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Extraction of High-Value Chemicals from Plants for Technical and Medical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810334. [PMID: 36142238 PMCID: PMC9499410 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants produce a variety of high-value chemicals (e.g., secondary metabolites) which have a plethora of biological activities, which may be utilised in many facets of industry (e.g., agrisciences, cosmetics, drugs, neutraceuticals, household products, etc.). Exposure to various different environments, as well as their treatment (e.g., exposure to chemicals), can influence the chemical makeup of these plants and, in turn, which chemicals will be prevalent within them. Essential oils (EOs) usually have complex compositions (>300 organic compounds, e.g., alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic acids, saponins and terpenes) and are obtained from botanically defined plant raw materials by dry/steam distillation or a suitable mechanical process (without heating). In certain cases, an antioxidant may be added to the EO (EOs are produced by more than 17,500 species of plants, but only ca. 250 EOs are commercially available). The interesting bioactivity of the chemicals produced by plants renders them high in value, motivating investment in their production, extraction and analysis. Traditional methods for effectively extracting plant-derived biomolecules include cold pressing and hydro/steam distillation; newer methods include solvent/Soxhlet extractions and sustainable processes that reduce waste, decrease processing times and deliver competitive yields, examples of which include microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), subcritical water extraction (SWE) and supercritical CO2 extraction (scCO2). Once extracted, analytical techniques such as chromatography and mass spectrometry may be used to analyse the contents of the high-value extracts within a given feedstock. The bioactive components, which can be used in a variety of formulations and products (e.g., displaying anti-aging, antibacterial, anticancer, anti-depressive, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiparasitic, antiviral and anti-stress properties), are biorenewable high-value chemicals.
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Brar KK, Magdouli S, Othmani A, Ghanei J, Narisetty V, Sindhu R, Binod P, Pugazhendhi A, Awasthi MK, Pandey A. Green route for recycling of low-cost waste resources for the biosynthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) and nanomaterials (NMs)-A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 207:112202. [PMID: 34655607 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, nanoparticles (NPs) and nanomaterials (NMs) are used extensively in various streams such as medical science, solar energy, drug delivery, water treatment, and detection of persistent pollutants. Intensive synthesis of NPs/NMs carried out via physico-chemical technologies is deteriorating the environment globally. Therefore, an urgent need to adopt cost-effective and green technologies to synthesize NPs/NMs by recycling of secondary waste resources is highly required. Environmental wastes such as metallurgical slag, electronics (e-waste), and acid mine drainage (AMD) are rich sources of metals to produce NPs. This concept can remediate the environment on the one hand and the other hand, it can provide a future roadmap for economic benefits at industrial scale operations. The waste-derived NPs will reduce the industrial consumption of limited primary resources. In this review article, green emerging technologies involving lignocellulosic waste to synthesize the NPs from the waste streams and the role of potential microorganisms such as microalgae, fungi, yeast, bacteria for the synthesis of NPs have been discussed. A critical insight is also given on use of recycling technologies and the incorporation of NMs in the membrane bioreactors (MBRs) to improve membrane functioning and process performance. Finally, this study aims to mitigate various persisting scientific and technological challenges for the safe disposal and recycling of organic and inorganic waste for future use in the circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamalpreet Kaur Brar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, North York, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada; Centre Technologique des Résidus Industriels en Abitibi Témiscamingue, J9X0E1, Canada
| | - Sara Magdouli
- Department of Civil Engineering, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, North York, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada; Centre Technologique des Résidus Industriels en Abitibi Témiscamingue, J9X0E1, Canada
| | - Amina Othmani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Monastir, University of Monastir, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Javad Ghanei
- Department of Civil Engineering, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, North York, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada; Centre Technologique des Résidus Industriels en Abitibi Témiscamingue, J9X0E1, Canada
| | - Vivek Narisetty
- Centre for Climate and Environmental Protection, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield, MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Raveendran Sindhu
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum, 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - Parameswaran Binod
- Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Trivandrum, 695 019, Kerala, India
| | - Arivalagan Pugazhendhi
- School of Renewable Energy, Maejo University, Chiang Mai, 50290, Thailand; College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712 100, China
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Centre for Innovation and Translational Research CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, 226 001, India; Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability, Lucknow, 226 0019, India.
