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Dong W, Chen J, Liao X, Chen X, Huang L, Huang J, Huang R, Zhong S, Zhang X. Biodiversity, Distribution and Functional Differences of Fungi in Four Species of Corals from the South China Sea, Elucidated by High-Throughput Sequencing Technology. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:452. [PMID: 39057337 PMCID: PMC11278478 DOI: 10.3390/jof10070452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have predominantly spotlighted bacterial diversity within coral microbiomes, leaving coral-associated fungi in the shadows of scientific inquiry. This study endeavors to fill this knowledge gap by delving into the biodiversity, distribution and functional differences of fungi associated with soft corals Cladiella krempfi and Sarcophyton tortuosum, gorgonian coral Dichotella gemmacea and stony coral Favia speciosa from the South China Sea. Leveraging high-throughput sequencing of fungal internal transcribed spacer-1 (ITS1) region of the rRNA gene, a total of 431 fungal amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) were identified in this study, which indicated that a large number of fungal communities were harbored in the South China Sea corals. Noteworthy among our findings is that 10 fungal genera are reported for the first time in corals, with Candolleomyces, Exophiala, Fomitopsis, Inaequalispora, Kneiffiella, Paraphaeosphaeria, and Yamadazyma belonging to the Ascomycota, and Cystobasidium, Psathyrella, and Solicoccozyma to the Basidiomycota. Moreover, significant differences (p < 0.05) of fungal communities were observed among the various coral species. In particular, the gorgonian coral D. gemmacea emerged as a veritable haven for fungal diversity, boasting 307 unique ASVs. Contrastingly, soft corals S. tortuosum and C. krempfi exhibited modest fungal diversity, with 36 and 21 unique ASVs, respectively, while the stony coral F. speciosa hosted a comparatively sparse fungal community, with merely 10 unique ASVs in total. These findings not only provide basic data on fungal diversity and function in the South China Sea corals, but also underscore the imperative of nuanced conservation and management strategies for coral reef ecosystems worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Dong
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.D.); (L.H.); (J.H.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Jiatao Chen
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.D.); (L.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Xinyu Liao
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.D.); (L.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Xinye Chen
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.D.); (L.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Liyu Huang
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.D.); (L.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Jiayu Huang
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.D.); (L.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Riming Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
| | - Saiyi Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Xiaoyong Zhang
- University Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province, Hong Kong and Macao Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (W.D.); (L.H.); (J.H.)
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Hayes W, Keenan C, Wilson J, Onarinde BA. Early detection of dry bubble disease in Agaricus bisporus using volatile compounds. Food Chem 2024; 435:137518. [PMID: 37788541 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Lecanicillium fungicola is a pathogen of the commercial white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) and is the causal agent of dry bubble disease, which can cause severe economic losses to mushroom growers. Volatile compounds were measured by GC/MS techniques over pure cultures of mycelia on agars, over microcosms of growing mushrooms, and over harvested mushrooms to identify compounds that might give an early warning of the disease. The mushroom strain tested was Agaricus bisporus, strain Sylvan A15; either deliberately infected with L. fungicola or water as a control. Over microcosms, the appearance of β-copaene, β-cubebene, and α-cedrene coincided with, but did not precede, the earliest visual signs of the disease. Mushrooms with dry bubble symptoms also had high levels of β-barbatene and an unknown diterpene (UK 1821). Over some harvested mushroom sets, high levels of cis-α-bisabolene developed as a defence reaction to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Hayes
- National Centre for Food Manufacturing, University of Lincoln, 2 Peppermint Way, Holbeach, Lincs, PE12 7FJ, United Kingdom.
| | - Cathy Keenan
- BiOrbic, Bioeconomy SFI Research Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Jude Wilson
- MBio, Monaghan Mushrooms Group, Tyholland, Co. Monaghan, Ireland.
| | - Bukola Adenike Onarinde
- National Centre for Food Manufacturing, University of Lincoln, 2 Peppermint Way, Holbeach, Lincs, PE12 7FJ, United Kingdom.
