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Khazravi L, Hamedi J, Attar H, Ardjmand M. Nymphaea alba leaf powder effectiveness in removing nisin from fermentation broth using docking and experimental analysis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:20645. [PMID: 39232102 PMCID: PMC11375215 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-71513-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of nisin in the fermentation medium can reduce the process's productivity. This research studied the potential of Nymphaea alba leaf powder (NALP) as a hydrophobic biosorbent for efficient in-situ nisin adsorption from the fermentation medium by docking and experimental analysis. Molecular docking analysis showed that di-galloyl ellagic acid, a phytochemical compound found in N. alba, had the highest affinity towards nisin. Enhancements in nisin adsorption were seen following pre-treatment of NAPL with HCl and MgCl2. A logistic growth model was employed to evaluate the growth dynamics of the biosorption capacity, offering valuable insights for process scalability. Furthermore, optimization through Response Surface Methodology elucidated optimal nisin desorption conditions by Liebig's law of the minimum, which posits that the scarcest resource governs production efficiency. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy pinpointed vital functional groups involved in biosorption. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the changing physical characteristics of the biosorbent after exposure to nisin. The findings designate NALP as a feasible adsorbent for nisin removal from the fermentation broth, thus facilitating its application in the purification of other biotechnological products based on growth and production optimization principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Khazravi
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Hamedi
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hossein Attar
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, Faculty of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Ardjmand
- Chemical Engineering Department, Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
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Kraithong S, Bunyameen N, Theppawong A, Ke X, Lee S, Zhang X, Huang R. Potentials of Ulva spp.-derived sulfated polysaccharides as gelling agents with promising therapeutic effects. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 273:132882. [PMID: 38848853 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Ulvan, a sulfated polysaccharide extracted from Ulva spp., has garnered significant attention in the food and pharmaceutical industries due to its potential health benefits. These include immunomodulation, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-hyperlipidemic, and anti-cancer effects. Nonetheless, practical applications in these fields remain limited due to an incomplete understanding of its gelation mechanisms. Additionally, the underlying mechanisms of its gelation have not been completely understood and thoroughly reviewed. The primary objective is to provide current insights into ulvan's gelling mechanisms and potential health impacts. This review also delves into the existing applications of ulvan polysaccharides. By unraveling these aspects, the information provided in this work is expected to deepen our understanding of ulvan's gelation mechanisms and its prospective role in enhancing health, holding promise for advancements in the fields of food science and disease prevention. This work's theoretical insights contribute significantly to a deeper understanding of these aspects, which holds paramount importance in unleashing the full potential of ulvan and elevating its scientific significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supaluck Kraithong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Nasuha Bunyameen
- Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, Chiba 271-8510, Japan
| | - Atiruj Theppawong
- Organic and Biomimetic Chemistry Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4,, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xu Ke
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Graduate Training Base in Shenzhen Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, 518104 Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Suyong Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology and Carbohydrate Bioproduct Research Center, Sejong University, Seoul, 143-747, South Korea.
| | - Xiaoyong Zhang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Riming Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Lavanya M, Namasivayam SKR, John A. Developmental Formulation Principles of Food Preservatives by Nanoencapsulation-Fundamentals, Application, and Challenges. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12010-024-04943-1. [PMID: 38713338 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-024-04943-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
The role of food additives is to preserve food by extending shelf life and limiting harmful microorganism proliferation. They prevent spoilage by enhancing the taste and safety of food by utilizing beneficial microorganisms and their antimicrobial metabolites. Current advances in food preservation and processing utilize green technology principles for green preservative formulation, enhancing nutrition and supplying essential micronutrients safely, while also improving quality, packaging, and food safety. Encapsulation is gaining attention for its potential to protect delicate materials from oxidative degradation and extend their shelf life, thereby ensuring optimal nutrient uptake. Nanoencapsulation of bioactive compounds has significantly improved the food, pharmaceutical, agriculture, and nutraceutical industries by protecting antioxidants, vitamins, minerals, and essential fatty acids by controlling release and ensuring delivery to specific sites in the human body. This emerging area is crucial for future industrial production, improving the sensory properties of foods like color, taste, and texture. Research on encapsulated bioactive compounds like bacteriocins, LAB, natamycin, polylysine, and bacteriophage is crucial for their potential antioxidant and antimicrobial activities in food applications and the food industry. This paper reviews nanomaterials used as food antimicrobial carriers, including nanoemulsions, nanoliposomes, nanoparticles, and nanofibers, to protect natural food antimicrobials from degradation and improve antimicrobial activity. This review discusses nanoencapsulation techniques for biopreservative agents like nisin, poly lysine, and natamycin, focusing on biologically-derived polymeric nanofibers, nanocarriers, nanoliposomes, and polymer-stabilized metallic nanoparticles. Nanomaterials, in general, improve the dispersibility, stability, and availability of bioactive substances, and this study discusses the controlled release of nanoencapsulated biopreservative agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lavanya
- Centre for Applied Research, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Applied Research (SIMATS), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602105, India
| | - S Karthick Raja Namasivayam
- Centre for Applied Research, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Applied Research (SIMATS), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602105, India.
