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Liu JJ, Hou YK, Wang X, Zhou XT, Yin JY, Nie SP. Recent advances in the biosynthesis of fungal glucan structural diversity. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 329:121782. [PMID: 38286552 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.121782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Glucans are the most abundant class of macromolecule polymers in fungi, which are commonly found in Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. Fungal glucans are not only essential for cell integrity and function but also crucial for the immense industrial interest in high value applications. They present a variety of structural characteristics at the nanoscale due to the high regulation of genes and the involvement of stochastic processes in synthesis. However, although recent findings have demonstrated the genes of glucans synthesis are relatively conserved across diverse fungi, the formation and organization of diverse glucan structures is still unclear in fungi. Here, we summarize the structural features of fungal glucans and the recent developments in the mechanisms of glucans biosynthesis. Furthermore, we propose the engineering strategies of targeted glucan synthesis and point out the remaining challenges in the synthetic process. Understanding the synthesis process of diverse glucans is necessary for tailoring high value glucan towards specific applications. This engineering strategy contributes to enable the sustainable and efficient production of glucan diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Jin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330047, China
| | - Yu-Ke Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330047, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330047, China
| | - Xing-Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330047, China
| | - Jun-Yi Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330047, China.
| | - Shao-Ping Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, China-Canada Joint Lab of Food Science and Technology (Nanchang), Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330047, China; Food Laboratory of Zhongyuan, Luo he 462300, Henan, China.
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Arslan NP, Dawar P, Albayrak S, Doymus M, Azad F, Esim N, Taskin M. Fungi-derived natural antioxidants. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-24. [PMID: 38156661 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2298770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
In humans, exogenous antioxidants aid the endogenous antioxidant system to detoxify excess ROS generated during oxidative stress, thereby protecting the body against various diseases and stressful conditions. The majority of natural antioxidants available on the consumer market are plant-based; however, fungi are being recognized as alternative sources of various natural antioxidants such as polysaccharides, pigments, peptides, sterols, phenolics, alkaloids, and flavonoids. In addition, some exogenous antioxidants are exclusively found in fungi. Fungi-derived antioxidants exhibit scavenging activities against DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl, superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide radicals in vitro. Furthermore, in vivo models, application of fungal-derived antioxidants increase the level of various antioxidant enzymes, such as catalases, superoxide dismutases, and glutathione peroxidases, and reduce the level of malondialdehyde. Therefore, fungi-derived antioxidants have potential to be used in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. This review summarizes the antioxidant potential of different fungi (mushrooms, yeasts, and molds)-derived natural compounds such as polysaccharides, pigments, peptides, ergothioneine, ergosterol, phenolics, alkaloids, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pranav Dawar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Seyda Albayrak
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Science Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Meryem Doymus
- Vocational School of Health Services of Hinis, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Fakhrul Azad
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nevzat Esim
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Science and Art Faculty, Bingol University, Bingol, Turkey
| | - Mesut Taskin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Science Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Zhang K, Wang W, Yang Q. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Regulation of Aureobasidium pullulans under Different pH Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16103. [PMID: 38003294 PMCID: PMC10671783 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Aureobasidium pullulans (A. pullulans), a commonly found yeast-like fungus, exhibits adaptability to a wide range of pH environments. However, the specific mechanisms and regulatory pathways through which A. pullulans respond to external pH remain to be fully understood. In this study, we first sequenced the whole genome of A. pullulans using Nanopore technology and generated a circle map. Subsequently, we explored the biomass, pullulan production, melanin production, and polymalic acid production of A. pullulans when cultivated at different pH levels. We selected pH 4.0, pH 7.0, and