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Li Z, Liu A, Cao Y, Zhou H, Shen Q, Wu S, Luo J. Milk fat globule membrane proteins are crucial in regulating lipid digestion during simulated in vitro infant gastrointestinal digestion. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00859-2. [PMID: 38825138 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-24707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Products of lipolysis released during digestion positively affect the metabolism of newborns. In contrast to the 3-layer biological membranes covering human milk (HM) fat, the lipid droplets in infant milk formula (IMF) are covered by a single membrane composed of casein and whey proteins. To reduce the differences in lipid structure between IMF and HM, studies have used milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) components such as milk polar lipids (MPL) to prepare emulsions mimicking HM fat globules However, few studies have elucidated the effect of membrane proteins (MP) on lipid digestion in infants. In this study, 3 kinds of emulsions were prepared: One with MPL as the interfaced of lipid droplets (RE-1), one with membrane protein concentrate (MPC) (RE-2) as the interface of lipid droplets, and one with both MPL and MPC (1:2) as the co-interface of lipid droplets (RE-3). The interfacial coverage of the emulsions was confirmed by measuring the contents of MPL and MPC at the lipid droplet interface, and by confocal laser scanning microscopy analyzed. By controlling the homogenization intensity, the specific surface area of lipid droplets was controlled at the same level among the 3 emulsions. The stability constants of the emulsions varied, and RE-1 was the most stable. During simulated in vitro infant gastrointestinal digestion, the amount of free fatty acids (FFA) released from the lipid droplets was significantly higher from those with MPC at the interface (RE-2, RE-3) than from that with MPL at the interface (RE-1). The amount of FFA released at the end of intestinal digestion of RE-1, RE-2, and RE-3 was 255.00 ± 3.54 µmol,328.75 ± 5.30 µmol, 298.50 ± 9.19 µmol, respectively. Compared with the lipid droplets in RE-2, those with MPL at the interface (RE-1, RE-3) released more unsaturated fatty acids (USFAs) during digestion. The emulsifying activity index was highest in RE-3 (MPL and MPC co-interface). The presence of MPL at the emulsion interface increased the release of USFAs, while the presence of MPC increased the release of FFA. These results show that both MPL and MP are indispensable in the construction of MFGM. Understanding their effects on digestion can provide new strategies for the development of infant foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixi Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410114, China
| | - Ajie Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410114, China
| | - Yu Cao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410114, China
| | - Hui Zhou
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410114, China
| | - Qingwu Shen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410114, China
| | - Shan Wu
- Research and Development Center, Xi'an Yinqiao Dairy Technology Co., Ltd., Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Jie Luo
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410114, China.
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Xu X, Ye A, Zhang T, Pan Y, Jiang H, Deng L, Qin Y, Li J, Han J, Liu W. The novel lactoferrin and DHA-codelivered liposomes with different membrane structures: Fabrication, in vitro infant digestion, and suckling pig intestinal organoid absorption. Food Chem 2024; 441:138346. [PMID: 38241927 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.138346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Inspired by membrane structure of breast milk and infant formula fat globules, four liposomes with different particle size (large and small) and compositions (Single phospholipids contained phosphatidylcholine, complex phospholipids contained phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and sphingomyelin) were fabricated to deliver lactoferrin and DHA. In vitro infant semi-dynamic digestive behavior and absorption in intestinal organoids of liposomes were investigated. Liposomal structures were negligible changed during semi-dynamic gastric digestion while damaged in intestine. Liposomal degradation rate was primarily influenced by particle size, and complex phospholipids accelerated DHA hydrolysis. The release rate of DHA (91.7 ± 1.3 %) in small-sized liposomes (0.181 ± 0.001 μm) was higher than free DHA (unencapsulated, 64.6 ± 3.4 %). Complex phospholipids liposomal digesta exhibited higher transport efficiency (3.4-fold for fatty acids and 2.0-fold for amino acids) and better organoid growth than digesta of bare nutrients. This study provided new insights into membrane structure-functionality relationship of liposomes and may aid in the development of novel infant nutrient carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiankang Xu
- Food Nutrition Science Center, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Aiqian Ye
- Riddet Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand.
