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Dos-Santos CAA, Trevisan H, De-Carvalho AG, Plata-Rueda A, Zanuncio JC, De-Souza TS. Increased capture efficiency of Scolytinae with modified semi-funnel trap model. BRAZ J BIOL 2024; 84:e259131. [DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.259131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Scolytinae species that, in high populations, can damage reducing wood production in forest crops. These beetles are monitored with traps baited with ethanol and increasing their efficiency can improve the integrated management of these insects. The objective was to evaluate the increase in the capture efficiency of Scolytinae with a semi-funnel trap model, in two experiments, one including wooden elements and other increasing the flight interception area and to correlate the numbers of these beetles collected with climatic factors. In the experiment 1, Eucalyptus urophylla S. T. Blake slats were directly attached to the collector flask and in another treatment, in addition to these slats, Cedrela sp. strips were inserted inside the bait holding hose. In the experiment 2, the insect interception area in the trap, originally 480 cm2, was expanded to 1,200 cm2 and compared with the model Pet–Santa Maria trap with an interception area of 550 cm2. Weekly collections were carried out between May 2018 and June 2019. The beetles collected were taken to the Wood Biodeterioration Laboratory of the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ) where they were sorted, identified at family level, counted and their number correlated with climatic factors. Statistical analyzes of the collected data were processed by the BioStat® 5.3 program. In the experiment 1 were collected 869 Scolytinae. The numbers of beetles collected per trap without modification, with E. urophylla slats and E. urophylla slats + Cedrela sp. strips were similar, 7.3 ± 3.8, 7.8 ± 6.2 and 7.7 ± 5.0 respectively. In the experiment 2 were collected 4,398 Scolytinae. Increasing the interception area of the beetles increased the efficiency of the semi-funnel trap, with 42.7 ± 20.5 Scolytinae collected compared to the original semi-funnel trap, 28.6 ± 12.6 and the Pet–Santa Maria, 20.4 ± 10.4, per trap. The number of Scolytinae did not correlate with climatic factors in the experiment 1 and it was correlated with temperature, relative humidity and wind speed, but not with precipitation, in the 2. The incorporation of E. urophylla slats or Cedrela sp. strips in the semi-funnel trap did not increase the number of beetles collected, but, the increase in the flight interception area and the temperature, relative humidity and wind speed were correlated with the number of beetles collected.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - H. Trevisan
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
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Qi Y, Zhou Z, Xu R, Dong Y, Zhang Z, Liu M. Effect of NaOH Pretreatment on Permeability and Surface Properties of Three Wood Species. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:40362-40374. [PMID: 37929130 PMCID: PMC10620783 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
To improve the permeability of wood, three chemical reagents were used to pretreat Chinese fir, white oak, and poplar. Through a factorial experiment with the mass change rate of the wood as the indicator, NaOH was preliminarily selected as the pretreatment agent. Further orthogonal experiments were conducted to explore the effects of NaOH concentration, temperature, and treatment time on the mass change rate, dye uptake rate, transverse dye penetration rate, and color difference of the wood. A fuzzy, comprehensive analysis was used to optimize the pretreatment process. The results showed that after NaOH pretreatment, the highest mass change rates of Chinese fir, white oak, and poplar were 11.30, 10.66, and 8.53%, respectively. Compared with untreated wood, the dye uptake rate of three wood species increased by 1.05, 1.43, and 1.13 times, respectively; the radial dye penetration rate increased by 5.05, 4.14, and 3.38 times, respectively; and the tangential dye penetration rate increased by 3.91, 3.45, and 3.84 times, respectively. These findings indicate an enhancement in permeability for all three wood species following NaOH pretreatment. The brightness of the three wood species decreased after NaOH pretreatment, while the yellow and red colors increased in Chinese fir and poplar and decreased in white oak. Scanning electron microscopy showed that pits in the wood opened after pretreatment, while extractives decreased. Infrared spectroscopy analysis indicated varying degrees of extraction effects from NaOH pretreatment across the three wood species, along with increased active hydroxyl groups within the wood structure. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that NaOH dissolved noncrystalline substances in wood, leading to improved crystallinity. These experimental findings provide essential data for future endeavors in wood pretreatment and subsequent staining processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqing Qi
- College
of Furnishings and Industrial Design, Nanjing
Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Jiangsu
Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest
Resources, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Ziwen Zhou
- College
of Furnishings and Industrial Design, Nanjing
Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Jiangsu
Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest
Resources, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Ran Xu
- College
of Furnishings and Industrial Design, Nanjing
Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Yuting Dong
- College
of Furnishings and Industrial Design, Nanjing
Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Ziqiang Zhang
- College
of Furnishings and Industrial Design, Nanjing
Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Meijiao Liu
- College
of Furnishings and Industrial Design, Nanjing
Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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Liu X, Ma W, Tu X, Huang H, Varodi AM. Study on the Wood Characteristics of the Chinese Ancient Ship Luoyang I. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1145. [PMID: 36770151 PMCID: PMC9921426 DOI: 10.3390/ma16031145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Luoyang No.1 is a Qing Dynasty (1644-1902) inland river ancient wooden shipwreck discovered in September 2013. It adds significantly to the study of Grand Canal transport history and Luoyang's economic history. The wood characteristics of Luoyang No.1 were investigated in this study using chemical compositions, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nano-indentation (NI), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the holocellulose content was only 32.84-37.69%, indicating that the cellulose and hemicellulose had been seriously degraded. Based on the XRD pattern, the degree of crystallinity of cellulose in wood ranged from 19.82 to 22.83%. The nano-indentation demonstrated that compared with the undegraded contemporary wood, the elastic modulus and hardness of the ancient ship wood decreased by 45.5% and 32.1%, respectively. Furthermore, the FTIR spectra revealed that the biological deterioration of ancient wood was indicated by a decrease in the peaks related to cellulose and hemicellulose, but the change in lignin was insignificant. The results could provide knowledge for appropriate dewatering, strengthening, restoration strategies and regulation of the museum environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyou Liu
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Furnishing and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Str. Longpan No.159, Nanjing 210037, China
- Faculty of Furniture Design and Wood Engineering, Transilvania University of Brașov, 500036 Brasov, Romania
- Advanced Analysis and Testing Center, Nanjing Forestry University, Str. Longpan No.159, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Wanrong Ma
- College of Furnishing and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Str. Longpan No.159, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xinwei Tu
- College of Furnishing and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Str. Longpan No.159, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Houyi Huang
- College of Furnishing and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Str. Longpan No.159, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Anca Maria Varodi
- Faculty of Furniture Design and Wood Engineering, Transilvania University of Brașov, 500036 Brasov, Romania
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Liu X, Zhu L, Tu X, Zhang C, Huang H, Varodi AM. Characteristics of Ancient Shipwreck Wood from Huaguang Jiao No. 1 after Desalination. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:510. [PMID: 36676247 PMCID: PMC9861276 DOI: 10.3390/ma16020510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Huaguangjiao I refers to the ancient Chinese wooden shipwreck of the South Song Dynasty (1127-1279 AD) discovered in the South China Sea in 1996. From 2008 to 2017, the archaeological waterlogged wood was desalted using deionized water combined with ultrasonic treatment, and desalted using EDTA-2Na, EDTAHO, and NaH2PO4·2H2O solutions. In this paper, the degree of degradation of the modified waterlogged archaeological wood and the moisture and content of the main components were determined. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nanoindentation (NI), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to investigate the state of wood degradation after desalination and desulfurization. The results showed that the water content of the wood was as high as 532~1149%, while the basic density was only 0.14~0.18 g/cm3, indicating that the wood had been seriously degraded. The holocellulose content was only 36-40%. Based on the XRD patterns, the degree of cellulose crystallinity in the modified wood was 14.08%. The elastic modulus and hardness of the ancient shipwreck wood after desalination and desulfurization were 1.28-4.31 and 0.10-0.28 GPa, respectively, according to nanoindentation. In addition, the FTIR spectra revealed that the biological deterioration of the modified wood caused cellulose and hemicellulose degradation, but no apparent lignin alteration occurred. The results could provide knowledge for appropriate dewatering, strengthening, and restoration strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyou Liu