| | - Arun John
- Department of Computational Biology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 602105, India
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Quichaba MB, Moreira TFM, de Oliveira A, de Carvalho AS, de Menezes JL, Gonçalves OH, de Abreu Filho BA, Leimann FV. Biopreservatives against foodborne bacteria: combined effect of nisin and nanoncapsulated curcumin and co-encapsulation of nisin and curcumin. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2023; 60:581-589. [PMID: 36712216 PMCID: PMC9873856 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-022-05641-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nisin, a bacteriocin widely used in the food industry, and curcumin, the yellow pigment extracted from turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) stand out among the numerous natural preservatives that have antimicrobial activity. The conversion of these compounds into nanoparticles could be interesting as an alternative to improve technological aspects (such as the low water solubility of curcumin) and to evaluate how synergism could take place in the case of co-encapsulation. The main objective of the present work was to evaluate the combination of nisin (Nis) with nanoencapsulated curcumin (NCur, nanoencapsulated to promote water solubility), as well as the co-encapsulated curcumin and nisin (NCurNis), against the foodborne bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium. Minimum inhibitory concentration and the minimum bactericidal concentration were evaluated for NCur and Nis, as well as their combination with the fractional inhibitory concentration assay. High effectiveness was found against S. aureus and the combination of both compounds resulted in Nis- nisin; synergism against the same microorganism. The co-encapsulation of curcumin and nisin was carried out based on the synergism tests and the characterization analyses demonstrated that a solid dispersion of the components in the PVP matrix was formed. The inhibitory effect of the curcumin and nisin co-encapsulate was improved when compared to the curcumin nanoparticles or nisin alone. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-022-05641-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michely Bião Quichaba
- Post-Graduation Program of Food Technology (PPGTA), Federal University of Technology–Paraná–UTFPR, Campus Campo Mourão, via Rosalina Maria dos Santos, 1233, Campo Mourão, PR CEP 87301-899 Brazil
| | - Thaysa Fernandes Moya Moreira
- Post-Graduation Program of Food Technology (PPGTA), Federal University of Technology–Paraná–UTFPR, Campus Campo Mourão, via Rosalina Maria dos Santos, 1233, Campo Mourão, PR CEP 87301-899 Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program of Food Science (PPC), Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá, PR CEP 87030-121 Brazil
| | - Anielle de Oliveira
- Post-Graduation Program of Food Technology (PPGTA), Federal University of Technology–Paraná–UTFPR, Campus Campo Mourão, via Rosalina Maria dos Santos, 1233, Campo Mourão, PR CEP 87301-899 Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program of Food Science (PPC), Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá, PR CEP 87030-121 Brazil
| | - Amarilis Santos de Carvalho
- Post-Graduation Program of Food Technology (PPGTA), Federal University of Technology–Paraná–UTFPR, Campus Campo Mourão, via Rosalina Maria dos Santos, 1233, Campo Mourão, PR CEP 87301-899 Brazil
| | - Jéssica Lima de Menezes
- Post-Graduation Program of Food Science (PPC), Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá, PR CEP 87030-121 Brazil
| | - Odinei Hess Gonçalves
- Post-Graduation Program of Food Technology (PPGTA), Federal University of Technology–Paraná–UTFPR, Campus Campo Mourão, via Rosalina Maria dos Santos, 1233, Campo Mourão, PR CEP 87301-899 Brazil
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Benício Alves de Abreu Filho
- Post-Graduation Program of Food Science (PPC), Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá, Av. Colombo, 5790, Maringá, PR CEP 87030-121 Brazil
| | - Fernanda Vitória Leimann
- Post-Graduation Program of Food Technology (PPGTA), Federal University of Technology–Paraná–UTFPR, Campus Campo Mourão, via Rosalina Maria dos Santos, 1233, Campo Mourão, PR CEP 87301-899 Brazil
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
