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Al-Zaban MI, Alrokban AH, Mahmoud MA. Development of a real-time PCR and multiplex PCR assay for the detection and identification of mycotoxigenic fungi in stored maize grains. Mycology 2023; 14:227-238. [PMID: 37583456 PMCID: PMC10424615 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2023.2213704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify important mycotoxigenic fungi and accurate detection of mycotoxin in stored maize grains using molecular methods. The current study also optimised the real-time PCR (RT-PCR) assay. The melting curve was established to identify isolated fungal species of Aspergillus (4), Fusarium (3), Penicillium (3), and Alternaria (one). A multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) technique was developed for the detection and characterisation of mycotoxin producing fungi, mycotoxin metabolic pathway genes, and the determination of eleven mycotoxins in stored maize grains using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The mPCR results indicated positive signals for potentially mycotoxigenic fungal species tested of Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, and Alternaria. A protocol for multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (mRT-PCR) was tested to distinguish between free and contaminated, stored maize with aflatoxin B1 (AFB1). The expression pattern of four aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway genes, AFB1 (aflQ, aflP, aflO, and aflD), was a good marker for contaminated, stored maize grains. HPLC analysis showed that maize grain samples were contaminated with mycotoxins, and the concentration was above the detection level. The results indicate that the polyphasic approach might provide a sensitive, rapid, and accurate method for detecting and identifying mycotoxigenic fungal species and mycotoxins in stored maize grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayasar I. Al-Zaban
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahlam H. Alrokban
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A. Mahmoud
- Central Laboratory of Biotechnology (CLB), Plant Pathology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
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Cao D, Lou Y, Jiang X, Zhang D, Liu J. Fungal Diversity in Barley Under Different Storage Conditions. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:895975. [PMID: 35814699 PMCID: PMC9257103 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.895975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity of fungi in barley in simulated storage environments was analyzed. Barley was stored at different temperatures (15, 25, 35°C) and relative humidity (55, 65, 75, 85 RH) for 180 and 360 days. Alpha diversity, beta diversity, species composition, and species differences were analyzed using Illumina HiSeq technology. The fungal communities in all barley samples before and after storage belonged to 3 phyla, 18 classes, 39 orders, 71 families, 103 genera, and 152 species. The relative abundance of the dominant phylum Ascomycota was 77.98–99.19%. The relative abundance of Basidiomycota was 0.77–21.96%. At the genus level, the dominant genera of fungi in barley initially included Fusarium, Aspergillus, Microdochium, Alternaria, and Epicoccum. After 360 days of storage, the dominant genera became Epicoccum, Alternaria, Bipolar, Cladosporium, Fusarium, and Aspergillus. According to Venn diagrams and principal coordinates analysis, the fungal community diversity in barley initially was much higher than in barley stored at different temperatures and humidity. The application of PLS-DA could accurately distinguish between barley stored for 180 and 360 days. Some high-temperature and high-humidity environments accelerated storage. The dominant genera differed in different storage conditions and constantly changed with increasing storage duration. Epicoccum was one of the dominant genera after longer storage periods. This study provides theoretical support for optimizing safe storage conditions in barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Cao
- College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
- National Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing and Quality Safety of Heilongjiang Province, Daqing, China
- Heilongjiang Engineering Research Center for Coarse Cereals Processing and Quality Safety, Daqing, China
| | - Yuhao Lou
- College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Xiujie Jiang
- College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
- National Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Dongjie Zhang
- College of Food Science, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
- National Coarse Cereals Engineering Research Center, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing and Quality Safety of Heilongjiang Province, Daqing, China
- Heilongjiang Engineering Research Center for Coarse Cereals Processing and Quality Safety, Daqing, China
- Heilongjiang Province Cultivating Collaborative Innovation Center for the Beidahuang Modern Agricultural Industry Technology, Daqing, China
- *Correspondence: Dongjie Zhang,
| | - Junmei Liu
- College of Food Science, Jilin Agricultural University, Daqing, China
- Junmei Liu,
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