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Pilolli R, Lamonaca A, Nitride C, De Angelis E, van Poucke C, Gillard N, Huet AC, De Loose M, Henrottin J, Mills ECN, Monaci L. In-house validation of an LC-MS method for the multiplexed quantitative determination of total allergenic food in chocolate. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:809-825. [PMID: 37615691 PMCID: PMC10766722 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04894-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry has been widely accepted as a confirmatory tool for the sensitive detection of undeclared presence of allergenic ingredients. Multiple methods have been developed so far, achieving different levels of sensitivity and robustness, still lacking harmonization of the analytical validation and impairing comparability of results. In this investigation, a quantitative method has been validated in-house for the determination of six allergenic ingredients (cow's milk, hen's egg, peanut, soybean, hazelnut, and almond) in a chocolate-based matrix. The latter has been produced in a food pilot plant to provide a real and well-characterized matrix for proper assessment of method performance characteristics according to official guidelines. In particular, recent considerations issued by the European Committee for Standardization have been followed to guide a rigorous single-laboratory validation and to feature the main method performance, such as selectivity, linearity, and sensitivity. Synthetic surrogates of the peptide markers have been used both in native and labelled forms in matrix-matched calibration curves as external calibrants and internal standards, respectively. A two-order of magnitude range was investigated, focusing on the low concentration range for proper assessment of the detection and quantification limits (LOD and LOQ) by rigorous calibration approach. Conversion factors for all six allergenic ingredients have been determined for the first time to report the final quantitative information as fraction of total allergenic food protein (TAFP) per mass of food (µgTAFP/gfood), since such a reporting unit is exploitable in allergenic risk assessment plans. The method achieved good sensitivity with LOD values ranging between 0.08 and 0.2 µgTAFP/gfood, for all ingredients besides egg and soybean, whose quantitative markers reported a slightly higher limit (1.1 and 1.2 µgTAFP/gfood, respectively). Different samples of chocolate bar incurred at four defined concentration levels close to the currently available threshold doses have been analyzed to test the quantitative performance of the analytical method, with a proper estimate of the measurement uncertainty from different sources of variability. The sensitivity achieved resulted in compliance with the various threshold doses issued or recommended worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Pilolli
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (ISPA-CNR), Via Giovanni Amendola 122/O, 70126, Bari, Italy.
| | - Antonella Lamonaca
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (ISPA-CNR), Via Giovanni Amendola 122/O, 70126, Bari, Italy
- University of Bari Department of Soil Plant and Food Science, Via Giovanni Amendola 165/A, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Chiara Nitride
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055, Portici, Italy
- School of Biological Sciences, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Elisabetta De Angelis
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (ISPA-CNR), Via Giovanni Amendola 122/O, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Christof van Poucke
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090, Melle, Belgium
| | | | | | - Marc De Loose
- Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090, Melle, Belgium
| | - Jean Henrottin
- CER Groupe, Rue du Point du Jour, 8, 6900, Marloie, Belgium
| | - E C N Mills
- School of Biological Sciences, Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Linda Monaci
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (ISPA-CNR), Via Giovanni Amendola 122/O, 70126, Bari, Italy
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2
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Pilolli R, De Angelis E, Lamonaca A, Monaci L. Standardization of a Mass Spectrometry-Based Workflow for Food Allergen Quantification. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2717:251-267. [PMID: 37737990 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3453-0_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter, the analytical workflow typically used for the development and validation of an analytical method tailored to food allergen detection and quantification is presented. The main steps defining the workflow are herein described and commented with specific notes about the critical issues that can be faced and common solutions to be adopted. References to guidelines and/or recommendation available from official bodies, as well as main papers from international consortia operating on the specific research field, are also reported, whenever possible. As such, this chapter may represent a practical guide to drive method development in the standardization of analytical methods for food allergen detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Pilolli
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISPA), Bari, Italy
| | - Elisabetta De Angelis
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISPA), Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Lamonaca
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISPA), Bari, Italy
| | - Linda Monaci
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production, National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ISPA), Bari, Italy.