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Khaleil MM, Alnoman MM, Elrazik ESA, Zagloul H, Khalil AMA. Essential Oil of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. as a Green Fungicide and Defense-Inducing Agent against Fusarium Root Rot Disease in Vicia faba L. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10080696. [PMID: 34439929 PMCID: PMC8389234 DOI: 10.3390/biology10080696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Plant extracts, including essential oils, are a viable alternative method for controlling plant diseases. This work deals with the exploitation of fennel seed essential oil (FSEO) to inhibit Fusarium solani and control Fusarium root rot disease in Vicai faba. In vitro FSEO inhibited mycelium growth by up to 80% at 400 µL/mL of FSEO. In vivo, the protective effects against Fusarium root rot disease were recorded when FSEO was applied to Vicia faba seeds. The FSEO reduced the disease severity from 98% in plants grown in infested soil with Fusarium solani to 60.1% in plants that previously had their seeds treated with FSEO. GC-MS spectrometry analyses showed that the major chemical components in the essential oil were D-limonene, menthol, estragole and 2-decenal. Applications of the essential oil resulted in increased total phenolic and flavonoid contents in leaves compared with untreated inoculated (control) plants. The defense-related genes, such as defensin and chitinase, were differentially expressed. This study revealed that the essential oil of fennel seed was effective as a control agent against Fusarium root rot in broad beans. Abstract Fusarium solani, the causative agent of root rot disease is one of the major constraints of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) yield worldwide. Essential oils have become excellent plant growth stimulators besides their antifungal properties. Foeniculum vulgare Mill. (fennel) is a familiar medicinal plant that has inhibitory effects against phytopathogenic fungi. Herein, different concentrations of fennel seed essential oil (FSEO) (12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200 and 400 μL/mL) were examined against F. solani KHA10 (accession number MW444555) isolated from rotted roots of faba bean in vitro and in vivo. The chemical composition of FSEO, through gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy, revealed 10 major compounds. In vitro, FSEO inhibited F. solani with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 25 µL/mL. In vivo, FSEO suppressed Fusarium root rot disease in Vicia faba L. by decreasing the disease severity (61.2%) and disease incidence (50%), and acted as protective agent (32.5%) of Vicia faba L. Improvements in morphological and biochemical parameters were recorded in FSEO-treated faba seeds. Moreover, the expression level of the defense-related genes defensin and chitinase was noticeably enhanced in treated plants. This study suggested using FSEO as a promising antifungal agent against F. solani not only to control root rot disease but also to enhance plant growth and activate plant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona M. Khaleil
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Al-Sharm, Yanbu El-Bahr 46429, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence: (M.M.K.); (A.M.A.K.); Tel.: +966-542374238 (M.M.K.); +966-580770171 (A.M.A.K.)
| | - Maryam M. Alnoman
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Al-Sharm, Yanbu El-Bahr 46429, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Elsayed S. Abd Elrazik
- Plant Protection and Biomolecular Diagnosis Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City for Scientific Research and Technology Applications New Borg EL-Arab, Alexandria 21934, Egypt;
| | - Hayat Zagloul
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Yanbu El Bahr 46429, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ahmed Mohamed Aly Khalil
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Al-Sharm, Yanbu El-Bahr 46429, Saudi Arabia;
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 13759, Egypt
- Correspondence: (M.M.K.); (A.M.A.K.); Tel.: +966-542374238 (M.M.K.); +966-580770171 (A.M.A.K.)
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Therapeutic and Biomedical Potentialities of Terpenoids – A Review. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.15.2.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Terpenoids are the most diverse and largest class of chemicals of the innumerable plant-based compounds. Plants carry out a number of essential growth and production functions using terpenoid metabolites. In contrast, most terpenoids are used in the abiotic and biotic systems for complex chemical interactions and defense. Terpenoids derived from plants mostly used humans for pharmaceutical, food, and chemical industries in the past. However, recently biofuel products have been developed by terpenoids. The metabolism of high-quality terpenoids in plants and microbes is facilitated in synthetic biology by genomic resources and emerging tools. Further focus has been given to the ecological value of terpenoids for establishing effective pesticide control approaches and abiotic stress protection. The awareness of the diverse metabolic and molecular regulatory networks for terpenoid biosynthesis needs to be increased continuously in all these efforts. This review gives an overview and highlights current improvements in our understanding of the organization, regulation, and diversification of core and specialized terpenoid metabolic pathways and discusses the prominent therapeutic roles of terpenoids. This review provides an overview and highlights recent literature in our understanding about the biomedical and therapeutic importance of terpenoids, regulation as well as the diversion of core and specialized metabolized terpenoid pathways.
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