1
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Garrido-Cuevas MDM, Garrido-Varo AM, Oliveri P, Sánchez MT, Pérez-Marín D. In-house validation of a visible and near infrared spectroscopy non-targeted method to support panel test of virgin olive oils. Food Res Int 2024; 192:114799. [PMID: 39147500 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
In this study, an in-house validation of Visible and Near Infrared Spectroscopy was performed to distinguish between extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) and virgin olive oil (VOO). A total of 161 samples of olive oil of three different categories (EVOO, VOO and lampante (LOO)) were analysed by transflectance using a monochromator instrument. One-class models were initially developed using Partial Least Squares (PLS) Density Modelling to characterize EVOO and VOO category. Once the LOO samples were discriminated, linear and non-linear discriminant models were built to classify EVOO and VOO. Different data pre-treatments and variable selection algorithms were evaluated to establish the best models in terms of Correct Classification Rate (CCR). The best model, obtained after variable selection using PLS Discriminant Analysis, yielded CCR values of 82.35 % for EVOO and 66.67 % for VOO in external validation. These results confirmed that VIS + NIRS technology may be used to provide rapid, non-destructive preliminary screening of olive oil samples for categorization; suspect samples may then be analysed by official analytical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-Del-Mar Garrido-Cuevas
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry Engineering (ETSIAM), University of Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Cordoba, Spain.
| | - Ana-María Garrido-Varo
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry Engineering (ETSIAM), University of Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Paolo Oliveri
- Department of Pharmacy (DIFAR), University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy
| | - María-Teresa Sánchez
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry Engineering (ETSIAM), University of Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Dolores Pérez-Marín
- Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry Engineering (ETSIAM), University of Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Cordoba, Spain.
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2
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Lazarou K, Tsagkaris AS, Drakopoulou S, Kyriakopoulos AM, Martakos I, Pentogenis M, Glyniadaki M, Kritikou E, Koupa A, Kostakis M, Proestos C, Dasenaki M, Maragou N, Thomaidis N. Long-term stability of extra virgin olive oil: effects of filtration and refrigeration storage on the Kolovi variety. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024. [PMID: 39118447 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The composition of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) defines its sensory, nutritional, and human health benefits, and distinguishes it as a key component of the Mediterranean diet. Nevertheless, EVOO constituents are susceptible to degradation during processing and storage, which reduces the olive oil's quality and limits its shelf life. The present study investigated the effect of molecular filtration before storage and the effect of cool storage at 4 °C on the stability of 'Kolovi' EVOO, a variety originating from the Greek island of Lesvos, over a 24 month period. RESULTS Storing EVOO at 4 °C positively affected free acidity, peroxide value, K268, fruity qualities, and concentrations of hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, ligstroside aglycone, lutein, and squalene, in comparison with the control sample stored at room temperature, particularly after 1 year. Molecular filtration significantly affected the ratio of unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids (UFAs/SFAs). Optimal preservation of parameters such as acidity value and lutein content was achieved by combining molecular filtration with refrigeration. CONCLUSIONS The present study recommends storing EVOO in the refrigerator for up to 18 months. Based on the regulatory limits of the quality characteristics of acidity, peroxide value, K232 value and fruity sensory attributes, the shelf-life of the protected geographical indication (PGI) 'Kolovi' EVOO can reach 2 years under cool storage (4 °C) and with molecular filtration before storage. © 2024 The Author(s). Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Lazarou
- Food Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Aristeidis S Tsagkaris
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sofia Drakopoulou
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Ioannis Martakos
- Food Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Michalis Pentogenis
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Glyniadaki
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia Kritikou
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Koupa
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Marios Kostakis
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Charalampos Proestos
- Food Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Marilena Dasenaki
- Food Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Niki Maragou
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Thomaidis
