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Farjadian F, Faghih Z, Fakhimi M, Iranpour P, Mohammadi-Samani S, Doroudian M. Glucosamine-Modified Mesoporous Silica-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles: A "Raisin-Cake"-like Structure as an Efficient Theranostic Platform for Targeted Methotrexate Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2491. [PMID: 37896251 PMCID: PMC10610088 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study presents the synthesis of glucosamine-modified mesoporous silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) as a therapeutic platform for the delivery of an anticancer drug, methotrexate (MTX). The MNPs were coated with mesoporous silica in a templated sol-gel process to form MNP@MSN, and then chloropropyl groups were added to the structure in a post-modification reaction. Glucosamine was then reacted with the chloro-modified structure, and methotrexate was conjugated to the hydroxyl group of the glucose. The prepared structure was characterized using techniques such as Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, elemental analysis (CHN), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Good formation of nano-sized MNPs and MNP@MSN was observed via particle size monitoring. The modified glucosamine structure showed a controlled release profile of methotrexate in simulated tumor fluid. In vitro evaluation using the 4T1 breast cancer cell line showed the cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and cell cycle effects of methotrexate. The MTT assay showed comparable toxicity between MTX-loaded nanoparticles and free MTX. The structure could act as a glucose transporter-targeting agent and showed increased uptake in cancer cells. An in vivo breast cancer model was established in BALB/C mice, and the distribution of MTX-conjugated MNP@MSN particles was visualized using MRI. The MTX-conjugated particles showed significant anti-tumor potential together with MRI contrast enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Farjadian
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Canter, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71468-64685, Iran;
| | - Zahra Faghih
- Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-45550, Iran; (Z.F.); (M.F.)
| | - Maryam Fakhimi
- Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71348-45550, Iran; (Z.F.); (M.F.)
| | - Pooya Iranpour
- Medical Imaging Research Center, Department of Radiology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71936-13311, Iran;
| | - Soliman Mohammadi-Samani
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Canter, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71468-64685, Iran;
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71468-64685, Iran
| | - Mohammad Doroudian
- Department of Cell and Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran 15719-14911, Iran
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Madamsetty V, Vazifehdoost M, Alhashemi SH, Davoudi H, Zarrabi A, Dehshahri A, Fekri HS, Mohammadinejad R, Thakur VK. Next-Generation Hydrogels as Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications: Exploring the Role of Curcumin. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:8960-8976. [PMID: 36936324 PMCID: PMC10018697 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Since the first report on the pharmacological activity of curcumin in 1949, enormous amounts of research have reported diverse activities for this natural polyphenol found in the dietary spice turmeric. However, curcumin has not yet been used for human application as an approved drug. The clinical translation of curcumin has been hampered due to its low solubility and bioavailability. The improvement in bioavailability and solubility of curcumin can be achieved by its formulation using drug delivery systems. Hydrogels with their biocompatibility and low toxicity effects have shown a substantial impact on the successful formulation of hydrophobic drugs for human clinical trials. This review focuses on hydrogel-based delivery systems for curcumin and describes its applications as anti-cancer as well as wound healing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay
Sagar Madamsetty
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo
Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, United States
| | - Maryam Vazifehdoost
- Department
of Toxicology & Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 6718773654, Iran
| | - Samira Hossaini Alhashemi
- Pharmaceutical
Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University
of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7146864685, Iran
| | - Hesam Davoudi
- Department
of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University
of Zanjan, Zanjan 4537138111, Iran
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, 34396 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Dehshahri
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7146864685, Iran
| | - Hojjat Samareh Fekri
- Student Research
Committee, Kerman University of Medical
Sciences, Kerman 7619813159, Iran
| | - Reza Mohammadinejad
- Research
Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7619813159, Iran
| | - Vijay Kumar Thakur
- Biorefining
and Advanced Materials Research Center, Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, U.K.
