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Ma M, Zhang Y, Fang Y, Lu Y, Huang H, Zeng Z, Zeng D. Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of LN002, a new compound alternative oxidase inhibitor against Cryptosporidium in rats. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1413872. [PMID: 39148541 PMCID: PMC11325084 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1413872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is considered a crucial zoonotic disease caused by widely distributing parasitic protozoa called Cryptosporidium spp. Nitazoxanide is the only FDA-approved drug but is only effective with a good immune response of the host. In addressing this unmet medical need, we previously identified a compound, namely, LN002, as a potent alternative oxidase inhibitor against cryptosporidiosis. To illustrate the pharmacokinetics, absolute bioavailability, and tissue distribution of LN002 in rats, rapid and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography was developed and validated for the separation and detection of LN002 in plasma, tissue samples, and intestinal contents. In this study, a single dose of oral administration and intravenous injection of LN002 was used to determine the levels of LN002 in plasma, tissue samples, and intestinal contents by UHLC. Results of the study indicated that after intravenous administration of 1 mg/kg LN002, the AUC0-24 h, T1/2,Vd, and Cl were 7024.86 h·ng/mL, 10.91 h, 1.69 L/kg, and 0.11 L/h/kg, respectively. After oral administration of a single dosage of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg LN002, the Tmax, Cmax, AUC0-24 h, T1/2, F, Vd, and Cl/F in plasma of rats were 1 h, 849.88-4033.21 ng/mL, 2280.41-7498.10 h·ng/mL, 17.96-18.83 h, 0.27%-0.32%, 581.54-869.21 L/kg, and 25.97-39.00 L/h/kg, respectively. After oral administration of 200 mg/kg, LN002 was extensively distributed in the main tissues of rats, and massive amounts of LN002 were distributed in the intestine and intestinal contents, indicating its potential as an effective anti-Cryptosporidium compound. After oral administration of a single dosage of 200 mg/kg, LN002 has a low bioavailability and high levels in the intestine, which is crucial for the safe and effective treatment of cryptosporidiosis. Overall, the results of this study provide valuable data support for the future study of LN002.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglang Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety. Evaluation, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal. Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongxiang Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety. Evaluation, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal. Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanjun Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety. Evaluation, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal. Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yixing Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety. Evaluation, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal. Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huiguo Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety. Evaluation, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal. Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenling Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety. Evaluation, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal. Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongping Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety. Evaluation, National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal. Original Bacteria, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Magdy G, Said N, El-Domany RA, Belal F. Novel fluorescent probes based on sulfur and nitrogen co-doped carbon dots for determination of three N-substituted phenothiazine derivatives in dosage forms. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 314:124207. [PMID: 38554691 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
In the current work, sulfur and nitrogen co-doped carbon dots (S,N-CDs) as simple, sensitive, and selective turn-off fluorescent nanosensors were utilized for analysis of three phenothiazine derivatives, including acetophenazine (APZ), chlorpromazine (CPH), and promethazine (PZH). S,N-CDs were synthesized through a green one-pot microwave-assisted technique using widely available precursors (thiourea and ascorbic acid). HRTEM, EDX, FTIR spectroscopy, UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy were used to characterize the as-synthesized CDs. When excited at 330 nm, the carbon dots produced a maximum emission peak at 410 nm. The cited drugs statically quenched the S,N-CDs fluorescence as revealed by the Stern-Volmer equation. The current method represents the first spectrofluorimetric approach for the determination of the studied drugs without the need for chemical derivatization or harsh reaction conditions. The importance of the proposed work is magnified as the cited drugs do not have any fluorescent properties. The fluorescence of the developed sensor exhibited a linear response to APZ, CPH, and PZH in the concentration ranges of 5.0-100.0, 10.0-100.0, and 10.0-200.0 μM with detection limits of 1.53, 1.66, and 2.47 μM, respectively. The developed fluorescent probes have the advantages of rapidity and selectivity for APZ, CPH, and PZH analysis in tablets with acceptable % recoveries of (98.06-101.66 %). Evaluation of the method's greenness was performed using the Complementary Green Analytical Procedure Index (ComplexGAPI) and Analytical GREEnness metric (AGREE) metrics, indicating that the method is environmentally friendly. Validation of the proposed method was performed according to ICHQ2 (R1) guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galal Magdy
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, P.O. Box 33511, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura National University, Gamasa, 7731168, Egypt.
| | - Noura Said
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, P.O. Box 33511, Egypt
| | - Ramadan A El-Domany
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, P.O. Box 33511, Egypt
| | - Fathalla Belal
- Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, P.O. Box 35516, Egypt
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Chanjamsri N, Phonchai A, Ngamchuea K, Nacapricha D, Wilairat P, Chaisiwamongkhol K. Determination of promethazine in forensic samples using multi-walled carbon nanotube-gold nanoparticle electrochemical sensor. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:817-829. [PMID: 38168774 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01706k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
An electrochemical sensor was developed based on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) for the determination of promethazine (PMZ) in 'purple drank', pharmaceutical formulations, and synthetic saliva. The oxidation of PMZ at the modified electrode occurred at a higher cathodic potential and produced a higher sensitivity compared to the unmodified GCE. The morphology of the modified electrode was characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The presence of MWCNTs and AuNPs was confirmed. The optimized parameters included the concentration and pH of the supporting electrolyte, amount of modifiers used to fabricate the electrode, deposition potential, and time. Using these optimized conditions, the method has a linear range from 0.5 to 100 μmol L-1, with a R2 value of 0.9991. The limit of detection (3SDblank/slope) was 0.13 μmol L-1. The proposed electrochemical sensor was successfully applied for the determination of PMZ in 'purple drank', pharmaceutical formulations, and spiked synthetic saliva samples. The results obtained from this sensor were in statistical agreement with the values obtained using the reference gas chromatography-flame ionization method.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Apichai Phonchai
- Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
- Forensic Science Innovation and Service Center, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Kamonwad Ngamchuea
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Avenue, Suranaree, Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Duangjai Nacapricha
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Flow Innovation-Research for Science and Technology Laboratories (FIRST Labs), Thailand
| | - Prapin Wilairat
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Flow Innovation-Research for Science and Technology Laboratories (FIRST Labs), Thailand
| | - Korbua Chaisiwamongkhol
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand.
- Division of Health and Applied Sciences, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
- Center of Chemical Innovation for Sustainability (CIS), Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
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