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Vadalà R, De Maria L, De Pasquale R, Di Salvo E, Lo Vecchio G, Di Bella G, Costa R, Cicero N. Development of a Chitosan-Based Film from Shellfish Waste for the Preservation of Various Cheese Types during Storage. Foods 2024; 13:2055. [PMID: 38998559 PMCID: PMC11241246 DOI: 10.3390/foods13132055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The global concern about the use of disposable plastics has fed the research on sustainable packaging for food products. Among the virtuous materials, chitosan emerges as a valid alternative to conventional polyethylene films because of its abundance in nature. In this work, a novel film for food wrapping was developed by exploiting shellfish waste according to a vision of circular economy. Compared to previous studies, here, novel ingredients, such as polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), fibroin, and essential oils, were used in a synergistic combination to functionally postpone cheese deterioration. The fermentative procedure applied for the obtainment of chitin contributes to filling the existing gap in the literature, since the majority of studies are based on the chemical pathways that dramatically impact the environment. After pretreatment, the shrimp shell waste (SSW) was fermented through two bacterial strains, namely Lactobacillus plantarum and Bacillus subtilis. A deacetylation step in an alkaline environment transformed chitin into chitosan, yielding 78.88 g/kg SWW. Four different film formulations were prepared, all containing chitosan with other ingredients added in order of decreasing complexity from the A to D groups. The novel films were tested with regard to their physico-mechanical and antioxidant properties, including the tensile strength (12.10-23.25 MPa), the elongation at break (27.91-46.12%), the hardness (52-71 Shore A), the film thickness (308-309 μm), and the radical scavenging activity (16.11-76.56%). The performance as a cling film was tested on two groups of cheese samples: the control (CTR), wrapped in conventional polyethylene (PE) film; treated (TRT), wrapped in the chitofilm formulation deemed best for its mechanical properties. The volatiles entrapped into the headspace were investigated by means of the SPME-GC technique. The results varied across soft, Camembert, and semi-hard cheeses, indicating a growing abundance of volatiles during the conservation of cheese. The bacterial growth trends for mesophilic, enterobacteriaceae, and lactic acid bacteria were expressed as the mean colony forming units (CFU)/mL for each type of cheese at different sampling times (day 2, day 8, and day 22): the highest load was quantified as 8.2 × 106 CFU/mL at day 22 in the CTR Camembert cheese. The TRT samples generally exhibited inhibitory activity comparable to or lower than that observed in the CTR samples. The sensory analysis revealed distinctions in cheese taste between the TRT and CTR groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Vadalà
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (R.V.); (L.D.M.); (E.D.S.); (G.L.V.); (G.D.B.); (N.C.)
| | - Laura De Maria
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (R.V.); (L.D.M.); (E.D.S.); (G.L.V.); (G.D.B.); (N.C.)
| | | | - Eleonora Di Salvo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (R.V.); (L.D.M.); (E.D.S.); (G.L.V.); (G.D.B.); (N.C.)
| | - Giovanna Lo Vecchio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (R.V.); (L.D.M.); (E.D.S.); (G.L.V.); (G.D.B.); (N.C.)
| | - Giuseppa Di Bella
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (R.V.); (L.D.M.); (E.D.S.); (G.L.V.); (G.D.B.); (N.C.)
| | - Rosaria Costa
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (R.V.); (L.D.M.); (E.D.S.); (G.L.V.); (G.D.B.); (N.C.)
| | - Nicola Cicero
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Odontoiatriche e delle Immagini Morfologiche e Funzionali, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy; (R.V.); (L.D.M.); (E.D.S.); (G.L.V.); (G.D.B.); (N.C.)
- Science4life S.r.l. Start Up, 98168 Messina, Italy;
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Stanzer D, Hanousek Čiča K, Blesić M, Smajić Murtić M, Mrvčić J, Spaho N. Alcoholic Fermentation as a Source of Congeners in Fruit Spirits. Foods 2023; 12:1951. [PMID: 37238769 PMCID: PMC10217768 DOI: 10.3390/foods12101951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fermentation is a crucial process in the production of alcoholic beverages such as spirits, which produces a number of volatile compounds due to the metabolic activities of yeast. These volatile compounds, together with the volatile components of the raw materials and the volatile compounds produced during the distillation and aging process, play a crucial role in determining the final flavor and aroma of spirits. In this manuscript, we provide a comprehensive overview of yeast fermentation and the volatile compounds produced during alcoholic fermentation. We will establish a link between the microbiome and volatile compounds during alcoholic fermentation and describe the various factors that influence volatile compound production, including yeast strain, temperature, pH, and nutrient availability. We will also discuss the effects of these volatile compounds on the sensory properties of spirits and describe the major aroma compounds in these alcoholic beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damir Stanzer
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.S.); (K.H.Č.)
| | - Karla Hanousek Čiča
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.S.); (K.H.Č.)
| | - Milenko Blesić
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (M.B.); (M.S.M.); (N.S.)
| | - Mirela Smajić Murtić
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (M.B.); (M.S.M.); (N.S.)
| | - Jasna Mrvčić
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.S.); (K.H.Č.)
| | - Nermina Spaho
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Sarajevo, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; (M.B.); (M.S.M.); (N.S.)