- School
of Engineering, University of Petroleum
& Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
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Salem HF, Abd El-Maboud MM, Said ASA, Salem MN, Sabry D, Hussain N, El-Ghafar OAMA, Hussein RRS. Nano Methotrexate versus Methotrexate in Targeting Rheumatoid Arthritis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 16:ph16010060. [PMID: 36678557 PMCID: PMC9866098 DOI: 10.3390/ph16010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanomedicine has emerged as an important approach for targeting RA medication. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a widespread autoimmune disorder marked by multiple inflamed joints. Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have been demonstrated as efficacious nanocarriers due to their unique characteristics and the relative simplicity of their synthesis in varied sizes; moreover, they have the capability to alleviate several inflammatory markers. The current objective was to combine methotrexate (MTX) with GNPs to overcome MTX restrictions. GNPs were fabricated by a chemical reduction technique, utilizing sodium citrate and tween 20. The MTX-GNPs formulations were characterized in vitro by % entrapment efficiency (%EE), particle size, polydispersity index (PDI) zeta potential, and % release. The MTX-GNPs formulation was administrated as an intra-articular solution, and additionally, incorporated into a Carbopol gel to investigate its anti-arthritic effectiveness and bioavailability in vivo. The results indicated that a %EE of 87.53 ± 1.10%, and a particle size of 60.62 ± 2.41 nm with a PDI of 0.31 ± 0.03, and a zeta potential of −27.80 ± 0.36 mV were optimal. The in vitro release of MTX from the MTX-GNPs formulation demonstrated that the MTX-GNPs formulation’s release was 34.91 ± 1.96% and considerably (p < 0.05) lower than that of free MTX, showing a significant difference in dissolution patterns (p < 0.05). In vivo, MTX-GNPs formulations inhibited IL-6 by 36.52%, ACCP (63.25 %), COMP (28.16%), and RANKL (63.67%), as well as elevated IL-10 by 190.18%. Transdermal MTX-GNPs decreased IL-6 by 22.52%, ACCP (56.63%), COMP (52.64%), and RANKL (79.5%), as well as increased IL-10 by 168.37%. Histological investigation supported these recent findings. Conclusions: Marked improvements in MTX anti-arthritic effects are seen when it is conjugated to GNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba F. Salem
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt
| | | | - Amira S. A. Said
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Al Ain P.O. Box 112612, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed Nabil Salem
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt
| | - Dina Sabry
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Badr University in Cairo, Cairo 11562, Egypt
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Nadia Hussain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Al Ain P.O. Box 112612, United Arab Emirates
| | - Omnia A. M. Abd El-Ghafar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Raghda R. S. Hussein
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, Giza 12585, Egypt
- Correspondence:
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Jimenez-Rosales A, Cortes-Camargo S, Acuña-Avila PE. Minireview: biocompatibility of engineered biomaterials, their interaction with the host cells, and evaluation of their properties. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2022.2120877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefani Cortes-Camargo
- Department of Nanotechnology, Technological University of Zinacantepec, Zinacantepec, Mexico
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Fang X, Wang C, Zhou S, Cui P, Hu H, Ni X, Jiang P, Wang J. Hydrogels for Antitumor and Antibacterial Therapy. Gels 2022; 8:gels8050315. [PMID: 35621613 PMCID: PMC9141473 DOI: 10.3390/gels8050315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As a highly absorbent and hydrophobic material with a three-dimensional network structure, hydrogels are widely used in biomedical fields for their excellent biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, adjustable physicochemical properties, ability to encapsulate a variety of drugs, controllability, and degradability. Hydrogels can be used not only for wound dressings and tissue repair, but also as drug carriers for the treatment of tumors. As multifunctional hydrogels are the focus for many researchers, this review focuses on hydrogels for antitumor therapy, hydrogels for antibacterial therapy, and hydrogels for co-use in tumor therapy and bacterial infection. We highlighted the advantages and representative applications of hydrogels in these fields and also outlined the shortages and future orientations of this useful tool, which might give inspirations for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuling Fang
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China; (X.F.); (C.W.); (S.Z.); (P.C.); (H.H.)
| | - Cheng Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China; (X.F.); (C.W.); (S.Z.); (P.C.); (H.H.)