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3
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Lu Y, Ji H, Chen Y, Li Z, Timira V. A systematic review on the recent advances of wheat allergen detection by mass spectrometry: future prospects. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023; 63:12324-12340. [PMID: 35852160 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2101091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Wheat is one of the three major staple foods in the world. Although wheat is highly nutritional, it has a variety of allergenic components that are potentially fatal to humans and pose a significant hazard to the growth and consumption of wheat. Wheat allergy is a serious health problem, which is becoming more and more prevalent all over the world. To address and prevent related health risks, it is crucial to establish precise and sensitive detection and analytical methods as well as an understanding of the structure and sensitization mechanism of wheat allergens. Among various analytical tools, mass spectrometry (MS) is known to have high specificity and sensitivity. It is a promising non immune method to evaluate and quantify wheat allergens. In this article, the current research on the detection of wheat allergens based on mass spectrometry is reviewed. This review provides guidance for the further research on wheat allergen detection using mass spectrometry, and speeds up the development of wheat allergen research in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjun Lu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, P.R. China
| | - Hua Ji
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, P.R. China
| | - Yan Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit (No. 2019RU014), Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Zhenxing Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Vaileth Timira
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, P.R. China
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4
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Perkons I, Varunjikar MS, Rasinger JD. Unveiling the potential of proteomics in addressing food and feed safety challenges. EFSA J 2023; 21:e211013. [PMID: 38047126 PMCID: PMC10687763 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.e211013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The food and feed sector in Europe is rapidly evolving to address contemporary challenges, striving for fairer, safer, greener and more sustainable food systems. This includes the exploration of new protein sources for human consumption and animal feed such as protein derived from insects, algae or novel plant-derived proteins, and the re-evaluation of existing sources like processed animal protein (PAP). To generate reliable data on the diverse array of emerging protein sources for future food and feed safety assessments, a growing demand for the development and implementation of advanced analytical techniques exists. New approach methodologies (NAMs) including, mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics methods have been emerging as valuable techniques which potentially can be implemented in regulatory laboratory settings to complement conventional approaches in this realm. These MS-driven strategies have already proven their utility in diverse applications, including the detection of prohibited substances in feed, identification of allergens, differentiation of fish species in complex mixtures for fraud detection and the verification of novel foods and alternative protein sources. This EU-FORA programme was focused on three core objectives namely: (i) the training of the fellow in utilising MS-based proteomics for food and feed safety analyses, (ii) the involvement of the fellow in the development of standardised operating procedures (SOP) for targeted and non-targeted proteomic MS-based workflows for species and tissues specific PAP identification in a national reference laboratory (NRL) and (iii) the transfer and implementation of MS-based approaches and standardised protocols for PAP analysis at the fellow's home institution. Altogether, this programme facilitates the broadening and diversification of use of MS-based proteomic methodologies for reinforcing their significance within the domains of food and feed safety research and regulatory science applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingus Perkons
- Institute of Food SafetyAnimal Health and Environment ‘BIOR’, RigaLatvia
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5
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Smits NG, De Dominicis E, Koops AJ, Kraan R, Saner S, Van Der Fels-Klerx H, Hoek-van den Hil E. Comparison of commercial allergen ELISA kits for egg detection in food matrices. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19687. [PMID: 37780752 PMCID: PMC10539936 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Consumption of low levels of egg already can evoke harmful physiological responses in humans in those allergic to eggs. By detection of egg in food products, using Egg ELISA kits to determine its unintended presence, food producers can respond to avoid potential safety or quality risks of their products. Selection of an ELISA kit fit for the issue at hand is challenging due to, amongst others, lack of information on assay performances with specified matrices. In this study, performances of seven commercial egg ELISA kits are compared for nine different relevant matrices: cookie, chocolate, pasta, dressing, stock cube, wine, vegetable drink and milk, ice cream and meat/meat replacers. The presence of egg was unified for all ELISA kits to mg total egg protein kg-1 food product. In every matrix, kit performances for recovery, intra- and interassay were compared, and also processing is accounted for by determination of egg in incurred samples. All seven kits were able to detect egg qualitatively at the VITAL3 ED01 level of 0.2 mg total egg protein and the corresponding relevant portion size for each matrix. For quantitative results, each ELISA kit showed an increase in detected egg concentration with increased egg levels and performed within the set criteria for recovery for the cookie, chocolate, stock cube and wine. For pasta, vegetable drink and milk, ice cream, and salad dressing, recovery of egg was within the set criteria for at least 4 ELISA kits. Most challenging matrices were meat/meat replacers, showing high matrix effects which could not be explained by the possible egg presence in the cognate blank. Only one ELISA kit was able to recover egg within the set criteria for the meat/meat replacer matrix. Results enable food industry to choose for ELISA kits suitable for egg detection in the matrix of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie G.E. Smits