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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3
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Pierguidi L, Cecchi L, Dinnella C, Zanoni B, Spinelli S, Migliorini M, Monteleone E. Markers of sensory dynamics in phenols-rich virgin olive oils under optimal storage conditions. Food Res Int 2024; 187:114438. [PMID: 38763685 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Early changes in sensory quality of phenols-rich virgin olive oil (VOO) and their relationship with the chemical changes are less studied in the literature. Therefore, the objective of this study was to propose a predictive model of dynamics of sensory changes based on specific chemical markers. The evolution of the sensory quality of phenol-rich VOOs from Tuscan cultivars stored under optimal storage conditions (i.e., absence of light, no O2 exposure, low temperature) was investigated using a multi-step methodological approach combining sensory (official sensory analysis (so-called Panel Test), Descriptive Analysis and Temporal Dominance of Sensation) and chemical measurements. The sensory map from descriptive data was related to the phenolic and volatile profiles, measured using HPLC-DAD and HS-SPME-GC-MS, respectively. A predictive model of the sensory changes over storage based on chemical compounds was developed. Results showed that very early changes involving phenolic and volatile compounds profiles occur in VOOs stored under optimal storage conditions, which turn in changes in sensory properties evaluated by the official panel test, the descriptive analysis and the temporal dominance of sensation. Furthermore, a chemical marker of sensory dynamics of oils during storage was identified as the ratio between two groups of secoiridoids. The proposed model, supported by the mentioned chemical marker, has the potential of improving the control of sensory changes in phenols-rich virgin olive oils during storage in optimal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lapo Pierguidi
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Piazzale Delle Cascine 16, 50144, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cecchi
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Piazzale Delle Cascine 16, 50144, Florence, Italy.
| | - Caterina Dinnella
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Piazzale Delle Cascine 16, 50144, Florence, Italy
| | - Bruno Zanoni
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Piazzale Delle Cascine 16, 50144, Florence, Italy
| | - Sara Spinelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Piazzale Delle Cascine 16, 50144, Florence, Italy
| | - Marzia Migliorini
- Carapelli Firenze S.p.A., Via Leonardo da Vinci 31, Tavarnelle Val di Pesa, 50028, Firenze, Italy
| | - Erminio Monteleone
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry (DAGRI), University of Florence, Piazzale Delle Cascine 16, 50144, Florence, Italy
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4
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Ugolini T, Mattagli F, Melani F, Zanoni B, Migliorini M, Trapani S, Giambanelli E, Parenti A, Mulinacci N, Cecchi L. HS-SPME-GC-MS and Chemometrics for the Quality Control and Clustering of Monovarietal Extra Virgin Olive Oil: A 3-Year Study on Terpenes and Pentene Dimers of Italian Cultivars. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:11124-11139. [PMID: 38698543 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Terpenes and pentene dimers are less studied volatile organic compounds (VOCs) but are associated with specific features of extra virgin olive oils (EVOOs). This study aimed to analyze mono- and sesquiterpenes and pentene dimers of Italian monovarietal EVOOs over 3 years (14 cultivars, 225 samples). A head space-solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) method recently validated was used for terpene and pentene dimer quantitation. The quantitative data collected were used for both the characterization and clustering of the cultivars. Sesquiterpenes were the molecules that most characterized the different cultivars, ranging from 3.908 to 38.215 mg/kg; different groups of cultivars were characterized by different groups of sesquiterpenes. Pentene dimers (1.336 and 3.860 mg/kg) and monoterpenes (0.430 and 1.794 mg/kg) showed much lower contents and variability among cultivars. The application of Kruskal-Wallis test-PCA-LDA-HCA to the experimental data allowed defining 4 clusters of cultivars and building a predictive model to classify the samples (94.3% correct classification). The model was further tested on 33 EVOOs, correctly classifying 91% of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Ugolini
- DAGRI─Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental, and Forestry Sciences and Technologies, University of Florence, via Donizetti, 6, 50144 Firenze, Italy
| | - Federico Mattagli
- DAGRI─Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental, and Forestry Sciences and Technologies, University of Florence, via Donizetti, 6, 50144 Firenze, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Melani
- Department of NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto F.no, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Bruno Zanoni
- DAGRI─Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental, and Forestry Sciences and Technologies, University of Florence, via Donizetti, 6, 50144 Firenze, Italy
