Council’s 2016–2018 Management Plan, this paper provides guidance on applying target analysis as part of a comprehensive framework for the early detection of and rapid response to invasive species (EDRR). Target analysis is a strategic approach for detecting one or more invasive species at a specific locality and time, using a particular method and/or technology(ies). Target analyses, which are employed across a wide range of disciplines, are intended to increase the likelihood of detection of a known target in order to maximize survey effectiveness and cost-efficiency. Although target analyses are not yet a standard approach to invasive species management, some federal agencies are employing target analyses in principle and/or in part to improve EDRR capacities. These initiatives can provide a foundation for a more standardized and comprehensive approach to target analyses. Guidance is provided for improving computational information. Federal agencies and their partners would benefit from a concerted effort to collect the information necessary to perform rigorous target analyses and make it available through open access platforms.
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Sofaer HR, Jarnevich CS, Pearse IS, Smyth RL, Auer S, Cook GL, Edwards TC, Guala GF, Howard TG, Morisette JT, Hamilton H. Development and Delivery of Species Distribution Models to Inform Decision-Making. Bioscience 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biz045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Information on where species occur is an important component of conservation and management decisions, but knowledge of distributions is often coarse or incomplete. Species distribution models provide a tool for mapping habitat and can produce credible, defensible, and repeatable information with which to inform decisions. However, these models are sensitive to data inputs and methodological choices, making it important to assess the reliability and utility of model predictions. We provide a rubric that model developers can use to communicate a model's attributes and its appropriate uses. We emphasize the importance of tailoring model development and delivery to the species of interest and the intended use and the advantages of iterative modeling and validation. We highlight how species distribution models have been used to design surveys for new populations, inform spatial prioritization decisions for management actions, and support regulatory decision-making and compliance, tying these examples back to our model assessment rubric.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen R Sofaer
- US Geological Survey's Fort Collins Science Center, in Fort Collins, Colorado
| | | | - Ian S Pearse
- US Geological Survey's Fort Collins Science Center, in Fort Collins, Colorado
| | | | | | - Gericke L Cook
- US Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, in Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Thomas C Edwards
- US Geological Survey's Utah Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, in Logan, Utah
| | - Gerald F Guala
- US Geological Survey's Science Analytics and Synthesis Program, Core Science Systems, in Reston, Virginia
| | - Timothy G Howard
- New York Natural Heritage Program, a program of the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, in Albany, New York
| | - Jeffrey T Morisette
- National Invasive Species Council Secretariat, US Department of the Interior, in Washington, DC
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