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700, AE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Andries J. Koops
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700, AE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rian Kraan
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700, AE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Samim Saner
- Mérieux NutriSciences R&D, Quality, Operation, France
| | - H.J. Van Der Fels-Klerx
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700, AE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Elise Hoek-van den Hil
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700, AE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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6
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Fiocchi A, Monaci L, De Angelis E, Calandrelli V, Dahdah L, Valluzzi R, Urbani S, Mazzuca C, Arasi S, Cafarotti A, Riccardi C, Artesani MC, Putignani L, Pecora V, Marzano V, Fierro V. Reactivity to allergenic food contaminants: A study on products on the market. Clin Transl Allergy 2023; 13:e12301. [PMID: 37746792 PMCID: PMC10515704 DOI: 10.1002/clt2.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The frequency and severity of reactions in food-allergic consumers exposed to unintentional food allergen contamination during production is unknown. To warn allergic consumers, it has been suggested for pre-packaged foods to be precautionary labelled when the food allergen contamination may exceed the amount to which 1%-5% of the population could react (ED01-ED05). ED01 for hazelnut and milk have been estimated at 0.1 and 0.2 mg, respectively, by the Voluntary Incidental Trace Allergen Labelling (VITAL) initiative. The respective reference doses recommended by the FAO/WHO Codex consultation are 3 and 2 mg. We evaluated the reactivity to potential traces of milk and hazelnut allergens in allergen-free pre-packaged products by children affected by severe allergies to milk and hazelnuts. METHODS Oral Food Challenges with commercially available hazelnut-free wafer biscuits and milk-free chocolate pralines were administered to patients with severe food allergies to hazelnut and cow's milk, respectively. Contamination levels of milk or hazelnut allergens were measured using chromatographic separation interfaced with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. RESULTS No hazelnut allergic patient showed allergic reactions to exposure to biscuits, nor any milk allergic patient displayed allergic reactions to the dark chocolate praline. While no hazelnut trace was detected in biscuits, the praline was found to be contaminated by milk at concentrations ranging between 8 and 35 mg total protein/kg food. In our dose model, these amounts exceeded 1.5-10 times the VITAL ED01 and reached the threshold suggested by the FAO/WHO Codex consultation. CONCLUSIONS Upon the consumption of food products available on the market, many patients with severe food allergies tolerate significantly higher doses of allergen than reference doses indicated in the VITAL system used for precautionary allergen labelling. These doses support the safety of the FAO/WHO recommended reference doses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Linda Monaci
- Institute of Sciences of Food ProductionCNR‐ISPABariItaly
| | | | | | - Lamia Dahdah
- Allergy DptBambino Gesù Children's HospitalIRCCSRomeItaly
| | - Rocco Valluzzi
- Allergy DptBambino Gesù Children's HospitalIRCCSRomeItaly
| | - Sara Urbani
- Allergy DptBambino Gesù Children's HospitalIRCCSRomeItaly
| | - Carmen Mazzuca
- Allergy DptBambino Gesù Children's HospitalIRCCSRomeItaly
| | - Stefania Arasi
- Allergy DptBambino Gesù Children's HospitalIRCCSRomeItaly
| | | | - Carla Riccardi
- Allergy DptBambino Gesù Children's HospitalIRCCSRomeItaly
| | | | - Lorenza Putignani
- Unit of Microbiology and Diagnostic ImmunologyBambino Gesù Children's HospitalIRCCSRomeItaly
- Unit of Human MicrobiomeDepartment of Diagnostics and Laboratory MedicineBambino Gesù Children's HospitalIRCCSRomeItaly
| | | | - Valeria Marzano
- Unit of Microbiology and Diagnostic ImmunologyBambino Gesù Children's HospitalIRCCSRomeItaly
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7
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Henrottin J, Pilolli R, Huet AC, van Poucke C, Nitride C, De Loose M, Tranquet O, Larré C, Adel-Patient K, Bernard H, Mills EC, Gillard N, Monaci L. Optimization of a sample preparation workflow based on UHPLC-MS/MS method for multi-allergen detection in chocolate: An outcome of the ThRAll project. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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8
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A spotlight on analytical prospects in food allergens: From emerging allergens and novel foods to bioplastics and plant-based sustainable food contact materials. Food Chem 2022; 388:132951. [PMID: 35447585 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The present review throws a spotlight on new and emerging food safety concerns in view of a well-established food allergen risk arising from global socio-economic changes, international trade, circular economy, environmental sustainability, and upcycling. Food culture globalization needs harmonization of regulations, technical specifications, and reference materials towards mutually recognised results. In parallel, routine laboratories require high-throughput reliable analytical strategies, even in-situ testing devices, to test both food products and food contact surfaces for residual allergens. Finally, the currently neglected safety issues associated to possible allergen exposure due to the newly proposed bio- and plant-based sustainable food contact materials require an in-depth investigation.
