Bioactive Compounds from Cardoon as Health Promoters in Metabolic Disorders

Protective effect of short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides from chicory on alcohol-induced injury in GES-1 cells via Keap1/Nrf2 and NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathways

Numerous studies have demonstrated that polysaccharides derived from chicory possess the ability to regulate host signaling and modify mucosal damage. Yet, the effect and mechanism of short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (scFOS) on gastric mucosa remain unclear. Hence, the protective effect of three scFOS (1-Kestose, Nystose, and 1F-Fructofuranosylnystose) against ethanol-induced injury in gastric epithelial (GES-1) cells, and the underlying molecular mechanism involved was investigated in this study. Treatment with 7% ethanol decreased the cell viability of GES-1 cells, resulting in oxidative stress and inflammation. However, pretreatment with scFOS exhibited significant improvements in cell viability, and mitigated oxidative stress and inflammation. scFOS markedly elevated the protein expression of Nrf2, HO-1, SOD1 and SOD2, while suppressing the expression of Keap1. scFOS pretreatment could also maintain mitochondrial membrane potential balance and reduce apoptosis. In addition, scFOS was observed to reduce the protein level of NLRP3, Caspase-1 and ASC. In conclusion, scFOS served a preventive function in mitigating oxidative stress and inflammation in ethanol-exposed GES-1 cells through modulation of the Keap1/Nrf2 and NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathways. Collectively, the results indicated that scFOS could significantly mitigate ethanol-induced gastric cell damage, suggesting its potential for safeguarding gastrointestinal health.

Evaluation of the Phenolic Content and the Nutraceutical Potential of Ancestor and Cultivated Artichokes

Wild cardoon (Cynara cardunculus var. sylvestris) is the ancestor of many cultivated forms, including globe artichoke (C. cardunculus var. scolymus). Four organs (receptacles, bracts, leaves and stems) of wild and cultivated artichokes (organic and conventional) were assessed considering their individual phenolic constituents (HPLC-DAD), total phenol-flavonoid content, and pharmaceutical potentials (antibacterial and antioxidant). All three sources of artichokes had the highest concentration of 1,3-dicaffeoylquinic acid (cynarin) in their receptacles and cultivated artichoke receptacles had more cynarin than wild one. On the other hand, receptacles of wild cardoon had the highest 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid and caffeic acid than the cultivated ones. Generally, receptacles, stems and leaves of wild cardoon were superior to both cultivated artichokes on antioxidant potential, and total phenol-flavonoid content. The rise in total phenolic content can be attributed to an increase in antioxidant capacity in all artichoke organs. Only the leaves of all different artichokes showed antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria. The investigated wild cardoon was believed to be a true ancestor since a comparison of wild and cultivated varieties revealed similar trends in terms of phenolic profile and biological properties. The nutraceutical industry can profit from this invasive wild cardoon due to their strong antioxidant potential and phenolic content.

Endothelial dysfunction, platelet hyperactivity, hypertension, and the metabolic syndrome: molecular insights and combating strategies

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a multifaceted condition that increases the possibility of developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. MetS includes obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, endothelial dysfunction, and platelet hyperactivity. There is a concerning rise in the occurrence and frequency of MetS globally. The rising incidence and severity of MetS need a proactive, multipronged strategy for identifying and treating those affected. For many MetS patients, achieving recommended goals for healthy fat intake, blood pressure control, and blood glucose management may require a combination of medicine therapy, lifestyles, nutraceuticals, and others. However, it is essential to note that lifestyle modification should be the first-line therapy for MetS. In addition, MetS requires pharmacological, nutraceutical, or other interventions. This review aimed to bring together the etiology, molecular mechanisms, and dietary strategies to combat hypertension, endothelial dysfunction, and platelet dysfunction in individuals with MetS.

