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Zumwalde BA, Fredlock B, Beckman E, Duckett D, McCauley RA, Spence ES, Hoban S. Assessing ex situ genetic and ecogeographic conservation in a threatened but widespread oak after range‐wide collecting effort. Evol Appl 2022; 15:1002-1017. [PMID: 35782011 PMCID: PMC9234636 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bethany A. Zumwalde
- The Morton Arboretum Center for Tree Science 4100 Illinois 53 Lisle IL 60532 USA
- Department of Biology University of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Bailie Fredlock
- The Morton Arboretum Center for Tree Science 4100 Illinois 53 Lisle IL 60532 USA
| | - Emily Beckman
- The Morton Arboretum Center for Tree Science 4100 Illinois 53 Lisle IL 60532 USA
| | - Drew Duckett
- The Morton Arboretum Center for Tree Science 4100 Illinois 53 Lisle IL 60532 USA
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology The Ohio State University 1315 Kinnear Rd Columbus OH 43212 USA
| | - Ross A. McCauley
- Department of Biology Fort Lewis College 1000 Rim Drive Durango CO 81301 USA
| | - Emma Suzuki Spence
- The Morton Arboretum Center for Tree Science 4100 Illinois 53 Lisle IL 60532 USA
| | - Sean Hoban
- The Morton Arboretum Center for Tree Science 4100 Illinois 53 Lisle IL 60532 USA
- The Field Museum Chicago IL USA
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Abstract
Quercus species (oaks) have been an integral part of the landscape in the northern hemisphere for millions of years. Their ability to adapt and spread across different environments and their contributions to many ecosystem services is well documented. Human activity has placed many oak species in peril by eliminating or adversely modifying habitats through exploitative land usage and by practices that have exacerbated climate change. The goal of this review is to compile a list of oak species of conservation concern, evaluate the genetic data that is available for these species, and to highlight the gaps that exist. We compiled a list of 124 Oaks of Concern based on the Red List of Oaks 2020 and the Conservation Gap Analysis for Native U.S. Oaks and their evaluations of each species. Of these, 57% have been the subject of some genetic analysis, but for most threatened species (72%), the only genetic analysis was done as part of a phylogenetic study. While nearly half (49%) of published genetic studies involved population genetic analysis, only 16 species of concern (13%) have been the subject of these studies. This is a critical gap considering that analysis of intraspecific genetic variability and genetic structure are essential for designing conservation management strategies. We review the published population genetic studies to highlight their application to conservation. Finally, we discuss future directions in Quercus conservation genetics and genomics.
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An Updated Infrageneric Classification of the North American Oaks (Quercus Subgenus Quercus): Review of the Contribution of Phylogenomic Data to Biogeography and Species Diversity. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12060786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The oak flora of North America north of Mexico is both phylogenetically diverse and species-rich, including 92 species placed in five sections of subgenus Quercus, the oak clade centered on the Americas. Despite phylogenetic and taxonomic progress on the genus over the past 45 years, classification of species at the subsectional level remains unchanged since the early treatments by WL Trelease, AA Camus, and CH Muller. In recent work, we used a RAD-seq based phylogeny including 250 species sampled from throughout the Americas and Eurasia to reconstruct the timing and biogeography of the North American oak radiation. This work demonstrates that the North American oak flora comprises mostly regional species radiations with limited phylogenetic affinities to Mexican clades, and two sister group connections to Eurasia. Using this framework, we describe the regional patterns of oak diversity within North America and formally classify 62 species into nine major North American subsections within sections Lobatae (the red oaks) and Quercus (the white oaks), the two largest sections of subgenus Quercus. We also distill emerging evolutionary and biogeographic patterns based on the impact of phylogenomic data on the systematics of multiple species complexes and instances of hybridization.
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