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Yu M, Zheng C, Xie Q, Tang Y, Wang Y, Wang B, Song H, Zhou Y, Xu Y, Yang R. Flavor Wheel Construction and Sensory Profile Description of Human Milk. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14245387. [PMID: 36558546 PMCID: PMC9783944 DOI: 10.3390/nu14245387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the flavor characteristics of human milk, we constructed a three-tiered human milk flavor wheel based on 53 sensory descriptors belonging to different sensory categories. Fifteen sensory descriptors were selected using M-value and multivariate statistical methods, and the corresponding references were set up to realize qualitative and quantitative sensory evaluation of the human milk samples. To ensure the accuracy and reliability of the sensory evaluation, the performance of the sensory panelists was also tested. The sensory profile analysis indicated that the established sensory descriptors could properly reflect the general sensory properties of the human milk and could also be used to distinguish different samples. Further investigation exposed that the fat content might be an important factor that influence the sensory properties of human milk. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the flavor wheel of human milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingguang Yu
- Laboratory of Molecular Sensory Science, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Chengdong Zheng
- Heilongjiang Feihe Dairy Co., Ltd., C-16, 10A Jiuxianqiao Rd., Chaoyang, Beijing 100015, China
- PKUHSC-China Feihe Joint Research Institute of Nutrition and Healthy Lifespan Development, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qinggang Xie
- Heilongjiang Feihe Dairy Co., Ltd., C-16, 10A Jiuxianqiao Rd., Chaoyang, Beijing 100015, China
- PKUHSC-China Feihe Joint Research Institute of Nutrition and Healthy Lifespan Development, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuan Tang
- Laboratory of Molecular Sensory Science, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Sensory Science, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Baosong Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Sensory Science, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Huanlu Song
- Laboratory of Molecular Sensory Science, School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
- Correspondence: (H.S.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yalin Zhou
- PKUHSC-China Feihe Joint Research Institute of Nutrition and Healthy Lifespan Development, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian, Beijing 100083, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Peking University, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yajun Xu
- PKUHSC-China Feihe Joint Research Institute of Nutrition and Healthy Lifespan Development, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian, Beijing 100083, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Peking University, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian, Beijing 100083, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Peking University, Xueyuan Road 38, Haidian, Beijing 100083, China
- Correspondence: (H.S.); (Y.X.)
| | - Rongqiang Yang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Anhui Provincial Children’s Hospital, Wangjiang East Road 39, Hefei 230000, China
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Su X, Yu M, Wu S, Ma M, Su H, Guo F, Bian Q, Du T. Sensory lexicon and aroma volatiles analysis of brewing malt. NPJ Sci Food 2022; 6:20. [PMID: 35411041 PMCID: PMC9001694 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-022-00135-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Malt is an important raw material in brewing beer. With the increasing development of craft beer, brewing malt has contributed diverse colours and abundant flavours to beer. While “malty” and “worty” were commonly used to describe the malt flavour of beer, they are still inadequate. This study focused on developing of a sensory lexicon and a sensory wheel for brewing malt. Here, a total of 22 samples were used for sensory evaluation. The panels identified 53 attributes to form the lexicon of brewing malt, including appearance, flavour, taste, and mouthfeel. After consulting with the experts from the brewing industry, 46 attributes were selected from the lexicon list to construct the sensory wheel. Based on the lexicon, rate-all-that-apply analysis was used to discriminate between six samples of different malt types. The principal component analysis results showed that malt types were significantly correlated with sensory features. To further understand the chemical origin of sensory attributes, partial least squares regression analysis was used to determine the association between the aroma compounds and sensory attributes. According to the colour range and malt types, 18 samples were used for sensory descriptive analysis and volatile compounds identification. Seven main flavours were selected from the brewing malt sensory wheel. 34 aroma compounds were identified by headspace solid phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-olfactometry. According to the partial least squares regression results, the aroma compounds were highly correlated with the sensory attributes of the brewing malt. This approach may have practical applications in the sensory studies of other products.
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