1
|
Milana M, van Asselt ED, van der Fels-Klerx HJ. The chemical and microbiological safety of emerging alternative protein sources and derived analogues: A review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13377. [PMID: 38865251 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Climate change and changing consumer demand are the main factors driving the protein transition. This shift toward more sustainable protein sources as alternatives to animal proteins is also reflected in the rapid upscaling of meat and dairy food analogues. Such changes could challenge food safety, as new food sources could result in new and unexpected food safety risks for consumers. This review analyzed the current knowledge on chemical and microbiological contamination of emerging alternative protein sources of plant origin, including soil-based (faba bean, mung bean, lentils, black gram, cowpea, quinoa, hemp, and leaf proteins) and aquatic-based (microalgae and duckweeds) proteins. Moreover, findings on commercial analogues from known alternative protein sources were included. Overall, the main focus of the investigations is on the European context. The review aimed to enable foresight approaches to food safety concerning the protein transition. The results indicated the occurrence of multiple chemical and microbiological hazards either in the raw materials that are the protein sources and eventually in the analogues. Moreover, current European legislation on maximum limits does not address most of the "contaminant-food" pairs identified, and no legislative framework has been developed for analogues. Results of this study provide stakeholders with a more comprehensive understanding of the chemical and microbiological safety of alternative protein sources and derived analogues to enable a holistic and safe approach to the protein transition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Milana
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - E D van Asselt
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - H J van der Fels-Klerx
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Neri I, Russo G, Grumetto L. Bisphenol A and its analogues: from their occurrence in foodstuffs marketed in Europe to improved monitoring strategies-a review of published literature from 2018 to 2023. Arch Toxicol 2024:10.1007/s00204-024-03793-4. [PMID: 38864942 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03793-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
In this review article, the research works covering the analytical determination of bisphenol A (BPA) and its structural analogues published from 2018 to present (February 2024) were examined. The review offers an overview of the concentration levels of these xenoestrogens in food and beverages, and discusses concerns that these may possibly pose to the human health and scrutinises, from an analytical perspective, the main biomonitoring approaches that are applied. This comes as a natural evolution of a previous review that covered the same topic but in earlier years (up to 2017). As compared to the past, while the volume of published literature on this topic has not necessarily decreased, the research studies are now much more homogeneous in terms of their geographical origin, i.e., Southern Europe (mainly Italy and Spain). For this reason, an estimated daily intake of the European population could not be calculated at this time. In terms of the analytical approaches that were applied, 67% of the research groups exploited liquid chromatography (LC), with a detection that was prevalently (71%) afforded by mass spectrometry, with over one-fourth of the research teams using fluorescence (26%) and a minority (3%) detecting the analytes with diode array detection. One-third of the groups used gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry achieving comparatively superior efficiency as compared to LC. Derivatisation was performed in 59% of the GC studies to afford more symmetrical signals and enhanced sensitivity. Although the contamination levels are well below the threshold set by governments, routinely biomonitoring is encouraged because of the possible accumulation of these contaminants in the human body and of their interplay with other xenoestrogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Neri
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Centre of Biomedicine and Global Health, School of Applied Sciences, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh Napier University, 9 Sighthill Ct, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN, UK
- Consorzio Interuniversitario INBB, Viale Medaglie d'Oro, 305, 00136, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Russo
- Centre of Biomedicine and Global Health, School of Applied Sciences, Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh Napier University, 9 Sighthill Ct, Edinburgh, EH11 4BN, UK.
| | - Lucia Grumetto
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario INBB, Viale Medaglie d'Oro, 305, 00136, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Erminia Schiano M, Sodano F, Cassiano C, Magli E, Seccia S, Grazia Rimoli M, Albrizio S. Monitoring of seven pesticide residues by LC-MS/MS in extra virgin olive oil samples and risk assessment for consumers. Food Chem 2024; 442:138498. [PMID: 38245984 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Residue levels of seven pesticides were analyzed in thirty-five samples of Extra Virgin Olive Oil to assess the health risk of consuming Italian oils correlated with the presence of these pesticides. An in-house analytical procedure was developed and validated, consisting of a specific dispersive solid-phase extraction using the QuEChERS technique and a qualitative-quantitative analysis using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Thirty-four percent of the samples were contaminated with pesticide residues; in the concentration range of 0.53-0.56 ng/mL for imazalil, 1.11-1.56 ng/mL for acetamiprid-N-desmethyl, 1.28-1.46 ng/mL for clothianidin, 0.94-1.49 ng/mL for thiacloprid, 1.08-4.64 ng/mL for dinotefuran, 0.42-1.47 ng/mL for thiamethoxam, 0.42-6.14 ng/mL for imidacloprid). Risk assessment was evaluated using the hazard quotient, hazard index, and Pesticide Residue Intake Model by EFSA. All hazard indices confirmed that the concentrations of pesticides detected in the oil samples did not represent a short or long-term risk for consumers' health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marica Erminia Schiano
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131 Naples, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario INBB, Viale Medaglie d'Oro, 305, I-00136 Rome, Italy; Istituto per i Polimeri, Compositi e Biomateriali (IPCB) - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via Campi Flegrei, 34, I-80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy.
| | - Federica Sodano
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Chiara Cassiano
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Elisa Magli
- Dipartimento di Sanità, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Pansini, 5, I-80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Serenella Seccia
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Maria Grazia Rimoli
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131 Naples, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario INBB, Viale Medaglie d'Oro, 305, I-00136 Rome, Italy.
| | - Stefania Albrizio
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano, 49, I-80131 Naples, Italy; Consorzio Interuniversitario INBB, Viale Medaglie d'Oro, 305, I-00136 Rome, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|