Potential use of the Asteraceae family as a cure for diabetes: A review of ethnopharmacology to modern day drug and nutraceuticals developments

The diabetes-associated mortality rate is increasing annually, along with the severity of its accompanying disorders that impair human health. Worldwide, several medicinal plants are frequently urged for the management of diabetes. Reports are available on the use of medicinal plants by traditional healers for their blood-sugar-lowering effects, along with scientific evidence to support such claims. The Asteraceae family is one of the most diverse flowering plants, with about 1,690 genera and 32,000 species. Since ancient times, people have consumed various herbs of the Asteraceae family as food and employed them as medicine. Despite the wide variety of members within the family, most of them are rich in naturally occurring polysaccharides that possess potent prebiotic effects, which trigger their use as potential nutraceuticals. This review provides detailed information on the reported Asteraceae plants traditionally used as antidiabetic agents, with a major focus on the plants of this family that are known to exert antioxidant, hepatoprotective, vasodilation, and wound healing effects, which further action for the prevention of major diseases like cardiovascular disease (CVD), liver cirrhosis, and diabetes mellitus (DM). Moreover, this review highlights the potential of Asteraceae plants to counteract diabetic conditions when used as food and nutraceuticals. The information documented in this review article can serve as a pioneer for developing research initiatives directed at the exploration of Asteraceae and, at the forefront, the development of a botanical drug for the treatment of DM.

Clotting and Proteolytic Activity of Freeze-Dried Crude Extracts Obtained from Wild Thistles Cynara humilis L. and Onopordum platylepis Murb

The rising interest in finding alternatives to animal rennet in cheese production has led to studying the technological feasibility of using and exploiting new species of herbaceous plants. In this research work, and for the first time, freeze-dried extracts from Cynara humilis L. (CH) and Onopordum platylepis Murb. (OP) were studied for mineral and protein content, and their clotting and proteolytic activity were compared to those of Cynara cardunculus L. (CC). The effect of extract concentration (5-40 mg extract/mL), temperature (20-85 °C), pH (5-8), and CaCl₂ concentration (5-70 mM) on the milk clotting activity (MCA) of CC, CH and OP extracts was evaluated. The MCA values were significantly higher in CC at the same extract concentration. The extract that showed the most significant increase in clotting activity due to increased temperature was OP, with maximum activity at 70 °C. The pH value for maximum milk clotting was 5.0 for both CC and CH, whereas, in the case of OP, the pH value was 5.5. CaCl₂ enhanced the clotting capacity of the extracts, particularly for OP and CH. Furthermore, proteolytic activity (PA) and the hydrolysis rate increased with increasing time and enzyme concentration, with CC being the extract that achieved the highest caseinolytic activity.

The wide spectrum of industrial applications for cultivated cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L. var. Altilis DC.): A review

Cynara cardunculus L. var. altilis DC. belongs to the Asteraceae family and is widely used. This species is integrated into the Mediterranean diet and has broad applicability due to its rich chemical composition. Its flowers, used as a vegetable coagulant for gourmet cheese production, are rich in aspartic proteases. Leaves are rich in sesquiterpene lactones, the most abundant being cynaropicrin, while stems present a higher abundance of hydroxycinnamic acids. Both classes of compounds exhibit a wide range of bioactive properties. Its chemical composition makes it applicable in other industrial sectors, such as energy (e.g., manufacturing of biodiesel and biofuel) or paper pulp production, among other biotechnological applications. In the last decade, cardoon has been identified as a competitive energy crop, constituting an opportunity for the economic recovery and development of the rural areas of the Mediterranean basin. This article reviews the chemical composition, bioactive properties, and multifaceted industrial applications of cardoon.

Safety evaluation of the food enzyme phytepsin from Cynara cardunculus L

The food enzyme phytepsin (EC 3.4.23.40) is extracted from the pistils of the cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L.) by different manufacturers represented by the Dirección General de Salud Pública, Gobierno de Canarias, España. It is intended to be used in milk processing for cheese production. As no concerns arose from the source of the food enzyme, from its manufacture, and based on a history of safe use and consumption, the Panel considered that toxicological data and the estimation of dietary exposure were not required. A search for the similarity of the amino acid sequences of the food enzyme to known allergens was made and no matches were found. The Panel considered that allergic reactions to this phytepsin cannot be excluded in individuals allergic to cardoon. However, the likelihood of allergic reactions to the phytepsin from C. cardunculus L. is expected not to exceed the likelihood of allergic reactions to cardoon. As the prevalence of allergic reactions to cardoon is low, also the likelihood of such reactions to occur to the food enzyme is low. Based on the data provided, the Panel concluded that this food enzyme does not give rise to safety concerns under the intended conditions of use.