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Food Nutrition Science Center, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Yujie Pan
- Food Nutrition Science Center, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Hanyun Jiang
- Food Nutrition Science Center, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Leiyu Deng
- Food Nutrition Science Center, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Yumei Qin
- Food Nutrition Science Center, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Jessie Li
- Alliance Nutrition Group, Shanghai-Mira Commercial Centre, Suite C206, No.2633, West Yanan Road, 200336 Shanghai, China.
| | - Jianzhong Han
- Food Nutrition Science Center, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
| | - Weilin Liu
- Food Nutrition Science Center, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
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Mendonça MA, Arruda SF, de Alencar ER, Araújo WMC. Fat globule diameter in infant formulas. Nutrition 2024; 121:112264. [PMID: 38458145 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2023.112264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The lipid fraction, fatty acid profile, and diameter of fat globules of infant formulas show great differences from human milk. These characteristics influence fat digestion and, consequently, the development and health of infants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diameter of fat globules in infant formulas and compare them with those in human milk. METHODS The diameter of fat globules of 10 infant formulas and human milk samples was determined using scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS The starter infant formula was the only one that showed a mean diameter value (3.52 ± 2.17 µm) similar to that obtained for human milk (3.44 ± 1.68 µm). The starter infant formula showed the highest values of volume-surface D3,2 (6.13 µm) and volume-weighted D4,3, (7.05 µm) mean diameters among the infant formulas analyzed, and close to those obtained for the human milk sample (5.16 and 5.98 µm, respectively). The infant formulas whey protein partially hydrolyzed, soy protein isolate-based, whey protein extensively hydrolyzed, and thickened with pregelatinized starch had the lowest mean diameters of fat globules 0.64 ± 0.22, 0.70 ± 0.19, 1.06 ± 0.34, and 1.22 ± 0.48 µm, respectively. CONCLUSION The analysis of principal components showed that none of the analyzed infant formulas had similarity with the diameter of fat globules and the fatty acid profile of human milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcio Antônio Mendonça
- Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Sandra Fernandes Arruda
- Department of Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Wilma Maria Coelho Araújo
- Department of Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte, Brasília, Brazil.
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Pan Y, Liu S, Zhang X, Li X, Liu L, Hao D, Cui L, Ma C, Dang X, Xu Y, Wang Y. Influence of pasteurization and spray drying on the fat digestion behavior of human milk fat analog emulsion: a simulated in vitro infant digestion study. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:4331-4341. [PMID: 38299439 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human milk fat analog emulsion (HMFAE) is an emulsion that mimics the composition and structure of human milk (HM) fat globules. The application of HMFAE in infant formula requires a series of milk powder processing steps, such as pasteurization and spray drying. However, the effect of milk powder processing on fat digestion of HMFAE is still unclear. In this study, the influence of pasteurization and spray drying on the lipolysis behavior of HMFAE was studied and compared with HM using a simulated infant in vitro digestion model. RESULTS Pasteurization and spray drying increased the flocculation and aggregation of lipid droplets in HMFAE during digestion. Spray drying destroyed the lipid droplet structure of HMFAE, and partial milk fat globule membrane-covered lipid droplets turned into protein-covered lipid droplets, which aggravated lipid-protein aggregation during gastric digestion and hindered fat digestion in the small intestine. The final lipolysis degree was in the order HM (64.55%) > HMFAE (63.41%) > pasteurized HMFAE (61.75%) > spray-dried HMFAE (60.57%). After complete gastrointestinal digestion, there were no significant differences in free fatty acid and sn-2 monoacylglycerol profile among the HMFAE, pasteurized HMFAE, and spray-dried HMFAE. CONCLUSION Milk powder processing can reduce lipolysis by altering the lipid droplet structure of HMFAE and the degree of lipid droplet aggregation during digestion. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Pan
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Shuming Liu
- Heilongjiang Beingmate Dairy Co., Ltd, Suihua, China
| | - Xueying Zhang
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Donghai Hao
- Heilongjiang Beingmate Dairy Co., Ltd, Suihua, China
| | - Liqin Cui
- Heilongjiang Beingmate Dairy Co., Ltd, Suihua, China
| | - Chunli Ma
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoqing Dang
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yanling Xu
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yongshun Wang
