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Kravets M, García-Alonso FJ, Abea A, Guàrdia MD, Muñoz I, Bañón S. Influence of Pasteurisation (Conventional vs. Radiofrequency) and Chill Storage on Retention of Ascorbic Acid, Tocopherol and Carotenoids in Salmorejo. Foods 2024; 13:349. [PMID: 38275716 PMCID: PMC10815261 DOI: 10.3390/foods13020349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmorejo, a Mediterranean tomato-oil puree, is considered a dietary source of antioxidant vitamins C and E and carotenoids lycopene and β-carotene, the latter endowed with provitamin A activity. However, these antioxidants can be degraded in oxidation reactions catalysed or not by enzymes during pasteurisation and storage treatments used to stabilise the salmorejo before consumption. Due to its better penetration, the use of dielectric heating by radiofrequency (RF) may improve results of pasteurisation in this product. The objective was to assess the effects of pasteurisation temperature (70-100 °C, at 5 °C intervals) and storage time (0-5 months, at one-month intervals) on levels of ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol and carotenoids and antioxidant capacity (AC) in salmorejo pasteurised (over 10 s) by conventional (CH) or RF continuous heating. Two successive experiments were conducted to select an adequate pasteurisation temperature for use in the shelf-life study. Pasteurisation upon tested conditions allows a good retention of salmorejo antioxidants. Either CH or RF pasteurisers can be used with similar results. Vitamin C (L-ascorbic + dehydroascorbic acids) was more abundant (15-19 mg 100 g-1) than carotenoids (0.9-2.6 mg 100 g-1) (all-trans + cis lycopene and β-carotene) and α-tocopherol (0.8-1.2 mg 100 g-1) in the pasteurised product. Using excessively low temperatures (70 °C) resulted in partial losses of the three antioxidants, possibly due to oxidase residual activities. Intensifying thermal treatment improved this issue with minor losses of the thermolabile vitamin C and increased carotenoid content. Using a suitable temperature (80 °C) did not prevent most vitamin C from being degraded by the first month, while α-tocopherol, and, to a lesser extent, carotenoids, showed good retention levels during shelf life under refrigeration. Vitamins C and E and carotenoids, either by degradation, regeneration or releasing, likely contribute to the AC in salmorejo. Phenolic antioxidant response, radical-scavenging activities and redox potential values confirmed this finding. The pasteurised-chilled salmorejo shows good antioxidant properties with potential health implications, a positive nutritional aspect for consumers of this tomato-oil homogenate. The losses of antioxidants and AC due to pasteurization would be of little relevance compared to the losses accumulated during shelf life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Kravets
- Department of Food Technology and Science and Nutrition, Veterinary Faculty, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (M.K.); (F.J.G.-A.)
| | - Francisco Javier García-Alonso
- Department of Food Technology and Science and Nutrition, Veterinary Faculty, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (M.K.); (F.J.G.-A.)
| | - Andrés Abea
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries IRTA—Food Technology Program, Finca Camps i Armet, Monells, 17121 Girona, Spain; (A.A.); (M.D.G.); (I.M.)
| | - Maria Dolors Guàrdia
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries IRTA—Food Technology Program, Finca Camps i Armet, Monells, 17121 Girona, Spain; (A.A.); (M.D.G.); (I.M.)
| | - Israel Muñoz
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries IRTA—Food Technology Program, Finca Camps i Armet, Monells, 17121 Girona, Spain; (A.A.); (M.D.G.); (I.M.)
| | - Sancho Bañón
- Department of Food Technology and Science and Nutrition, Veterinary Faculty, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (M.K.); (F.J.G.-A.)
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Kravets M, Abea A, Guàrdia MD, Muñoz I, Bañón S. Factors Limiting Shelf Life of a Tomato-Oil Homogenate (Salmorejo) Pasteurised via Conventional and Radiofrequency Continuous Heating and Packed in Polyethylene Bottles. Foods 2023; 12:3882. [PMID: 37893775 PMCID: PMC10606443 DOI: 10.3390/foods12203882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmorejo is a tomato-oil cold puree commercialized as a "fresh-like" product requiring mild pasteurisation and chill storage to reach a suitable shelf lifetime. The objective of this study was to study the factors which limit the shelf life of salmorejo pasteurised via conventional or radiofrequency continuous heating, packed in high-density polyethylene bottles, and kept at refrigeration. The pasteurised-chilled salmorejo reached a long shelf life (4 months) compared to that of pasteurised tomato juices or purees. Mesophilic and pathogenic bacteria were easily inhibited in this acidic product. Salmorejo mainly showed oxidative and subsequent sensory changes. Initial enzyme oxidation was associated with some adverse effects (loss of vitamin C and lipid oxidation) at the first month, although there were no sensory implications. Salmorejo remained stable at the physicochemical and sensory levels for the following 3 months, though colour and viscosity changes could be measured with instruments. Between the fourth and fifth month, salmorejo showed clear signs of deterioration, including changes in appearance (slight browning and loss of smooth surface), odour/flavour (loss of freshness and homogenisation), and consistency (thinning trend). The shelf life of salmorejo is limited by long-term oxidative deterioration and their sensory implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Kravets
- Department of Food Technology and Science and Nutrition, Veterinary Faculty, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Andrés Abea
- Food Technology Program, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries IRTA, Finca Camps i Armet, Monells, 17121 Girona, Spain; (A.A.); (M.D.G.); (I.M.)