| | - Marzia Migliorini
- Carapelli Firenze S.p.A., Via Leonardo da Vinci 31, Tavarnelle Val di Pesa, 50028 Firenze, Italy
| | - Serena Trapani
- Carapelli Firenze S.p.A., Via Leonardo da Vinci 31, Tavarnelle Val di Pesa, 50028 Firenze, Italy
| | - Elisa Giambanelli
- Carapelli Firenze S.p.A., Via Leonardo da Vinci 31, Tavarnelle Val di Pesa, 50028 Firenze, Italy
| | - Alessandro Parenti
- DAGRI─Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental, and Forestry Sciences and Technologies, University of Florence, via Donizetti, 6, 50144 Firenze, Italy
| | - Nadia Mulinacci
- Department of NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, Sesto F.no, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cecchi
- DAGRI─Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental, and Forestry Sciences and Technologies, University of Florence, via Donizetti, 6, 50144 Firenze, Italy
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5
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Girard F, Artaud J, Pinatel C, Claeys-Bruno M, Rébufa C. An iterative selection algorithm: A decision aid to select the best extra virgin olive oils competing in an international contest. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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6
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Violino S, Moscovini L, Costa C, Re PD, Giansante L, Toscano P, Tocci F, Vasta S, Manganiello R, Ortenzi L, Pallottino F. Superior EVOO Quality Production: An RGB Sorting Machine for Olive Classification. Foods 2022; 11:foods11182917. [PMID: 36141045 PMCID: PMC9498511 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is a commercial product of high quality, thanks to its nutritional and organoleptic characteristics. The olives ripeness and the choice of harvest time according to their color and size, strongly influences the quality of the EVOO. The physical sorting of olives with machines performing rapid and objective optical selection, impossible by hand, can improve the quality of the final product. The aim of this study concerns the classification of olives into two qualitative classes, based on the maturity stage and the presence of external defects, through an industrial RGB optical sorting prototype, evaluating its performance and comparing the results with those obtained visually by trained operators. EVOOs obtained from classified olives were characterized through chemical, physical-chemical analysis and sensory profile. For the first time, the optoelectronic technologies in an industrial system was tested on olives to produce superior quality EVOO. The selection allows late harvest, obtaining oils with good characteristics from fully ripe and unripe fruits together, separating defective olives with appropriate calibration and training. Optoelectronic selection creates the opportunity to blend the obtained oils destined to different applications according to the needs of the consumer or producer, using a vanguard technology at low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Violino
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria (CREA)—Centro di Ricerca Ingegneria e Trasformazioni Agroalimentari, Via Della Pascolare 16, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Lavinia Moscovini
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria (CREA)—Centro di Ricerca Ingegneria e Trasformazioni Agroalimentari, Via Della Pascolare 16, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Corrado Costa
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria (CREA)—Centro di Ricerca Ingegneria e Trasformazioni Agroalimentari, Via Della Pascolare 16, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Paolo Del Re
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria (CREA), Centro di Ricerca Ingegneria e Trasformazioni Agroalimentari, Viale Lombardia C.da Bucceri, 65012 Cepagatti, Italy
| | - Lucia Giansante
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria (CREA), Centro di Ricerca Ingegneria e Trasformazioni Agroalimentari, Viale Lombardia C.da Bucceri, 65012 Cepagatti, Italy
| | - Pietro Toscano
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria (CREA), Centro di Ricerca Ingegneria e Trasformazioni Agroalimentari, Via Milano 43, 24047 Treviglio, Italy
| | - Francesco Tocci
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria (CREA)—Centro di Ricerca Ingegneria e Trasformazioni Agroalimentari, Via Della Pascolare 16, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Simone Vasta
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria (CREA)—Centro di Ricerca Ingegneria e Trasformazioni Agroalimentari, Via Della Pascolare 16, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Rossella Manganiello
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria (CREA)—Centro di Ricerca Ingegneria e Trasformazioni Agroalimentari, Via Della Pascolare 16, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Luciano Ortenzi
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria (CREA)—Centro di Ricerca Ingegneria e Trasformazioni Agroalimentari, Via Della Pascolare 16, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
| | - Federico Pallottino
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria (CREA)—Centro di Ricerca Ingegneria e Trasformazioni Agroalimentari, Via Della Pascolare 16, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-906-75-268