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Str. Longpan No. 159, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Furnishing and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Str. Longpan No. 159, Nanjing 210037, China
- Faculty of Furniture Design and Wood Engineering, Transilvania University of Brașov, 500036 Brașov, Romania
- Advanced Analysis and Testing Center, Nanjing Forestry University, Str. Longpan No. 159, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Lulu Zhu
- College of Furnishing and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Str. Longpan No. 159, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xinwei Tu
- College of Furnishing and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Str. Longpan No. 159, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Changjun Zhang
- College of Furnishing and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Str. Longpan No. 159, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Houyi Huang
- College of Furnishing and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Str. Longpan No. 159, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Anca Maria Varodi
- Faculty of Furniture Design and Wood Engineering, Transilvania University of Brașov, 500036 Brașov, Romania
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Effect of Temperature and Pressure of Supercritical CO2 on Dewatering, Shrinkage and Stresses of Eucalyptus Wood. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11188730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Supercritical CO2 (SuCO2) dewatering can mitigate capillary tension and reduce wood collapse. In this study, Eucalyptus urophylla × E. grandis specimens were dewatered by SuCO2 at temperatures of 35, 40 and 55 °C, in pressures of 10 and 30 MPa, respectively, for 1h. Effects of temperature and pressure on dewatering rate, moisture content (MC) distribution and gradient, shrinkage and residual stress of wood after dewatering were investigated. The results indicate that the SuCO2 dewatering rate is much faster than that of conventional kiln drying (CKD). The dewatering rate increases with increasing of temperature and pressure; however, pressure has a significant influence, especially for the high-temperature dewatering process; the MC distribution after 1h dewatering is uneven and MC gradients decrease with reducing of mean final MC of wood. MC gradients along radial direction are much smaller than that in tangential direction; collapse of wood significantly reduces after dewatering due to SuCO2 decreasing the capillary tension, and residual stress of wood during dewatering is mainly caused by pressure of SuCO2, which decreases with increasing temperature. SuCO2 dewatering has great potential advantages in water-removal of wood prone to collapse or deformation.
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Franich RA, Meder R, Behr VC. Dewatering Green Sapwood Using Carbon Dioxide Undergoing Cyclical Phase Change between Supercritical Fluid and Gas. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225367. [PMID: 33212845 PMCID: PMC7698424 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional kiln drying of wood operates by the evaporation of water at elevated temperature. In the initial stage of drying, mobile water in the wood cell lumen evaporates. More slowly, water bound in the wood cell walls evaporates, requiring the breaking of hydrogen bonds between water molecules and cellulose and hemicellulose polymers in the cell wall. An alternative for wood kiln drying is a patented process for green wood dewatering through the molecular interaction of supercritical carbon dioxide with water of wood cell sap. When the system pressure is reduced to below the critical point, phase change from supercritical fluid to gas occurs with a consequent large change in CO2 volume. This results in the efficient, rapid, mechanical expulsion of liquid sap from wood. The end-point of this cyclical phase-change process is wood dewatered to the cell wall fibre saturation point. This paper describes dewatering over a range of green wood specimen sizes, from laboratory physical chemistry studies to pilot-plant trials. Magnetic resonance imaging and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy were applied to study the fundamental mechanisms of the process, which were contrasted with similar studies of conventional thermal wood drying. In conclusion, opportunities and impediments towards the commercialisation of the green wood dewatering process are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. Franich
- Chemipreneur Limited, Rotorua 3010, New Zealand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +64-21-261-0743
| | - Roger Meder
- Meder Consulting, Queensland QLD 4017, Australia;
| | - Volker C. Behr
- Experimental Physics 5, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany;
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