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Üstün A, Örtücü S. Evaluation of Nisin-Loaded PLGA Nanoparticles Prepared with Rhamnolipid Cosurfactant against S. aureus Biofilms. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122756. [PMID: 36559250 PMCID: PMC9783353 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, nisin(N)-loaded poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared using the single-solvent evaporation method with a rhamnolipid(R) cosurfactant. The antibacterial-antibiofilm effects of the prepared formulation and free nisin were evaluated against S. aureus (ATCC 25923). The characterization of NPs was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Zetasizer and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The drug encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity percentages of NPs were calculated by the spectrophotometric method. The drug release of N-loaded PVA-R-PLGA NPs was determined by the dialysis bag method. The antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of N-PVA-R-PLGA NPs was determined. PVA-R-PLGA-NPs were found to be spherical with sizes of ~140 nm, according to the SEM analysis and surface charge of N-PVA-R-PLGA NPs -53.23 ± 0.42 mV. The sustained release of N (≥72% after 6 h) was measured in PVA-R-PLGA-NPs. The encapsulation efficiency percentage of N-PVA-R-PLGA NP was 78%. The MIC values of free nisin and N-PVA-R-PLGA NPs were 256 μg/mL and 64 μg/mL, respectively. The antibiofilm inhibition percentages of free nisin and N-PVA-R-PLGA NPs were 28% and 72%, respectively. These results reveal that N-PVA-R-PLGA NPs are a promising formulation for use in infections caused by S. aureus compared to free nisin.
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Ulvan-Based Nanofibrous Patches Enhance Wound Healing of Skin Trauma Resulting from Cryosurgical Treatment of Keloids. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20090551. [PMID: 36135740 PMCID: PMC9505379 DOI: 10.3390/md20090551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Keloids are skin fibroproliferative disorders, resulting from abnormal healing of deep cutaneous injuries. Cryosurgery, the most common treatment for keloids, causes skin traumas. Even though the clinical practice of cryosurgery has increased, effective wound healing therapy is still lacking. In this investigation, nonwoven nanofibrous patches composed of ulvan, a marine sulfated polysaccharide exhibiting anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities, and polyethylene oxide (PEO) were fabricated through electrospinning and characterized. Their wound healing efficacy on skin traumas resulting from cryosurgical treatment of keloids was clinically tested and evaluated in comparison to a reference product. Twenty-four volunteer patients undergoing cryosurgery as a treatment of keloids were selected to apply either the ulvan/PEO patch or the reference product for 21 days. The ulvan/PEO patch, 21 days after cryosurgery, showed significant wound healing, elimination of skin inflammation, restoration of biophysical parameters similar to normal values and significant decrease in haemoglobin concentration, skin texture and volume, while no discomfort or adverse reaction was observed. In contrast, the reference product showed inferior performance in all evaluated parameters. The designed ulvan/PEO patch represents the first wound dressing to effectively heal skin trauma after cryosurgical treatment of keloids.
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Considerable Production of Ulvan from Ulva lactuca with Special Emphasis on Its Antimicrobial and Anti-fouling Properties. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:3097-3118. [PMID: 35347670 PMCID: PMC9205838 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-03867-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, a significant amount of ulvan was extracted from Ulva lactuca collected from Alexandria coastline, Egypt, using a simple extraction method. According to the chemical analysis, the obtained polysaccharide content is estimated to be 36.50 g/100 g with a high sulfate content of 19.72%. Physio-chemically, the FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of sulfated groups attached to the carbohydrate backbone. The GC–MS results revealed the presence of various monosaccharides with relative abundances in the order: fucopyranose (22.09%) > L-rhamnose (18.17%) > L-fucose (17.46%) > rhamnopyranose (14.29%) > mannopyranose (8.59%) > α-D-glactopyranose (7.64%) > galactopyranose (6.14%) > β-arabinopyranose (5.62%). In addition, the SEM–EDX depicted an amorphous architecture with a majority wt% for the elements of C, O, and S. The partially purified ulvan demonstrated potent antimicrobial activity against some fish and human pathogenic microbes. The inhibition zone diameter ranged from 11 to 18 mm. On the other hand, the prepared ulvan-chitosan hydrogel significantly improved the antimicrobial activity as the inhibition zone diameter ranged from 12 to 20. Moreover, when compared to the controls, the extracted ulvan demonstrated anti-fouling properties and successfully disrupted the biofilm formed on a glass slide submerged in seawater.