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9
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Bianco M, Calvano CD, Ventura G, Losito I, Cataldi TR. Determination of hidden milk allergens in meat-based foodstuffs by liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization and high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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10
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Threshold of Reactivity and Tolerance to Precautionary Allergen-Labelled Biscuits of Baked Milk- and Egg-Allergic Children. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124540. [PMID: 34960092 PMCID: PMC8709061 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Extremely sensitive food-allergic patients may react to very small amounts of allergenic foods. Precautionary allergen labelling (PAL) warns from possible allergenic contaminations. We evaluated by oral food challenge the reactivity to a brand of PAL-labelled milk- and egg-free biscuits of children with severe milk and egg allergy. We explored the ability of proteomic methods to identify minute amounts of milk/egg allergens in such biscuits. Traces of milk and/or egg allergens in biscuits were measured by two different liquid-chromatography-mass spectrometry methods. The binding of patient’s serum with egg/milk proteins was assessed using immunoblotting. None of the patients reacted to biscuits. Egg and milk proteins were undetectable with a limit of detection of 0.6 µg/g for milk and egg (method A), and of 0.1 and 0.3 µg /g for milk and egg, respectively (method B). The immunoblots did not show milk/egg proteins in the studied biscuits. Milk/egg content of the biscuits is far lower than 4 µg of milk or egg protein per gram of product, the minimal doses considered theoretically capable of causing reactions. With high sensitivity, proteomic assessments predict the harmlessness of very small amount of allergens in foods, and can be used to help avoiding unnecessary PAL.
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Röder M, Wiacek C, Lankamp F, Kreyer J, Weber W, Ueberham E. Improved Sensitivity of Allergen Detection by Immunoaffinity LC-MS/MS Using Ovalbumin as a Case Study. Foods 2021; 10:foods10122932. [PMID: 34945483 PMCID: PMC8700968 DOI: 10.3390/foods10122932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Food allergies are caused by severe hypersensitivity to specific food allergens such as the egg protein ovalbumin. It is therefore important to test food products for the presence of allergens to protect allergic people from accidental ingestion. For egg detection, ELISA is the only reasonable commercially available test format, although the recognition of target allergens can be affected by food processing, which may lead to false negative results. Current mass spectrometry-based detection methods may overcome this issue, but these approaches are often less sensitive. Here we combined the advantages of antibody-based and MS-based methods by developing an immunoaffinity LC-MS/MS technique to detect the common egg allergen Gal d 2. We investigated the principal functionality of this method with incurred cookie material containing whole egg powder. We found that the new method matched easily the sensitivity of egg specific ELISA tests. Further western blot experiments indicated that this strategy may be unaffected by food processing, providing an important alternative strategy for the detection and quantification of allergens in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Röder
- ifp Institut für Produktqualität GmbH, Wagner-Régeny-Str. 8, 12489 Berlin, Germany; (M.R.); (F.L.); (W.W.)
| | - Claudia Wiacek
- Institute of Food Hygiene, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (C.W.); (J.K.)