- Second People’s Hospital of Changzhou, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Shuwen Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China; (X.F.); (C.W.); (S.Z.); (P.C.); (H.H.)
| | - Pengfei Cui
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China; (X.F.); (C.W.); (S.Z.); (P.C.); (H.H.)
| | - Huaanzi Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China; (X.F.); (C.W.); (S.Z.); (P.C.); (H.H.)
| | - Xinye Ni
- Second People’s Hospital of Changzhou, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213003, China
- Correspondence: (X.N.); (P.J.); (J.W.)
| | - Pengju Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China; (X.F.); (C.W.); (S.Z.); (P.C.); (H.H.)
- Correspondence: (X.N.); (P.J.); (J.W.)
| | - Jianhao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China; (X.F.); (C.W.); (S.Z.); (P.C.); (H.H.)
- Correspondence: (X.N.); (P.J.); (J.W.)
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Madamsetty VS, Mohammadinejad R, Uzieliene I, Nabavi N, Dehshahri A, García-Couce J, Tavakol S, Moghassemi S, Dadashzadeh A, Makvandi P, Pardakhty A, Aghaei Afshar A, Seyfoddin A. Dexamethasone: Insights into Pharmacological Aspects, Therapeutic Mechanisms, and Delivery Systems. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:1763-1790. [PMID: 35439408 PMCID: PMC9045676 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dexamethasone (DEX) has been widely used to treat a variety of diseases, including autoimmune diseases, allergies, ocular disorders, cancer, and, more recently, COVID-19. However, DEX usage is often restricted in the clinic due to its poor water solubility. When administered through a systemic route, it can elicit severe side effects, such as hypertension, peptic ulcers, hyperglycemia, and hydro-electrolytic disorders. There is currently much interest in developing efficient DEX-loaded nanoformulations that ameliorate adverse disease effects inhibiting advancements in scientific research. Various nanoparticles have been developed to selectively deliver drugs without destroying healthy cells or organs in recent years. In the present review, we have summarized some of the most attractive applications of DEX-loaded delivery systems, including liposomes, polymers, hydrogels, nanofibers, silica, calcium phosphate, and hydroxyapatite. This review provides our readers with a broad spectrum of nanomedicine approaches to deliver DEX safely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Sagar Madamsetty
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Jacksonville, Florida 32224, United States
| | - Reza Mohammadinejad
- Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7618866749, Iran
| | - Ilona Uzieliene
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Santariskiu 5, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Noushin Nabavi
- Department of Urologic Sciences, Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6H 3Z6
| | - Ali Dehshahri
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7146864685, Iran
| | - Jomarien García-Couce
- Department of Radiology, Division of Translational Nanobiomaterials and Imaging, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, The Netherlands
- Department of Polymeric Biomaterials, Biomaterials Center (BIOMAT), University of Havana, Havana 10600, Cuba
| | - Shima Tavakol
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417755469, Iran
| | - Saeid Moghassemi
- Pôle de Recherche en Gynécologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Arezoo Dadashzadeh
- Pôle de Recherche en Gynécologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Pooyan Makvandi
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Centre for Micro-BioRobotics, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14496-14535, Iran
| | - Abbas Pardakhty
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7618866748, Iran
| | - Abbas Aghaei Afshar
- Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7618866749, Iran
| | - Ali Seyfoddin
- Drug Delivery Research Group, Auckland University of Technology (AUT), School of Science, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
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Latif MS, Al-Harbi FF, Nawaz A, Rashid SA, Farid A, Mohaini MA, Alsalman AJ, Hawaj MAA, Alhashem YN. Formulation and Evaluation of Hydrophilic Polymer Based Methotrexate Patches: In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14071310. [PMID: 35406184 PMCID: PMC9002860 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study attempted to develop and evaluate controlled-release matrix-type transdermal patches with different ratios of hydrophilic polymers (sodium carboxymethylcellulose and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose) for the local delivery of methotrexate. Transdermal patches were formulated by employing a solvent casting technique using blends of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC-Na) and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) polymers as rate-controlling agents. The F1 formulated patch served as the control formulation with a 1:1 polymer concentration. The F9 formulation served as our optimized formulation due to suitable