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Khazaei Monfared Y, Mahmoudian M, Hoti G, Caldera F, López Nicolás JM, Zakeri-Milani P, Matencio A, Trotta F. Cyclodextrin-Based Nanosponges as Perse Antimicrobial Agents Increase the Activity of Natural Antimicrobial Peptide Nisin. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:685. [PMID: 35336058 PMCID: PMC8950107 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, antibiotic resistance is considered a real problem. Therefore, for decades scientists have been looking for novel strategies to treat bacterial infections. Nisin Z, an antimicrobial peptide (AMP), can be considered an option, but its usage is mainly limited by the poor stability and short duration of its antimicrobial activity. In this context, cyclodextrin (CD)-based nanosponges (NSs), synthesized using carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) and pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA), were chosen for nisin Z loading. To determine the minimum inhibitory of nisin Z loaded on CD-NS formulations, agar well diffusion plates were used. Then, the bactericide concentrations of nisin Z loaded on CD-NS formulations were determined against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and -negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria, using microdilution brain heart infusion (BHI) and tetrazolium salt 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT). The minimum and bactericide inhibitory values of the nisin complex with NSs were potentially decreased against both bacteria, compared with the nisin-free sample, while the nisin complex with β-CD showed lower antibacterial activity. The antimicrobial effect was also demonstrated by free NSs. Furthermore, the total viable counts (TVCs) antibacterial experiment indicated that the combination of nisin Z in both PMDA and CDI β-CD-based NSs, especially CDI, can provide a better conservative effect on cooked chicken meat. Generally, the present study outcomes suggest that the cross-linked β-CD-based NSs can present their own antimicrobial potency or serve as promising carriers to deliver and enhance the antibacterial action of nisin Z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Khazaei Monfared
- Dipartimento Di Chimica, Università di Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy; (Y.K.M.); (G.H.); (F.C.)
| | - Mohammad Mahmoudian
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166414766, Iran;
| | - Gjylije Hoti
- Dipartimento Di Chimica, Università di Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy; (Y.K.M.); (G.H.); (F.C.)
| | - Fabrizio Caldera
- Dipartimento Di Chimica, Università di Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy; (Y.K.M.); (G.H.); (F.C.)
| | - José Manuel López Nicolás
- Unidad Docente de Biología, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular A, Facultad de Veterinaria, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Parvin Zakeri-Milani
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166414766, Iran
| | - Adrián Matencio
- Dipartimento Di Chimica, Università di Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy; (Y.K.M.); (G.H.); (F.C.)
| | - Francesco Trotta
- Dipartimento Di Chimica, Università di Torino, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy; (Y.K.M.); (G.H.); (F.C.)
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Disposable Food Packaging and Serving Materials-Trends and Biodegradability. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13203606. [PMID: 34685364 PMCID: PMC8537343 DOI: 10.3390/polym13203606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Food is an integral part of everyone’s life. Disposable food serving utensils and tableware are a very convenient solution, especially when the possibility of the use of traditional dishes and cutlery is limited (e.g., takeaway meals). As a result, a whole range of products is available on the market: plates, trays, spoons, forks, knives, cups, straws, and more. Both the form of the product (adapted to the distribution and sales system) as well as its ecological aspect (biodegradability and life cycle) should be of interest to producers and consumers, especially considering the clearly growing trend of “eco-awareness”. This is particularly important in the case of single-use products. The aim of the study was to present the current trends regarding disposable utensils intended for contact with food in the context of their biodegradability. This paper has summarized not only conventional polymers but also their modern alternatives gaining the attention of manufacturers and consumers of single-use products (SUPs).
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Rosmarinic Acid and Ulvan from Terrestrial and Marine Sources in Anti-Microbial Bionanosystems and Biomaterials. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11199249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In order to increase their sustainability, antimicrobial renewable molecules are fundamental additions to consumer goods. Rosmarinic acid is extracted from several terrestrial plants and represents an effective anti-microbial agent. Ulvan, extracted from algae, is an anti-microbial polysaccharide. The present review is dedicated to discussing the sources and the extraction methodologies for obtaining rosmarinic acid and ulvan. Moreover, the preparation of bioanosystems, integrating the two molecules with organic or inorganic substrates, are reviewed as methodologies to increase their effectiveness and stability. Finally, the possibility of preparing functional biomaterials and anti-microbial final products is discussed, considering scientific literature. The performed analysis indicated that the production of both molecules is not yet performed with mature industrial technologies. Nevertheless, both molecules could potentially be used in the packaging, biomedical, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, sanitary and personal care sectors, despite some research being required for developing functional materials with specific properties to pave the way for many more applications.
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