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Ma L, Meng Q, Jiang X, Ge Z, Cao Z, Wei Y, Jiao L, Yin Y, Guo J. Spatial organization and connectivity of wood rays in Pinus massoniana xylem based on high-resolution μCT-assisted network analysis. PLANTA 2023; 258:28. [PMID: 37358610 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04185-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Spatial organization and connectivity of wood rays in Pinus massoniana was comprehensively viewed and regarded as anatomical adaptions to ensure the properties of rays in xylem. Spatial organization and connectivity of wood rays are essential for understanding the wood hierarchical architecture, but the spatial information is ambiguous due to small cell size. Herein, 3D visualization of rays in Pinus massoniana was performed using high-resolution μCT. We found brick-shaped rays were 6.5% in volume fractions, nearly twice the area fractions estimated by 2D levels. Uniseriate rays became taller and wider during the transition from earlywood to latewood, which was mainly contributed from the height increment of ray tracheids and widened ray parenchyma cells. Furthermore, both volume and surface area of ray parenchyma cells were larger than ray tracheids, so ray parenchyma took a higher proportion in rays. Moreover, three different types of pits for connectivity were segmented and revealed. Pits in both axial tracheids and ray tracheids were bordered, but the pit volume and pit aperture of earlywood axial tracheids were almost tenfold and over fourfold larger than ray tracheids. Contrarily, cross-field pits between ray parenchyma and axial tracheids were window-like with the principal axis of 31.0 μm, but its pit volume was approximately one-third of axial tracheids. Additionally, spatial organization of rays and axial resin canal was analyzed by a curved surface reformation tool, providing the first evidence of rays close to epithelial cells inward through the resin canal. Epithelial cells had various morphologies and large variations in cell size. Our results give new insights into the organization of radial system of xylem, especially the connectivity of rays with adjacent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Ma
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dongxiaofu No.1, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Qiulu Meng
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dongxiaofu No.1, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Xiaomei Jiang
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dongxiaofu No.1, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Zhedong Ge
- School of Information and Electrical Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, No.1000, Fengming Road, Lingang Development Zone, Jinan, 250101, Shandong, China
| | - Zixiong Cao
- Object Research Systems (ORS) Inc., 460 Ste-Catherine West, #600, Montreal, QC, H3B 1A7, Canada
| | - Yupei Wei
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dongxiaofu No.1, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Lichao Jiao
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dongxiaofu No.1, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Yafang Yin
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dongxiaofu No.1, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Juan Guo
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Dongxiaofu No.1, Beijing, 100091, China.
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Hartmann R, Puch F. Numerical Simulation of the Deformation Behavior of Softwood Tracheids for the Calculation of the Mechanical Properties of Wood–Polymer Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132574. [PMID: 35808620 PMCID: PMC9268833 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
From a fiber composite point of view, an elongated softwood particle is a composite consisting of several thousand tracheids, which can be described as fiber wound hollow profiles. By knowing their deformation behavior, the deformation behavior of the wood particle can be described. Therefore, a numerical approach for RVE- and FEM-based modelling of the radial and tangential compression behavior of pine wood tracheids under room climate environment is presented and validated with optical and laser-optical image analysis as well as tensile and compression tests on pine sapwood veneer strips. According to the findings, at 23 °C and 12% moisture content, at least 10 MPa must be applied for maximum compaction of the earlywood tracheids. The latewood tracheids can withstand at least 100 MPa compression pressure and would deform elastically at this load by about 20%. The developed model can be adapted for other wood species and climatic conditions by adjusting the mechanical properties of the base materials of the cell wall single layers (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin), the dimensions and the structure of the vessel elements, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hartmann
- Plastics Technology Group, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technische Universität Ilmenau, 98683 Ilmenau, Germany;
- Correspondence:
| | - Florian Puch
- Plastics Technology Group, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technische Universität Ilmenau, 98683 Ilmenau, Germany;
- Thüringisches Institut für Textil- und Kunststoff-Forschung e.V., 07407 Rudolstadt, Germany
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