Wild Artichoke (Cynara cardunculus subsp. sylvestris, Asteraceae) Leaf Extract: Phenolic Profile and Oxidative Stress Inhibitory Effects on HepG2 Cells

Cynara cardunculus subsp. sylvestris (wild artichoke) is widespread in Sicily, where it has been used for food and medicinal purposes since ancient times; decoctions of the aerial parts of this plant have been traditionally employed as a remedy for different hepatic diseases. In this study, the phenolic profile and cell-free antioxidant properties of the leaf aqueous extract of wild artichokes grown in Sicily (Italy) were investigated. The crude extract was also tested in cells for its antioxidant characteristics and potential oxidative stress inhibitory effects. To resemble the features of the early stage of mild steatosis in humans, human HepG2 cells treated with free fatty acids at the concentration of 1.5 mM were used. HPLC-DAD analysis revealed the presence of several phenolic acids (caffeoylquinic acids) and flavonoids (luteolin and apigenin derivatives). At the same time, DPPH assay showed a promising antioxidant power (IC50 = 20.04 ± 2.52 µg/mL). Biological investigations showed the safety of the crude extract and its capacity to counteract the injury induced by FFA exposure by restoring cell viability and counteracting oxidative stress through inhibiting reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation and increasing thiol-group levels. In addition, the extract increased mRNA expression of some proteins implicated in the antioxidant defense (Nrf2, Gpx, and SOD1) and decreased mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β), which were modified by FFA treatment. Results suggest that the total phytocomplex contained in wild artichoke leaves effectively modulates FFA-induced hepatic oxidative stress.

Application of Agri-Food By-Products in Cheesemaking

Agri-food companies produce large quantities of plant by-products that in many instances contain functional bioactive compounds. This review summarizes the main applications of agro-industrial by-products in cheesemaking, considering their bioactivities and functional properties. Polyphenol-rich by-products increase antioxidant and antimicrobial activity in cheeses, positively impacting their shelf life. Contrasting results have been obtained regarding the color and sensory properties of enriched cheeses depending on the selected by-products and on the technology adopted for the extract preparation. Furthermore, functional compounds in cheeses perform a prebiotic function and their bioavailability improves human health. Overall, the use of agri-food by-products in cheese formulation can offer benefits for agri-food chain sustainability and consumer health.

Neuroprotective Properties of Cardoon Leaves Extracts against Neurodevelopmental Deficits in an In Vitro Model of Rett Syndrome Depend on the Extraction Method and Harvest Time

This study investigates the bioactive properties of different extracts of cardoon leaves in rescuing neuronal development arrest in an in vitro model of Rett syndrome (RTT). Samples were obtained from plants harvested at different maturity stages and extracted with two different methodologies, namely Naviglio^® and supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO₂). While scCO₂ extracts more hydrophobic fractions, the Naviglio^® method extracts phenolic compounds and less hydrophobic components. Only the scCO₂ cardoon leaves extract obtained from plants harvested in spring induced a significant rescue of neuronal atrophy in RTT neurons, while the scCO₂ extract from the autumn harvest stimulated dendrite outgrowth in Wild-Type (WT) neurons. The scCO₂ extracts were the richest in squalene, 3ß-taraxerol and lupeol, with concentrations in autumn harvest doubling those in spring harvest. The Naviglio^® extract was rich in cynaropicrin and exerted a toxic effect at 20 µM on both WT and RTT neurons. When cynaropicrin, squalene, lupeol and 3ß-taraxerol were tested individually, no positive effect was observed, whereas a significant neurotoxicity of cynaropicrin and lupeol was evident. In conclusion, cardoon leaves extracts with high content of hydrophobic bioactive molecules and low cynaropicrin and lupeol concentrations have pharmacological potential to stimulate neuronal development in RTT and WT neurons in vitro.