physicochemical properties yielded through the combination of CMC-Na and HPMC (5:1). Drug excipient compatibilities (ATR-FTIR) were performed as a preformulation study. The ATR-FTIR study depicted great compatibility between the drug and the polymers. Physicochemical parameters, kinetic modeling, in vitro drug release, ex vivo drug permeation, skin drug retention, and in vivo studies were also carried out for the formulated patches. The formulated patches exhibited a clear, smooth, elastic nature with good weight uniformity, % moisture uptake, drug content, and thickness. Physicochemical characterization revealed folding endurance ranging from 62 ± 2.21 to 78 ± 1.54, tensile strength from 9.42 ± 0.52 to 12.32 ± 0.72, % swelling index from 37.16 ± 0.17 to 76.24 ± 1.37, and % drug content from 93.57 ± 5.34 to 98.19 ± 1.56. An increase in the concentration of the CMC-Na polymer (F9) resulted in increased drug release from the formulated transdermal patches. Similarly, drug permeation and retention were found to be higher in the F9 formulation compared to the other formulations (F1–F8). A drug retention analysis revealed that the F9 formulation exhibited 13.43% drug retention in the deep layers of the skin compared to other formulations (F1–F8). The stability study indicated that, during the study period of 60 days, no significant changes in the drug content and physical characteristics were found. ATR-FTIR analysis of rabbit skin samples treated with the formulated transdermal patches revealed that hydrophilic polymers mainly affect the skin proteins (ceramide and keratins). A pharmacokinetic profile revealed Cmax was 1.77.38 ng/mL, Tmax was 12 h, and t1/2 was 17.3 ± 2.21. In vivo studies showed that the skin drug retention of F9 was higher compared to the drug solution. These findings reinforce that methotrexate-based patches can possibly be used for the management of psoriasis. This study can reasonably conclude that methotrexate transdermal matrix-type patches with CMC-Na and HPMC polymers at different concentrations effectively sustain drug release with prime permeation profiles and better bioavailability. Therefore, these formulated patches can be employed for the potential management of topical diseases, such as psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shahid Latif
- Advanced Drug Delivery Lab, Gomal Centre of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Pakistan; (M.S.L.); (S.A.R.)
| | - Fatemah F. Al-Harbi
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Asif Nawaz
- Advanced Drug Delivery Lab, Gomal Centre of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Pakistan; (M.S.L.); (S.A.R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Sheikh Abdur Rashid
- Advanced Drug Delivery Lab, Gomal Centre of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Pakistan; (M.S.L.); (S.A.R.)
| | - Arshad Farid
- Gomal Center of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Pakistan;
| | - Mohammad Al Mohaini
- Basic Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Alahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Alahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulkhaliq J. Alsalman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha 91911, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Maitham A. Al Hawaj
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Yousef N. Alhashem
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, Mohammed Al-Mana College for Medical Sciences, Dammam 34222, Saudi Arabia;
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Printable Hydrogels Based on Alginate and Halloysite Nanotubes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063294. [PMID: 35328714 PMCID: PMC8954042 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The design of hydrogels for the controlled release of active species is an attractive challenge. In this work, we prepared hybrid hydrogels composed of halloysite nanotubes as the inorganic component, and alginate as the organic counterpart. The reported procedure allowed us to provide the resulting materials with a peculiar wire-like shape. Both optical and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize the morphological properties of the hydrogel wires, whose diameters were ca. 0.19 and 0.47 mm, respectively. The possibility to be exploited as drug delivery systems was carried out by loading the nanoclay with salicylic acid and by studying the release profiles. Thermogravimetric experiments showed that the amount of encapsulated drug was 4.35 wt%, and the salicylic acid was thermally stabilized after the loading into the nanotubes, as observed by the shift of the degradation peak in the differential thermograms from 193 to 267 °C. The kinetics investigation was conducted using UV–Vis spectrophotometry, and it exhibited the profound effects of both the morphology and dimensions on the release of the drugs. In particular, the release of 50% of the payload occurred in 6 and 10 h for the filiform hydrogels, and it was slower compared to the bare drug-loaded halloysite, which occurred in 2 h. Finally, an induction period of 2 h was observed in the release profile from the thicker sample.