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7
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Cecchi L, Parenti A, Bellumori M, Migliorini M, Mulinacci N, Guerrini L. Clustering monovarietal extra virgin olive oil according to sensory profile, volatile compounds and
k
‐mean algorithm. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.202200038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Cecchi
- Department of NEUROFARBA University of Florence Via Ugo Schiff 6 Sesto F.no Florence 50019 Italy
| | - Alessandro Parenti
- Department of Agricultural Food and Forestry Systems Management (DAGRI) University of Florence Piazzale Delle Cascine 16 Florence 50144 Italy
| | - Maria Bellumori
- Department of NEUROFARBA University of Florence Via Ugo Schiff 6 Sesto F.no Florence 50019 Italy
| | - Marzia Migliorini
- Carapelli Firenze S.p.A. Via Leonardo da Vinci 31, Tavarnelle Val di Pesa Firenze 50028 Italy
| | - Nadia Mulinacci
- Department of NEUROFARBA University of Florence Via Ugo Schiff 6 Sesto F.no Florence 50019 Italy
| | - Lorenzo Guerrini
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro‐Forestali (TESAF) Università degli Studi di Padova via dell'Università 16 PD Legnaro 35020 Italy
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8
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Violino S, Taiti C, Marone E, Pallottino F, Costa C. A statistical tool to determine the quality of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO). Eur Food Res Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-022-04092-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Chacón I, Roales J, Lopes-Costa T, Pedrosa JM. Analyzing the Organoleptic Quality of Commercial Extra Virgin Olive Oils: IOC Recognized Panel Tests vs. Electronic Nose. Foods 2022; 11:1477. [PMID: 35627047 PMCID: PMC9141220 DOI: 10.3390/foods11101477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Virgin olive oil (VOO) classification into quality categories determines its labeling and market price. This procedure involves performing a series of chemical-physical analyses and, ultimately, a sensory analysis through the panel test. This work explores the analysis of VOOs quality with an electronic olfactory system (EOS) and examines its abilities using the panel test as a reference. To do this, six commercial olive oils labelled as extra virgin were analyzed with an EOS and classified by three panels recognized by the International Olive Council. The organoleptic analysis of the oils by the panels indicated that most of the oils in the study were in fact not extra virgin. Besides this, the classifications showed inconsistencies between panels, needing statistical treatment to be used as a reference for the EOS training. The analysis of the same oils by the EOS and their subsequent statistical analysis by PCA revealed a good correlation between the first principal component and the olive oil quality from the panels using average scores. It also showed a more consistent classification than the panels. Overall, the EOS proved to be a cheaper, faster, and highly reliable method as a complement to the panel test for the olive oil classification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - José M. Pedrosa
- Departmento de Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain; (I.C.); (J.R.); (T.L.-C.)
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10
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Aparicio-Ruiz R, Ortiz Romero C, Casadei E, García-González DL, Servili M, Selvaggini R, Lacoste F, Escobessa J, Vichi S, Quintanilla-Casas B, Golay PA, Lucci P, Moret E, Valli E, Bendini A, Gallina Toschi T. Collaborative peer validation of a harmonized SPME-GC-MS method for analysis of selected volatile compounds in virgin olive oils. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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11
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Ortega-Gavilán F, García-Mesa JA, Marzal-Fernández JC, Moreno-Ballesteros FJ, Rodríguez-García FP, González-Casado A, Cuadros-Rodríguez L. Innovative and thorough practice to certify reference materials for sensory defects of olive oil. Food Chem 2022; 380:132195. [PMID: 35086013 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An important problem in the olive sector is the occasional mismatch of results obtained by different tasting panels when the same olive oil sample is analysed. These discrepancies could be minimised by using reference materials (RM) for taster training. A comprehensive protocol based on the combined use of sensory and instrumental analysis for the certification of olive oil batches as RMs, developed within the framework of the project 'Operational Group INTERPANEL', is proposed. Similarity indices (R2, cosθ and NEAR) applied on GC-MS fingerprints, allow a successful homogeneity and stability assessment of produced batches. Furthermore, the use of robust statistics combined with a set of instructions developed to remove outliers were applied with excellent results on sensory data set provided by supra-panel composed by more than 100 qualified tasters. This work is the first to provide a comprehensive protocol for certification of real olive oil samples as RM for sensory analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fidel Ortega-Gavilán
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, C/ Fuentenueva s/n, E-18071 Granada, Spain.