pH 10.0 to represent acidic, neutral, and alkaline environments, respectively, and examined the morphological characteristics of A. pullulans using SEM and TEM. Our observations revealed that A. pullulans predominantly exhibited hyphal growth with thicker cell walls under acidic conditions. In neutral environments, it primarily displayed thick-walled spores and yeast-like cells, while in alkaline conditions, it mainly assumed an elongated yeast-like cell morphology. Additionally, transcriptome analysis unveiled that A. pullulans orchestrates its response to shifts in environmental pH by modulating its cellular morphology and the expression of genes involved in pullulan, melanin, and polymalic acid synthesis. This research enhances the understanding of how A. pullulans regulates itself in diverse pH settings and offers valuable guidance for developing and applying engineered strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China
| | - Wan Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China
| | - Qian Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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Wang W, Zhang K, Lin C, Zhao S, Guan J, Zhou W, Ru X, Cong H, Yang Q. Influence of Cmr1 in the Regulation of Antioxidant Function Melanin Biosynthesis in Aureobasidium pullulans. Foods 2023; 12:foods12112135. [PMID: 37297380 DOI: 10.3390/foods12112135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We have successfully identified the transcription factor Cmr1 from the fungus Aureobasidium pullulans Hit-lcy3T, which regulates melanin biosynthesis genes. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the Cmr1 gene encodes a protein of 945 amino acids, containing two Cys2His2 zinc finger domains and a Zn(II)2Cys6 binuclear cluster domain located at the N-terminus of Cmr1. To investigate the function of the Cmr1 gene, we performed gene knockout and overexpression experiments. Our results showed that Cmr1 is a key regulator of melanin synthesis in Hit-lcy3T, and its absence caused developmental defects. Conversely, overexpression of Cmr1 significantly increased the number of chlamydospores in Hit-lcy3T and improved melanin production. RT-qPCR analysis further revealed that overexpression of Cmr1 enhanced the expression of several genes involved in melanin biosynthesis, including Cmr1, PKS, SCD1, and THR1. Melanin extracted from the Hit-lcy3T was characterized using UV and IR spectroscopy. Furthermore, we assessed the antioxidant properties of Hit-lcy3T melanin and found that it possesses strong scavenging activity against DPPH·, ABTS·, and OH·, but weaker activity against O2-·. These findings suggest that Hit-lcy3T melanin holds promise for future development as a functional food additive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China
| | - Congyu Lin
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Shanshan Zhao
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316000, China
| | - Jiaqi Guan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China
| | - Xin Ru
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China
| | - Hua Cong
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China
| | - Qian Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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Zhang K, Lin C, Zhao S, Wang W, Zhou W, Ru X, Cong H, Yang Q. The role of pH transcription factor Appacc in upregulation of pullulan biosynthesis in Aureobasidium pullulans using potato waste as a substrate. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:124797. [PMID: 37182631 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
pH is one of the important environmental factors affecting the growth, development and secondary metabolites of fungi. To better utilize potato waste for the production of pullulan by fermentation, in this study, the amino acid sequence and structural domain of pH transcription factor Appacc were analyzed using the bioinformatics methods. Appacc showed three typically conserved zinc finger domains, with the closest homology to Zymoseptoria brevis. The function of Appacc was characterized by ΔAppacc and OEXpacc mutants. The mycelium growth of ΔApacc mutants was inhibited, especially, under alkaline conditions. Furthermore, the pullulan production of ΔAppacc mutant was reduced and the expression of pullulan synthetic genes also decreased. Moreover, the OEXpacc mutant further demonstrated that pacc could regulate the expression of pullulan synthesis genes. The yield of pullulan polysaccharide increased from 13.6 g/L to 17.8 g/L by direct fermentation without changing the pH of potato waste. These results suggest that Appacc played a vital role in the growth of Aureobasidium pullulans and that the production of pullulan from potato waste can be increased by overexpression of pacc gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China
| | - Congyu Lin
- National Engineering Research Center of Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Shanshan Zhao
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China
| | - Wan Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China
| | - Xin Ru
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China
| | - Hua Cong
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China.
| | - Qian Yang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150006, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
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