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Madamsetty VS, Tavakol S, Moghassemi S, Dadashzadeh A, Schneible JD, Fatemi I, Shirvani A, Zarrabi A, Azedi F, Dehshahri A, Aghaei Afshar A, Aghaabbasi K, Pardakhty A, Mohammadinejad R, Kesharwani P. Chitosan: A versatile bio-platform for breast cancer theranostics. J Control Release 2021; 341:733-752. [PMID: 34906606 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is considered one of the utmost neoplastic diseases globally, with a high death rate of patients. Over the last decades, many approaches have been studied to early diagnose and treat it, such as chemotherapy, hormone therapy, immunotherapy, and MRI and biomarker tests; do not show the optimal efficacy. These existing approaches are accompanied by severe side effects, thus recognizing these challenges, a great effort has been done to find out the new remedies for breast cancer. Main finding: Nanotechnology opened a new horizon to the treatment of breast cancer. Many nanoparticulate platforms for the diagnosis of involved biomarkers and delivering antineoplastic drugs are under either clinical trials or just approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). It is well known that natural phytochemicals are successfully useful to treat breast cancer because these natural compounds are safer, available, cheaper, and have less toxic effects. Chitosan is a biocompatible and biodegradable polymer. Further, it has outstanding features, like chemical functional groups that can easily modify our interest with an exceptional choice of promising applications. Abundant studies were directed to assess the chitosan derivative-based nanoformulation's abilities in delivering varieties of drugs. However, the role of chitosan in diagnostics and theranostics not be obligated. The present servey will discuss the application of chitosan as an anticancer drug carrier such as tamoxifen, doxorubicin, paclitaxel, docetaxel, etc. and also, its role as a theranostics (i.e. photo-responsive and thermo-responsive) moieties. The therapeutic and theranostic potential of chitosan in cancer is promising and it seems that to have a good potential to get to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Sagar Madamsetty
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Shima Tavakol
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614525, Iran
| | - Saeid Moghassemi
- Pôle de Recherche en Gynécologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Arezoo Dadashzadeh
- Pôle de Recherche en Gynécologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - John D Schneible
- NC State University, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh 27695, USA
| | - Iman Fatemi
- Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Abdolsamad Shirvani
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, 34485 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fereshteh Azedi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614525, Iran; Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
| | - Ali Dehshahri
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abbas Aghaei Afshar
- Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Kian Aghaabbasi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Guilan, University Campus 2, Khalij Fars Highway 5th km of Ghazvin Road, Rasht, Iran
| | - Abbas Pardakhty
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7616911319, Iran
| | - Reza Mohammadinejad
- Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
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Carrillo-Castillo TD, Luna-Velasco A, Zaragoza-Contreras EA, Castro-Carmona JS. Thermosensitive hydrogel for in situ-controlled methotrexate delivery. E-POLYMERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2021-0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Methotrexate (MTX) is widely used for the treatment of various types of cancer; however, it has drawbacks such as low solubility, lack of selectivity, premature degradation, and side effects. To solve these weaknesses, a hydrogel with the ability to contain and release MTX under physiological conditions without burst release was synthesized. The hydrogel was fabricated with a poly(ɛ-caprolactone)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL–PEG–PCL) triblock copolymer, synthesized by ring-opening polymerization. The characterizations by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry confirmed the copolymer assembly, whereas the molecular weight analysis validated the PCL2000–PEG1000–PCL2000 structure. The copolymer aqueous solution exhibited sol–gel phase transition at 37°C and injection capacity. The hydrogel supported a load of 1,000 μg MTX·mL−1, showing a gradual and sustained release profile of the drug for 14 days, with a delivery up to 92% at pH 6.7. The cytotoxicity of the MTX-loaded hydrogel was performed by the methyl thiazole tetrazolium assay, showing a mean inhibitory concentration of 50% of MCF-7 cells (IC50) at 43 µg MTX·mL−1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Darlen Carrillo-Castillo