| | - José Antonio García-Mesa
- Institute of Agricultural and Fishery Research & Training (IFAPA) "Venta del Llano", Crta. Nacional Bailén-Motril Km 18.5, E-23620 Mengíbar, Jaén, Sapin
| | - José Carlos Marzal-Fernández
- Foundation for the Promotion and Development of the Olive Grove and Olive Oil from Andalusia, GEOLIT Technological Park, C/ Sierra Morena 13a, E-23620 Mengíbar, Jaén, Spain
| | - Francisco J Moreno-Ballesteros
- Regulatory Council of the Protected Designation of Origin "Sierra de Segura", Industrial Park "Llanos de Armijo" s/n, E-23360, La Puerta de Segura, Jaén, Spain
| | - Francisco P Rodríguez-García
- Institute of Agricultural and Fishery Research & Training (IFAPA) "Venta del Llano", Crta. Nacional Bailén-Motril Km 18.5, E-23620 Mengíbar, Jaén, Sapin
| | - Antonio González-Casado
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, C/ Fuentenueva s/n, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Luis Cuadros-Rodríguez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, C/ Fuentenueva s/n, E-18071 Granada, Spain
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12
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Sensory Panel Performance Evaluation—Comprehensive Review of Practical Approaches. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app112411977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sensory assessors determine the result of sensory analysis; therefore, investigation of panel performance is inevitable to obtain well-established results. In the last few decades, numerous publications examine the performance of both panelists and panels. The initial point of any panelist measures are the applied selection methods, which are chosen according to the purpose (general suitability or product-specific skills). A practical overview is given on the available solutions, methods, protocols and software relating to all major panelist and panel measure indices (agreement, discrimination, repeatability, reproducibility and scale usage), with special focus on the utilized statistical methods. The novel approach of the presented methods is multi-faceted, concerning time factor (measuring performance at a given moment or over a period), the level of integration in the sensory testing procedure and the target of the measurements (panelist versus panel). The present paper supports the choice of the performance parameter and its related statistical procedure. Available software platforms, their accessibility (open-source status) and their functions are thoroughly analyzed concerning panelist or whole panel evaluation. The applied sensory test method strongly defines the applicable performance evaluation tools; therefore, these aspects are also discussed. A special field is related to proficiency testing. With the focus on special activities (product competitions, expert panels, food and horticultural goods), practical examples are given. In our research, special attention was given to sensory activity in companies and product experts or product-specific panels. Emerging future trends in this field will involve meta-analyses, application of AI and integration of psychophysics.
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13
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Barbieri S, Aparicio-Ruiz R, Brkic Bubola K, Bucar-Miklavcic M, Lacoste F, Tibet U, Winkelmann O, Bendini A, Garcia-Gonzalez DL, Gallina Toschi T. Performance testing of new artificial olfactory reference materials in virgin olive oil sensory assessment. Int J Gastron Food Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijgfs.2021.100402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Cecchi L, Migliorini M, Giambanelli E, Cane A, Mulinacci N, Zanoni B. Volatile Profile of Two-Phase Olive Pomace (Alperujo) by HS-SPME-GC-MS as a Key to Defining Volatile Markers of Sensory Defects Caused by Biological Phenomena in Virgin Olive Oil. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:5155-5166. [PMID: 33902289 PMCID: PMC8278492 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An olive pomace from the two-phase decanter stored in different conditions was used as a model to simulate the detrimental biological phenomena occurring during olive oil processing and storage. A group of EVOO and defective oils were also analyzed. The volatile fraction was studied with HS-SPME-GC-MS; 127 volatiles were identified (55 of which tentatively identified) and evaluated over time. Seven volatiles were tentatively identified for the first time in olive oil; the role of C6 alcohols in detrimental biological phenomena was highlighted. Suitable volatile markers for defects of microbiological origin were defined, particularly the fusty/muddy sediment. They were then applied to olive oils with different quality categories; one of the markers was able to discriminate among EVOOs and all the defective samples, including the borderline ones. The marker was constituted by the sum of concentrations of 10 esters, 4 alcohols, 1 ketone, and 1 α-hydroxy-ketone but no carboxylic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Cecchi
- Department
of NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto F.no, Florence, Italy
| | - Marzia Migliorini
- Carapelli
Firenze S.p.A., Via Leonardo
da Vinci 31, Tavarnelle Val di Pesa, 50028 Firenze, Italy
| | - Elisa Giambanelli
- Carapelli
Firenze S.p.A., Via Leonardo
da Vinci 31, Tavarnelle Val di Pesa, 50028 Firenze, Italy
| | - Anna Cane
- Carapelli
Firenze S.p.A., Via Leonardo
da Vinci 31, Tavarnelle Val di Pesa, 50028 Firenze, Italy
| | - Nadia Mulinacci
- Department
of NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto F.no, Florence, Italy
| | - Bruno Zanoni
- Department
of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Systems Management (DAGRI), University of Florence, Piazzale Delle Cascine 16, 50144 Florence, Italy
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15
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Varzakas T. Extra Virgin Olive Oil (EVOO): Quality, Safety, Authenticity, and Adulteration. Foods 2021; 10:foods10050995. [PMID: 34063199 PMCID: PMC8147458 DOI: 10.3390/foods10050995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevention and bioactivity effects associated with the so-called "Mediterranean diet" make olive oil the most consumed edible fat in the food intake of the Mediterranean basin [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros Varzakas
- Department Food Science and Technology, University of the Peloponnese, 24100 Kalamata, Greece
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16
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Cecchi L, Migliorini M, Mulinacci N. Virgin Olive Oil Volatile Compounds: Composition, Sensory Characteristics, Analytical Approaches, Quality Control, and Authentication. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:2013-2040. [PMID: 33591203 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds strongly contribute to both the positive and negative sensory attributes of virgin olive oil, and more and more studies have been published in recent years focusing on several aspects regarding these molecules. This Review is aimed at giving an overview on the state of the art about the virgin olive oil volatile compounds. Particular emphasis was given to the composition of the volatile fraction, the analytical issues and approaches for analysis, the sensory characteristics and interaction with phenolic compounds, and the approaches for supporting the Panel Test in virgin olive oil classification and in authentication of the botanical and geographic origin based on volatile compounds. A pair of detailed tables with a total of approximately 700 volatiles identified or tentatively identified to date and tables dealing with analytical procedures, sensory characteristics of volatiles, and specific chemometric approaches for quality assessment are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Cecchi
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto F.no, Florence, Italy
| | - Marzia Migliorini
- Carapelli Firenze S.p.A., Via Leonardo da Vinci 31, 50028 Tavarnelle Val di Pesa, Florence, Italy
| | - Nadia Mulinacci
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto F.no, Florence, Italy
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17
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Formulations of Rancid and Winey-Vinegary Artificial Olfactory Reference Materials (AORMs) for Virgin Olive Oil Sensory Evaluation. Foods 2020; 9:foods9121870. [PMID: 33333860 PMCID: PMC7765329 DOI: 10.3390/foods9121870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory assessment of virgin olive oil (“panel test”) is the only sensory method included in international regulations of edible oils and its application is compulsory. Even if its application has been a success in quality control, improving the quality of virgin olive oils over the last 30 years, at present, there is no reference material (RM), in the strict sense of the term, to be used as a validated standard for sensory defects of virgin olive oil with which tasters can be trained. Usually, real samples of virgin olive oils assessed by many panels for the International Olive Council (IOC) ring tests are used as materials of reference in panel training and control. The latter are highly representative of the main perceived defects, but availability is limited, samples are not homogeneous year after year, and other secondary defects can be present. Thus, in order to provide solutions, this work describes an analytical procedure for implementing olfactory formulations that emulate rancid and winey-vinegary defects found in virgin olive oils with the aim of providing reproducible RMs that can be prepared on demand. A strategy for designing RMs for aroma is presented and the optimization process to obtain the best formulation is described. Under the criteria of representativeness, verified with the advice of the IOC, aroma persistence, and simplicity in formulation, two RMs for winey-vinegary and rancid were obtained by diluting acetic acid and ethanol (winey-vinegary defect) and hexanal (rancid defect) together with other compounds that are used to modify aroma and avoid non-natural sensory notes.