| | - Maria Dolors Guàrdia
- Food Technology Program, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries IRTA, Finca Camps i Armet, Monells, 17121 Girona, Spain; (A.A.); (M.D.G.); (I.M.)
| | - Israel Muñoz
- Food Technology Program, Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries IRTA, Finca Camps i Armet, Monells, 17121 Girona, Spain; (A.A.); (M.D.G.); (I.M.)
| | - Sancho Bañón
- Department of Food Technology and Science and Nutrition, Veterinary Faculty, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
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Kravets M, Cedeño-Pinos C, Abea A, Guàrdia MD, Muñoz I, Bañón S. Validation of Pasteurisation Temperatures for a Tomato-Oil Homogenate ( salmorejo) Processed by Radiofrequency or Conventional Continuous Heating. Foods 2023; 12:2837. [PMID: 37569107 PMCID: PMC10417326 DOI: 10.3390/foods12152837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmorejo is a viscous homogenate based on tomato, olive oil and breadcrumbs commercialised as a "fresh-like" pasteurised-chilled purée. Due to its penetration, dielectric heating by radiofrequency (RF) might improve pasteurisation results of conventional heating (CH). The objective was to validate the pasteurisation temperature (70-100 °C, at 5 °C intervals) for salmorejo processed by RF (operating at 27.12 MHz for 9.08 s) or conventional (for 10.9 s) continuous heating. The main heat-induced changes include: orangeness, flavour homogenisation, loss of freshness, thickening, loss of vitamin C and lipid oxidation. Both CH and RF equivalent treatments allowed a strong reduction of total and sporulated mesophilic microorganisms and an adequate inhibition of the pectin methylesterase, peroxidase and, to a lesser extent, polyphenol oxidase but did not inhibit the polygalacturonase enzyme. Pasteurisation at 80 °C provided a good equilibrium in levels of microbiological and enzymatic inhibition and thermal damage to the product. Increasing this temperature does not improve enzyme inactivation levels and salmorejo may become overheated. A "fresh-like" good-quality salmorejo can be obtained using either conventional or radiofrequency pasteurisers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Kravets
- Department of Food Technology and Science and Nutrition, Veterinary Faculty, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (M.K.); (C.C.-P.)
| | - Cristina Cedeño-Pinos
- Department of Food Technology and Science and Nutrition, Veterinary Faculty, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (M.K.); (C.C.-P.)
| | - Andrés Abea
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries IRTA-Food Technology Program, Finca Camps i Armet, Monells, 17121 Girona, Spain; (A.A.); (M.D.G.); (I.M.)
| | - Maria Dolors Guàrdia
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries IRTA-Food Technology Program, Finca Camps i Armet, Monells, 17121 Girona, Spain; (A.A.); (M.D.G.); (I.M.)
| | - Israel Muñoz
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries IRTA-Food Technology Program, Finca Camps i Armet, Monells, 17121 Girona, Spain; (A.A.); (M.D.G.); (I.M.)
| | - Sancho Bañón
- Department of Food Technology and Science and Nutrition, Veterinary Faculty, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (M.K.); (C.C.-P.)
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Sridhar K, Makroo HA, Srivastava B. Effect of Cold- and Hot-Break Heat Treatments on the Physicochemical Characteristics of Currant Tomato ( Solanum pimpinellifolium) Pulp and Paste. Foods 2022; 11:foods11121730. [PMID: 35741927 PMCID: PMC9222535 DOI: 10.3390/foods11121730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Currant tomato (Solanum pimpinellifolium), an underutilized wild species of modern tomato, was investigated to determine the physicochemical properties and understand the effect of cold- and hot-break heat treatments on physicochemical characteristics. Moreover, a new Arrhenius-type equation was used to model the temperature-dependent viscosity of currant tomato pulp and paste. The currant tomato’s porosity, surface area, and lycopene content were 40.96 ± 0.84%, 663.86 ± 65.09 mm2, and 9.79 ± 1.88 mg/100 g, respectively. Cold- and hot-break heat treatments had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on tomato pulp and paste color change (0.09 to 0.26; 0.19 to 1.96), viscosity (0.06 to 0.02 Pa.s; 0.85 to 0.37 Pa.s), and lycopene content (9.70 to 9.07 mg/100 g; 9.60 to 9.37 mg/100 g), respectively. An Arrhenius-type equation described the temperature-dependent viscosity of currant tomato pulp and paste with activation energy (Ea) ranging from 7.54 to 11.72 kJ/mol and 8.62 to 8.97 kJ/mol, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed a total of variance 99.93% in tomato pulp and paste as affected by the cold- and hot-break heat treatments. Overall, the findings may provide knowledge for design graders and process optimization to develop currant tomato-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kandi Sridhar
- Department of Food Engineering & Technology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784 028, Assam, India or (K.S.); or
- UMR1253, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l’œuf, INRAE, L’Institut Agro Rennes-Angers, 65 Rue de Saint Brieuc, F-35042 Rennes, France
| | - Hilal A. Makroo
- Department of Food Engineering & Technology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784 028, Assam, India or (K.S.); or
- Department of Food Technology, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Awantipora 192 122, Jammu & Kashmir, India
| | - Brijesh Srivastava
- Department of Food Engineering & Technology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784 028, Assam, India or (K.S.); or
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-3712-27-5712
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