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Lv H, Dermann A, Dermann F, Petridis Z, Köhler M, Saha S. Comparable diameter resulted in larger leaf area and denser foliage in the park trees than in street trees: A study on Norway maples of Karlsruhe city, Germany. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23647. [PMID: 38187252 PMCID: PMC10767368 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The leaf area of trees is the main surface of energy and matter exchange between the plant canopy and the atmosphere. A better understanding of canopy structure variations in cities is a prerequisite to evaluating leaf area and ecosystem services. We selected 58 single-standing and healthy Norway maple trees (Acer platanoides L.), equally distributed between the park and street at the same tree size for canopy structure and leaf area measurements. The canopy structures of street trees and park trees were different. Street trees had significantly higher dieback (p < 0.01), crown damage (p < 0.01), and branch-free bole length (p < 0.001) than park trees. Even though we sampled trees with similar diameters, park tree crowns tended to be healthier and denser than street trees. The crown volume, crown projection area (CPA), light availability (Crown Light Exposure or CLE), and foliage density were lower in street trees than in park trees. The average foliage density of street trees is 20 % lower than park trees. All the above differences in crown volume and foliage density lead to a significantly lower leaf area in street trees. The total leaf area of a single street tree was only 83 m2 on average, compared to 186 m2 among park trees. We demonstrated that crown volume and growing habitats (i.e., park or street) are important explanatory variables for leaf area. We conclude that a precise and site-specific evaluation of leaf areas is a prerequisite for accuracy in quantifying ecosystem services from urban trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailiang Lv
- Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Xinfeng Road 5, 163316 Daqing, China
- Research Group Sylvanus, Institute for Technology Assessment and Systems Analysis (ITAS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlstraße 11, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Anna Dermann
- Research Group Sylvanus, Institute for Technology Assessment and Systems Analysis (ITAS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlstraße 11, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Florian Dermann
- Research Group Sylvanus, Institute for Technology Assessment and Systems Analysis (ITAS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlstraße 11, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Zoe Petridis
- Research Group Sylvanus, Institute for Technology Assessment and Systems Analysis (ITAS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlstraße 11, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Mario Köhler
- City Horticulture Office (Gartenbauamt), Municipality of Karlsruhe, Lammstraße 7a, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Somidh Saha
- Research Group Sylvanus, Institute for Technology Assessment and Systems Analysis (ITAS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlstraße 11, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute for Geography and Geoecology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstraße 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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Zhang C, Hu Y, Adams MD, Liu M, Li B, Shi T, Li C. Natural and human factors influencing urban particulate matter concentrations in central heating areas with long-term wearable monitoring devices. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 215:114393. [PMID: 36150440 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In northern China, central heating, as an important source of urban particulate matter (UPM), causes more than half of the air pollution during the heating season and has significant spatial-temporal heterogeneity. Owing to the limitations of stationary air monitoring networks, few studies distinguish between heating/non-heating seasons and few have been conducted in urban areas. However, fixed monitoring cannot accurately capture the dynamic exposure of residents to UPM, and there is a lack of comprehensive evaluation of the factors affecting UPM. Therefore, this study used wearable Sniffer 4D equipment to monitor the concentrations of UPM (PM1, PM2.5, and PM10) in selected typical areas of Shenyang City from March 2019 to February 2020. A random forest model was combined with land use and point-of-interest data to analyze the contributions and marginal effects of multiple influences on UPM, in both heating and non-heating seasons. The results showed that in the eastern part of the study area, UPM showed completely opposite spatial distribution characteristics during the two seasons. The concentrations of UPM were higher during the heating season than during the non-heating season. The results indicated that temperature and humidity were important factors in diffusing UPM. The production and operation of boilers were important for the production of UPM. In two-dimensional landscape pattern indices, the percentage of forest and Shannon diversity index were the first and second most important factors, respectively. The three-dimensional pattern of buildings had important effects on the transport and diffusion of UPM (landscape height range >100, floor area ratio >1.3, and landscape volume density >5). Wearable devices could monitor the real situation of residents' exposure to UPM and quantify the factors influencing the spatial-temporal distribution of UPM in an ecological sense. These results provide a scientific basis for urban planning and for health risk reduction for residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuyi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 72, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19, Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China; Department of Geography & Planning, University of Toronto, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Yuanman Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 72, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Matthew D Adams
- Department of Geography & Planning, University of Toronto, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Miao Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 72, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Binglun Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 72, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Tuo Shi
- College of Life Science, Shenyang Normal University, No. 253 Huanghe North Street, Shenyang, 110034, China
| | - Chunlin Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 72, Wenhua Road, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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Conifer Biotechnology: An Overview. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13071061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The peculiar characteristics of conifers determine the difficulty of their study and their great importance from various points of view. However, their study faces numerous important scientific, methodological, cultural, economic, social, and legal challenges. This paper presents an approach to several of those challenges and proposes a multidisciplinary scientific perspective that leads to a holistic understanding of conifers from the perspective of the latest technical, computer, and scientific advances. This review highlights the deep connection that all scientific contributions to conifers can have in each other as fully interrelated communicating vessels.
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