Safety evaluation of the food enzyme phytepsin from Cynara cardunculus L

The food enzyme phytepsin (EC 3.4.23.40) is extracted from the pistils of cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L.) by QUALIFICA/oriGIn PORTUGAL. It is intended to be used in milk processing for cheese production. As no concerns arose from the source of the food enzyme, from its manufacture, and based on the history of safe use and consumption, the Panel considered that toxicological data and the estimation of dietary exposure were not required. The Panel considered that allergic reactions to this phytepsin cannot be excluded in individuals allergic to this plant. However, the likelihood of allergic reactions to the phytepsin from C. cardunculus L. is expected not to exceed the likelihood of allergic reactions to cardoon. As the prevalence of allergic reactions to cardoon is low, also the likelihood of such reaction to occur to the food enzyme is low. Based on the data provided, the Panel concluded that this food enzyme does not give rise to safety concerns under the intended conditions of use.

Safety evaluation of the food enzyme phytepsin from Cynara cardunculus L

The food enzyme phytepsin (EC 3.4.23.40) is extracted from the pistils of the cardoon (Cynara cardunculus L.) by seven manufacturers represented by the Regulation Council of Protected Designation of Origin Torta del Casar. It is intended to be used in milk processing for cheese production. As no concerns arose from the source of the food enzyme, from its manufacture, and based on the history of safe use and consumption, the Panel considered that toxicological data and the estimation of dietary exposure were not required. A search for similarity of the amino acid sequences of the food enzyme to known allergens was made and no matches were found. The Panel considered that allergic reactions to this phytepsin cannot be excluded in individuals allergic to this plant. However, the likelihood of allergic reactions to the phytepsin from C. cardunculus L. is expected not to exceed the likelihood of allergic reactions to cardoon. As the prevalence of allergic reactions to cardoon is low, also the likelihood of such reaction to occur to the food enzyme is low. Based on the data provided, the Panel concluded that this food enzyme does not give rise to safety concerns under the intended conditions of use.

Safety evaluation of the food enzyme phytepsin from Cynara cardunculus L

The food enzyme phytepsin (EC 3.4.23.40) is extracted from the pistils of the cardoon Cynara cardunculus L. by ABIASA. It is intended to be used in milk processing for cheese production. As no concerns arose from the source of the food enzyme, from its manufacture, and based on the history of safe use and consumption, the Panel considered that toxicological data and the estimation of dietary exposure were not required. The Panel considered that allergic reactions to this phytepsin cannot be excluded in individuals allergic to this plant. However, the likelihood of allergic reactions to the phytepsin from C. cardunculus L. is expected not to exceed the likelihood of allergic reactions to cardoon. As the prevalence of allergic reactions to cardoon is low, also the likelihood of such reaction to occur to the food enzyme is low. Based on the data provided, the Panel concluded that this food enzyme does not give rise to safety concerns under the intended conditions of use.

The Employment of Genera Vaccinium, Citrus, Olea, and Cynara Polyphenols for the Reduction of Selected Anti-Cancer Drug Side Effects

Cancer is one of the most widespread diseases globally and one of the leading causes of death. Known cancer treatments are chemotherapy, surgery, radiation therapy, targeted hormonal therapy, or a combination of these methods. Antitumor drugs, with different mechanisms, interfere with cancer growth by destroying cancer cells. However, anticancer drugs are dangerous, as they significantly affect both cancer cells and healthy cells. In addition, there may be the onset of systemic side effects perceived and mutagenicity, teratogenicity, and further carcinogenicity. Many polyphenolic extracts, taken on top of common anti-tumor drugs, can participate in the anti-proliferative effect of drugs and significantly reduce the side effects developed. This review aims to discuss the current scientific knowledge of the protective effects of polyphenols of the genera Vaccinium, Citrus, Olea, and Cynara on the side effects induced by four known chemotherapy, Cisplatin, Doxorubicin, Tamoxifen, and Paclitaxel. In particular, the summarized data will help to understand whether polyphenols can be used as adjuvants in cancer therapy, although further clinical trials will provide crucial information.