| | - Frauke Lankamp
- ifp Institut für Produktqualität GmbH, Wagner-Régeny-Str. 8, 12489 Berlin, Germany; (M.R.); (F.L.); (W.W.)
| | - Jonathan Kreyer
- Institute of Food Hygiene, Leipzig University, An den Tierkliniken 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; (C.W.); (J.K.)
| | - Wolfgang Weber
- ifp Institut für Produktqualität GmbH, Wagner-Régeny-Str. 8, 12489 Berlin, Germany; (M.R.); (F.L.); (W.W.)
| | - Elke Ueberham
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Perlickstr. 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Correspondence:
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12
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Carrera M. Proteomics and Food Analysis: Principles, Techniques, and Applications. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112538. [PMID: 34828819 PMCID: PMC8620185 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Carrera
- Food Technology Department, Institute of Marine Research (IIM), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 36208 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
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13
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Fiocchi A, Risso D, DunnGalvin A, González Díaz SN, Monaci L, Fierro V, Ansotegui IJ. Food labeling issues for severe food allergic patients. World Allergy Organ J 2021; 14:100598. [PMID: 34703523 PMCID: PMC8503658 DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2021.100598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Food allergy carries high importance and responsibility, affecting an estimated 220 million people worldwide. It is a frequent cause of food-induced anaphylaxis, a life-threatening condition requiring a toll of about one death per 50 million people a year worldwide. In order to help patients to identify allergenic foods and thus avoid anaphylactic reactions, 66 countries over the 5 continents require by law that allergenic ingredients must be declared when used in prepackaged foods. Unfortunately, the mandatory allergen list is not uniform, but varies among different countries. The widespread adoption of Precautionary Allergen Labeling (PAL) results in a proliferation of unregulated PALs with different informative statements. In this situation, the need of a scientific consensus on the definition of food allergy and the identification of a tolerable risk with routinely used detection assays, considering not only the eliciting dose but also the food source, is urgent. The aim of this manuscript is: 1) to draw a picture of the global situation in terms of PALs, and 2) to highlight new approaches that could aid in tackling the problem of regulating the labeling of allergens. These include the Voluntary Incidental Trace Allergen Labelling (VITAL) system, which intersects reference doses and labelling decisions, and a direct quantification of trace amounts of allergens at lower limit of detection (LOD) levels in the food itself through proteomics. We here highlight how, although with some limitations, the steady advances in proteomic approaches possess higher sensitivity than the recommended VITAL reference doses, allowing the identification of allergens at much lower LOD levels than VITAL. Considering that each assay used to detect allergen in food products carries method-specific issues, a more comprehensive and harmonized approach implementing both quantitative and qualitative methods could help overcoming the risk stratification approach and the overuse of PALs, offering promise as the field moves forward towards improving consumers' quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Fiocchi
- Translational Research in Pediatric Specialities Area, Allergy Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Risso
- Soremartec Italia Srl, Ferrero Group, Alba, CN, Italy
| | - Audrey DunnGalvin
- School of Applied Psychology, University College Cork, Ireland
- Faculty of Paediatrics, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sandra N. González Díaz
- Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital “Dr. José Eleuterio González”, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Linda Monaci
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via G. Amendola 122/O, Bari, 70126, Italy
- MoniQA Association, Güssing, Vienna, 7540, Austria
| | - Vincenzo Fierro
- Translational Research in Pediatric Specialities Area, Allergy Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ignacio J. Ansotegui
- Department of Allergy and Immunology at Hospital Quironsalud Bizkaia in Bilbao, Spain
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14
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Zimmer J, Bridgewater J, Ferreira F, van Ree R, Rabin RL, Vieths S. The History, Present and Future of Allergen Standardization in the United States and Europe. Front Immunol 2021; 12:725831. [PMID: 34594335 PMCID: PMC8477030 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.725831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The topic of standardization in relation to allergen products has been discussed by allergists, regulators, and manufacturers for a long time. In contrast to synthetic medicinal products, the natural origin of allergen products makes the necessary comparability difficult to achieve. This holds true for both aspects of standardization: Batch-to-batch consistency (or product-specific standardization) and comparability among products from different manufacturers (or cross-product comparability). In this review, we focus on how the United States and the European Union have tackled the topic of allergen product standardization in the past, covering the early joint standardization efforts in the 1970s and 1980s as well as the different paths taken by the two players thereafter until today. So far, these two paths have been based on rather classical immunological methods, including the corresponding benefits like simple feasability. New technologies such as mass spectrometry present an opportunity to redefine the field of allergen standardization in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Zimmer