- Department of Engineering and Materials Chemistry, Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados , S.C. Miguel de Cervantes No. 120, Complejo Industrial Chihuahua, C.P. 31136 , Chihuahua , Chih , Mexico
| | - Antonia Luna-Velasco
- Department of Environment and Energy, Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados , S.C. Miguel de Cervantes No. 120, Complejo Industrial Chihuahua, C.P. 31136 , Chihuahua , Chih , Mexico
| | - Erasto Armando Zaragoza-Contreras
- Department of Engineering and Materials Chemistry, Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados , S.C. Miguel de Cervantes No. 120, Complejo Industrial Chihuahua, C.P. 31136 , Chihuahua , Chih , Mexico
| | - Javier Servando Castro-Carmona
- Engineering in Design and Agricultural/Food Automation, Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez , Manuel Díaz H. No. 518-B Zona Pronaf Condominio, C.P. 32315 , Ciudad Juárez , Chih , Mexico
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12
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Ethyl Cellulose and Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose Blended Methotrexate-Loaded Transdermal Patches: In Vitro and Ex Vivo. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13203455. [PMID: 34685214 PMCID: PMC8539862 DOI: 10.3390/polym13203455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDSs) have become innovative, fascinating drug delivery methods intended for skin application to achieve systemic effects. TDDSs overcome the drawbacks associated with oral and parenteral routes of drug administration. The current investigation aimed to design, evaluate and optimize methotrexate (MTX)-loaded transdermal-type patches having ethyl cellulose (EC) and hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) at different concentrations for the local management of psoriasis. In vitro release and ex vivo permeation studies were carried out for the formulated patches. Various formulations (F1–F9) were developed using different concentrations of HPMC and EC. The F1 formulation having a 1:1 polymer concentration ratio served as the control formulation. ATR–FTIR analysis was performed to study drug–polymer interactions, and it was found that the drug and polymers were compatible with each other. The formulated patches were further investigated for their physicochemical parameters, in vitro release and ex vivo diffusion characteristics. Different parameters, such as surface pH, physical appearance, thickness, weight uniformity, percent moisture absorption, percent moisture loss, folding endurance, skin irritation, stability and drug content uniformity, were studied. From the hydrophilic mixture, it was observed that viscosity has a direct influence on drug release. Among all formulated patches, the F5 formulation exhibited 82.71% drug release in a sustained-release fashion and followed an anomalous non-Fickian diffusion. The permeation data of the F5 formulation exhibited about a 36.55% cumulative amount of percent drug permeated. The skin showed high retention for the F5 formulation (15.1%). The stability study indicated that all prepared formulations had very good stability for a period of 180 days. Therefore, it was concluded from the present study that methotrexate-loaded transdermal patches with EC and HPMC as polymers at different concentrations suit TDDSs ideally and improve patient compliance for the local management of psoriasis.
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Methotrexate-Loaded Gelatin and Polyvinyl Alcohol (Gel/PVA) Hydrogel as a pH-Sensitive Matrix. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13142300. [PMID: 34301057 PMCID: PMC8309343 DOI: 10.3390/polym13142300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim was to formulate and evaluate Gel/PVA hydrogels as a pH-sensitive matrix to deliver methotrexate (MTX) to colon. The primed Gel/PVA hydrogels were subjected to evaluation for swelling behavior, diffusion coefficient, sol-gel characteristic and porosity using an acidic (pH 1.2) and phosphate buffer (PBS) (pH 6.8 & pH 7.4) media. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) were performed to evaluate the chemical compatibility of the Gel/PVA hydrogel. The shape alteration and release of Gel/PVA hydrogel was conducted at pH 1.2, pH 6.8 and pH 7.4. The drug release kinetic mechanism was determined using various kinetic equations. The physicochemical evaluation tests and drug release profile results were found to be significant (p < 0.01). However, it was dependent on the polymers' concentration, the pH of the release media and the amount of the cross-linking agent. Hydrogels containing the maximum amount of gel showed a dynamic equilibrium of 10.09 ± 0.18 and drug release of 93.75 ± 0.13% at pH 1.2. The kinetic models showed the release of MTX from the Gel/PVA hydrogel was non-Fickian. The results confirmed that the newly formed Gel/PVA hydrogels are potential drug delivery systems for a controlled delivery of MTX to the colon.