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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Yu X, Zhou W, Jia Z, Liu L, Li X, Zhang X, Cheng J, Ma C, Sun L, Jiao Y. Interfacial composition in infant formulas powder modulate lipid digestion in simulated in-vitro infant gastrointestinal digestion. Food Res Int 2023; 165:112553. [PMID: 36869459 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The interface structure and composition of fat globules are very important for the digestion and metabolism of fat and growth in infants. Interface composition of fat globules in infant formula (IF) supplemented with milk fat globule membranes (MFGM) and lecithin in different ways were analyzed and their effects on fat digestion properties were evaluated. The results showed that the distribution of phospholipids at the interface and structural of Concept IF1 and Concept IF2 that were more similar to those of human milk (HM) than that of conventionally processed IF3. Concept IF2 and IF3 supplemented with lecithin had larger initial particle size and more sphingomyelin (SM) (23.12 ± 0.26 %, 26.94 ± 0.34 %) than Concept IF1, and Concept IF2 had the smallest proportion of casein in the interfacial. Due to its interface composition, Concept IF2 had the highest degree of lipolysis (85.07 ± 0.76 %), the phospholipid ring structure can always be observed during gastric digestion, and a final fatty acid composition released that was more similar to HM. Concept IF1 and IF3 were different from HM and Concept IF2 in terms of structure and lipolysis rate, although superior to commercial IF4. These indicate that changes in the interfacial composition and structure of fat globules improve the digestive properties of fats in IF. Overall, the results reported herein are useful in designing new milk formulas that better simulate HM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Yu
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, No.600 Changjiang St., Xiangfang Dist, 150030 Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang St., Xiangfang Dist, 150030 Harbin, China
| | - Wenli Zhou
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, No.600 Changjiang St., Xiangfang Dist, 150030 Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang St., Xiangfang Dist, 150030 Harbin, China
| | - Zhibing Jia
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, No.600 Changjiang St., Xiangfang Dist, 150030 Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang St., Xiangfang Dist, 150030 Harbin, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, No.600 Changjiang St., Xiangfang Dist, 150030 Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang St., Xiangfang Dist, 150030 Harbin, China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, No.600 Changjiang St., Xiangfang Dist, 150030 Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang St., Xiangfang Dist, 150030 Harbin, China.
| | - Xiuxiu Zhang
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, No.600 Changjiang St., Xiangfang Dist, 150030 Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang St., Xiangfang Dist, 150030 Harbin, China.
| | - Jinju Cheng
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, No.600 Changjiang St., Xiangfang Dist, 150030 Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang St., Xiangfang Dist, 150030 Harbin, China
| | - Chunli Ma
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, No.600 Changjiang St., Xiangfang Dist, 150030 Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang St., Xiangfang Dist, 150030 Harbin, China
| | - Lina Sun
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, No.600 Changjiang St., Xiangfang Dist, 150030 Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang St., Xiangfang Dist, 150030 Harbin, China
| | - Yang Jiao
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, No.600 Changjiang St., Xiangfang Dist, 150030 Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang St., Xiangfang Dist, 150030 Harbin, China
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Wang X, Roy D, Acevedo-Fani A, Ye A, Pundir S, Singh H. Challenges in simulating the biochemical environment of the infant stomach to assess the gastric digestion of infant formulae. Curr Opin Food Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2022.100984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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7
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Cavaletto M, Givonetti A, Cattaneo C. The Immunological Role of Milk Fat Globule Membrane. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14214574. [PMID: 36364836 PMCID: PMC9655658 DOI: 10.3390/nu14214574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk is the ideal food for newborns until the age of six months. Human milk can be defined as a dynamic living tissue, containing immunological molecules, such as immunoglobulins, supra-molecular structures, such as the milk fat globule membrane (MFGM), and even entire cells, such as the milk microbiota. The milk composition changes throughout lactation to fulfill the infant’s requirements and reflect the healthy/disease status of the lactating mother. Many bioactive milk components are either soluble or bound to the MFGM. In this work, we focus on the peculiar role of the MFGM components, from their structural organization in fat globules to their route into the gastrointestinal tract. Immunometabolic differences between human and bovine MFGM components are reported and the advantages of supplementing infant formula with the MFGM are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cavaletto
- Department of Sviluppo Sostenibile e la Transizione Ecologica, University of Piemonte Orientale, 13100 Vercelli, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Annalisa Givonetti
- Department of Sviluppo Sostenibile e la Transizione Ecologica, University of Piemonte Orientale, 13100 Vercelli, Italy
| | - Chiara Cattaneo
- Department of Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, University of Piemonte Orientale, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
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