- Division of Allergology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Jennifer Bridgewater
- Division of Bacterial, Parasitic, and Allergenic Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Fatima Ferreira
- Department of Biosciences, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ronald van Ree
- Department of Experimental Immunology and Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ronald L. Rabin
- Division of Bacterial, Parasitic, and Allergenic Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
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15
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Xiong W, Parker CH, Boo CC, Fiedler KL. Comparison of allergen quantification strategies for egg, milk, and peanut in food using targeted LC-MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:5755-5766. [PMID: 34341840 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03550-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Methods for the detection and quantification of food allergens in complex matrices are necessary to ensure compliance with labeling regulations and assess the effectiveness of food allergen preventive controls. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has emerged as an orthogonal technique in complement to immunochemical-based assays. However, the absence of established guidelines for MS-based quantification of allergens in food has limited harmonization among the method development community. In this study, different quantification strategies were evaluated using a previously developed multiplexed LC-MS/MS method for the detection of egg, milk, and peanut. Peptide performance criteria (retention time, signal-to-noise ratio, and ion ratio tolerance) were established and quantification approaches using varying calibrants, internal standards, background matrices, and calibration curve preparation schemes were systematically evaluated to refine the previous method for routine laboratory use. A matrix-matched calibration curve using allergen ingredients as calibrants and stable isotope-labeled peptides as internal standards provided the most accurate quantitative results. The strategy was further verified with commercially available reference materials and allowed for the confident detection and quantification of food allergens. This work highlights the need for transparency in calibration strategy and peptide performance requirements for effective evaluation of mass spectrometric methods for the quantification of food allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Xiong
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD, 20740-3835, USA.,Joint Institute for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - Christine H Parker
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD, 20740-3835, USA
| | - Chelsea C Boo
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD, 20740-3835, USA.,Dynamic Omics, Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering (ADPE), R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, 20878, USA
| | - Katherine L Fiedler
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD, 20740-3835, USA.
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16
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Lidzba N, García Arteaga V, Schiermeyer A, Havenith H, Muranyi I, Schillberg S, Lehmann J, Ueberham E. Development of Monoclonal Antibodies against Pea Globulins for Multiplex Assays Targeting Legume Proteins. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:2864-2874. [PMID: 33630578 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Legume proteins are widely used as food ingredients, but only some (soybean, lupin, and peanut) must be declared under consumer safety regulations to protect allergy sufferers. It is not yet mandatory to declare pea proteins as allergens even though they are predicted to be allergenic based on cross-reactivity in sensitized people. The processing of legume proteins can modify their allergenic properties and hence the need for specific and precise methods for the detection of all major legume allergens. There are many commercially available tests for known food allergens but not for ingredients that are yet to be classified as allergenic. We therefore generated sets of pea-specific antibodies targeting globulins to be used in a multiplex assay for the simultaneous detection of soybean, lupin, peanut, and pea proteins. We focused on the 7S globulin family, which is the least conserved among the four legumes, allowing the specific detection of proteins from each species. Having confirmed the specificity and sensitivity of the multiplex assay, we evaluated different processing steps for proteins rich in pea globulins to demonstrate the impact of food processing on antibody binding. Our sensitive multiplex assay provides a fast and reliable method for the specific detection of soybean, lupin, peanut, and pea allergens and is therefore ideal for food safety and authenticity testing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Lidzba
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Perlickstraße 1, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Verónica García Arteaga
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Str. 35, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Andreas Schiermeyer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstraße 6, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Heide Havenith
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstraße 6, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Isabel Muranyi
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Str. 35, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Stefan Schillberg
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Forckenbeckstraße 6, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Jörg Lehmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Perlickstraße 1, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Elke Ueberham
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZI, Perlickstraße 1, Leipzig 04103, Germany
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