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18
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Quintanilla-Casas B, Marin M, Guardiola F, García-González DL, Barbieri S, Bendini A, Gallina Toschi T, Vichi S, Tres A. Supporting the Sensory Panel to Grade Virgin Olive Oils: An In-House-Validated Screening Tool by Volatile Fingerprinting and Chemometrics. Foods 2020; 9:foods9101509. [PMID: 33096623 PMCID: PMC7593957 DOI: 10.3390/foods9101509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The commercial category of virgin olive oil is currently assigned on the basis of chemical-physical and sensory parameters following official methods. Considering the limited number of samples that can be analysed daily by a sensory panel, an instrumental screening tool could be supportive by reducing the assessors’ workload and improving their performance. The present work aims to in-house validate a screening strategy consisting of two sequential binary partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) models that was suggested to be successful in a proof-of-concept study. This approach is based on the volatile fraction fingerprint obtained by HS-SPME–GC–MS from more than 300 virgin olive oils from two crop seasons graded by six different sensory panels into extra virgin, virgin or lampante categories. Uncertainty ranges were set for the binary classification models according to sensitivity and specificity by means of receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves, aiming to identify boundary samples. Thereby, performing the screening approach, only the virgin olive oils classified as uncertain (23.3%) would be assessed by a sensory panel, while the rest would be directly classified into a given commercial category (78.9% of correct classification). The sensory panel’s workload would be reduced to less than one-third of the samples. A highly reliable classification of samples would be achieved (84.0%) by combining the proposed screening tool with the reference method (panel test) for the assessment of uncertain samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Quintanilla-Casas
- Departament de Nutrició, Ciències de l’Alimentació i Gastronomia, Campus de l’Alimentació de Torribera, Facultat de Farmacia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain; (B.Q.-C.); (M.M.); (F.G.); (A.T.)
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Marco Marin
- Departament de Nutrició, Ciències de l’Alimentació i Gastronomia, Campus de l’Alimentació de Torribera, Facultat de Farmacia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain; (B.Q.-C.); (M.M.); (F.G.); (A.T.)
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Francesc Guardiola
- Departament de Nutrició, Ciències de l’Alimentació i Gastronomia, Campus de l’Alimentació de Torribera, Facultat de Farmacia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain; (B.Q.-C.); (M.M.); (F.G.); (A.T.)
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | | | - Sara Barbieri
- Department of Agricultural and Food Science, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy; (S.B.); (A.B.); (T.G.T.)
| | - Alessandra Bendini
- Department of Agricultural and Food Science, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy; (S.B.); (A.B.); (T.G.T.)
| | - Tullia Gallina Toschi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Science, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy; (S.B.); (A.B.); (T.G.T.)
| | - Stefania Vichi
- Departament de Nutrició, Ciències de l’Alimentació i Gastronomia, Campus de l’Alimentació de Torribera, Facultat de Farmacia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain; (B.Q.-C.); (M.M.); (F.G.); (A.T.)
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Alba Tres
- Departament de Nutrició, Ciències de l’Alimentació i Gastronomia, Campus de l’Alimentació de Torribera, Facultat de Farmacia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain; (B.Q.-C.); (M.M.); (F.G.); (A.T.)