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Lunde LF, Boddy L, Sverdrup-Thygeson A, Jacobsen RM, Kauserud H, Birkemoe T. Beetles provide directed dispersal of viable spores of a keystone wood decay fungus. FUNGAL ECOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2023.101232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
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Mäki M, Mali T, Hellén H, Heinonsalo J, Lundell T, Bäck J. Deadwood substrate and species-species interactions determine the release of volatile organic compounds by wood-decaying fungi. FUNGAL ECOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2021.101106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Csarman F, Obermann T, Zanjko MC, Man P, Halada P, Seiboth B, Ludwig R. Functional expression and characterization of two laccases from the brown rot Fomitopsis pinicola. Enzyme Microb Technol 2021; 148:109801. [PMID: 34116754 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Laccase is predominantly found in lignin degrading filamentous white rot fungi, where it is involved in the oxidative degradation of this recalcitrant heteropolymer. In brown rot fungi it is much less prevalent: laccases from only a few brown rots have been detected and only two have been characterized. This study tries to understand the role of this ligninolytic enzyme in brown rots by investigating the catalytic properties of laccases secreted by Fomitopsis pinicola FP58527 SS1. When grown on either poplar or spruce wood blocks, several laccases were detected in the secretome. Two of them (FpLcc1 and FpLcc2) were heterologously produced using Trichoderma reesei QM9414 Δxyr1 as expression host and purified to homogeneity by consecutive steps of hydrophobic interaction, anion exchange and size exclusion chromatography. With the substrates 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylthiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS), 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (2,6-DMP) and guaiacol both laccases showed similar, low pH-optima below 3 for ABTS and 2,6-DMP and at pH 3.5 for guaiacol which is at the acidic end of laccases isolated from white rot fungi. The determined KM values were low while kcat values measured at acidic conditions were comparable to those reported for other laccases from white rot fungi. While both enzymes showed a moderate decrease in activity in the presence of oxalic and citric acid FpLcc2 was activated by acetic acid up to 3.7 times. This activation effect is much more pronounced at pH 5.0 compared to pH 3.0 and could already be observed at a concentration of 1 mM acetic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Csarman
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Tobias Obermann
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria; BioCeV - Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, 252 50, Czech Republic.
| | - Mihael Colar Zanjko
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Petr Man
- BioCeV - Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, 252 50, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Halada
- BioCeV - Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prumyslova 595, Vestec, 252 50, Czech Republic.
| | - Bernhard Seiboth
- Research Division Biochemical Technology, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
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Gramss G, Voigt KD. Basidiospores from Wood-Decay Fungi Transform Laccase Substrates in the Absence of Glucose and Nitrogen Supplements. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E62. [PMID: 32423046 PMCID: PMC7345162 DOI: 10.3390/jof6020062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Preparations of bacterial endospores and fungal conidia are applied in biocontrols, biocatalyses, and lignocellulose fermentations. The biocatalytic abilities of basidiospores from mushrooms of the order Agaricales are unknown. To assess their potential in colonizing recalcitrant substrates solely with their inherent resources, spores of the white-rot fungi Stropharia rugoso-annulata (Stru) and Kuehneromyces mutabilis (Kmt, Strophariaceae) were analyzed for surface-bound and internal total carbohydrates, phenols, proteins, minerals, and oxidoreductases to estimate their chemistry and the preconditions to transform the laccase substrates guaiacol and 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS) independent of external glucose and nitrogen. Surfaces of Stru/Kmt spores released (mg kg-1) hexoses, 7300/9700; phenols, >62/220; proteins, 21/168; and laccases, 42/0-0.15 µmol ABTS•+ kg-1 min-1 that mimicked oxidative activities of the resting spores. Milled-spore extracts contained pentoses, 96,600/6750; hexoses, 160,000/15,130; phenols, 452/767; protein, 12,600/924; true laccase, 688/0.30; and enzyme-protein-activating transition metals such as Cu in concentrations typical of wheat grains. Independent of external N and C supply, spores (<1‱) germinated in bideionized water, supported by their surface resources. Kmt spores germinated, too, at comparable rates in N-free solutions of glucose and the not immediately metabolizable ABTS and guaiacol. The release of proteins and oxidoreductase(s) by Kmt spores starting upon germination was higher in guaiacol-incubated idiophase- than in glucose-incubated trophophase-spores and led to the 3-4-fold formation of guaiacol polymerizates and ABTS•+. Constitutive aromatic ring-cleaving dioxygenases in the dormant spore that could be involved in the intrinsic metabolization of guaiacol were not detected. It is concluded that intrinsic resources enable (germinating) spores to release the highly efficient laccases of basidiomycetes and to transform aromatic compounds in the absence of sugar amendments. Spores show therefore plant seed-like autonomy in nutrient modification and acquisition during the early stages of the colonization of inert substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Gramss
- Institute of Geosciences, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Burgweg 11, D-07749 Jena, Germany
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