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
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19
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Barbieri S, Cevoli C, Bendini A, Quintanilla-Casas B, García-González DL, Gallina Toschi T. Flash Gas Chromatography in Tandem with Chemometrics: A Rapid Screening Tool for Quality Grades of Virgin Olive Oils. Foods 2020; 9:E862. [PMID: 32630810 PMCID: PMC7404474 DOI: 10.3390/foods9070862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This research aims to develop a classification model based on untargeted elaboration of volatile fraction fingerprints of virgin olive oils (n = 331) analyzed by flash gas chromatography to predict the commercial category of samples (extra virgin olive oil, EVOO; virgin olive oil, VOO; lampante olive oil, LOO). The raw data related to volatile profiles were considered as independent variables, while the quality grades provided by sensory assessment were defined as a reference parameter. This data matrix was elaborated using the linear technique partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), applying, in sequence, two sequential classification models with two categories (EVOO vs. no-EVOO followed by VOO vs. LOO and LOO vs. no-LOO followed by VOO vs. EVOO). The results from this large set of samples provide satisfactory percentages of correctly classified samples, ranging from 72% to 85%, in external validation. This confirms the reliability of this approach in rapid screening of quality grades and that it represents a valid solution for supporting sensory panels, increasing the efficiency of the controls, and also applicable to the industrial sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Barbieri
- Department of Agricultural and Food Science, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy; (S.B.); (C.C.); (T.G.T.)
| | - Chiara Cevoli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Science, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy; (S.B.); (C.C.); (T.G.T.)
| | - Alessandra Bendini
- Department of Agricultural and Food Science, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy; (S.B.); (C.C.); (T.G.T.)
| | - Beatriz Quintanilla-Casas
- Department de Nutrició, Ciències de l’Alimentació i Gastronomia, Campus De l’Alimentació Torribera, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain;
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | | | - Tullia Gallina Toschi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Science, Alma Mater Studiorum-Università di Bologna, 47521 Cesena, Italy; (S.B.); (C.C.); (T.G.T.)
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20
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Comparison of the Novel Thin Film-Solid Phase Microextraction and Sorptive Extraction Methods for Picual and Hojiblanca Olive Oil Volatile Fraction Analysis in Headspace. Foods 2020; 9:foods9060748. [PMID: 32517060 PMCID: PMC7353552 DOI: 10.3390/foods9060748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For first time, the new device named thin film solid phase microextraction (TF-SPME) has been used to determine the volatile profile of the Picual and Hojiblanca varieties of extra virgin olive oils. To this end, different traditional sampling methods such as headspace sorptive extraction (HSSE) with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and polyethyleneglycol-modified silicone (EG/Silicone) Twisters® have been compared with the TF-SPME devices coated with different extraction polymeric phases. PARADISe software was used as a non-targeting method to process all data. The best results were obtained by HSSE-PDMS and 2TF-SPME. Moreover, the 2TF-SPME extraction method achieved the most adequate results of linearity for most compounds, according to F-values, while the intermediate precision results were similar for both 2TF-SPME and HSSE-PDMS sampling methods. Different sensitivity was observed between both sampling methods depending on the volatile compound, without being clearly influenced by the polarity of them. Although both sampling methods enabled the main active aroma of olive oil to be determined and for them to be differentiated according to olive variety, the 2TF-SPME method appears to be the most suitable for this goal.
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21
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An HS-GC-IMS Method for the Quality Classification of Virgin Olive Oils as Screening Support for the Panel Test. Foods 2020; 9:foods9050657. [PMID: 32443697 PMCID: PMC7278584 DOI: 10.3390/foods9050657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory evaluation, carried out by panel tests, is essential for quality classification of virgin olive oils (VOOs), but is time consuming and costly when many samples need to be assessed; sensory evaluation could be assisted by the application of screening methods. Rapid instrumental methods based on the analysis of volatile molecules might be considered interesting to assist the panel test through fast pre-classification of samples with a known level of probability, thus increasing the efficiency of quality control. With this objective, a headspace gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometer (HS-GC-IMS) was used to analyze 198 commercial VOOs (extra virgin, virgin and lampante) by a semi-targeted approach. Different partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) chemometric models were then built by data matrices composed of 15 volatile compounds, which were previously selected as markers: a first approach was proposed to classify samples according to their quality grade and a second based on the presence of sensory defects. The performance (intra-day and inter-day repeatability, linearity) of the method was evaluated. The average percentages of correctly classified samples obtained from the two models were satisfactory, namely 77% (prediction of the quality grades) and 64% (prediction of the presence of three defects) in external validation, thus demonstrating that this easy-to-use screening instrumental approach is promising to support the work carried out by panel tests.
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