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Mazzarotta A, Caputo TM, Raiola L, Battista E, Netti PA, Causa F. Small Oligonucleotides Detection in Three-Dimensional Polymer Network of DNA-PEG Hydrogels. Gels 2021; 7:90. [PMID: 34287281 PMCID: PMC8293047 DOI: 10.3390/gels7030090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of the three-dimensional (3D) polymer network structure is important for permselective materials when specific biomolecule detection is needed. Here we investigate conditions to obtain a tailored hydrogel network that combines both molecular filtering and molecular capture capabilities for biosensing applications. Along this line, short oligonucleotide detection in a displacement assay is set within PEGDA hydrogels synthetized by UV radical photopolymerization. To provide insights on the molecular filter capability, diffusion studies of several probes (sulforhodamine G and dextrans) with different hydrodynamic radii were carried out using NMR technique. Moreover, fluorometric analyses of hybridization of DNA oligonucleotides inside PEGDA hydrogels shed light on the mechanisms of recognition in 3D, highlighting that mesh size and crowding effect greatly impact the hybridization mechanism on a polymer network. Finally, we found the best probe density and diffusion transport conditions to allow the specific oligonucleotide capture and detection inside PEGDA hydrogels for oligonucleotide detection and the filtering out of higher molecular weight molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Mazzarotta
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (T.M.C.); (L.R.); (P.A.N.)
| | - Tania Mariastella Caputo
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (T.M.C.); (L.R.); (P.A.N.)
| | - Luca Raiola
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (T.M.C.); (L.R.); (P.A.N.)
| | - Edmondo Battista
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy;
| | - Paolo Antonio Netti
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, 80125 Naples, Italy; (A.M.); (T.M.C.); (L.R.); (P.A.N.)
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy;
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica del Materiali e della Produzione Industriale (DICMAPI), University “Federico II”, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Filippo Causa
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy;
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica del Materiali e della Produzione Industriale (DICMAPI), University “Federico II”, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
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Vasil’kov A, Rubina M, Naumkin A, Buzin M, Dorovatovskii P, Peters G, Zubavichus Y. Cellulose-Based Hydrogels and Aerogels Embedded with Silver Nanoparticles: Preparation and Characterization. Gels 2021; 7:82. [PMID: 34287283 PMCID: PMC8293180 DOI: 10.3390/gels7030082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The paper presents the preparation and characterization of novel composite materials based on microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) with silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) in powder and gel forms. We use a promising synthetic conception to form the novel composite biomaterials. At first MCC was modified with colloidal solution of Ag NPs in isopropyl alcohol prepared via metal vapor synthesis. Then Ag-containing MCC powder was used as precursor for further preparation of the gels. The hydrogels were prepared by dissolving pristine MCC and MCC-based composite at low temperatures in aqueous alkali solution and gelation at elevated temperature. To prepare aerogels the drying in supercritical carbon dioxide was implemented. The as-prepared cellulose composites were characterized in terms of morphology, structure, and phase composition. Since many functional properties, including biological activity, in metal-composites are determined by the nature of the metal-to-polymer matrix interaction, the electronic state of the metal was carefully studied. The studied cellulose-based materials containing biologically active Ag NPs may be of interest for use as wound healing or water-purification materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Vasil’kov
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 ul. Vavilova, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.V.); (A.N.); (M.B.)
| | - Margarita Rubina
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 ul. Vavilova, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.V.); (A.N.); (M.B.)
| | - Alexander Naumkin
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 ul. Vavilova, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.V.); (A.N.); (M.B.)
| | - Mikhail Buzin
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 ul. Vavilova, 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.V.); (A.N.); (M.B.)
| | - Pavel Dorovatovskii
- National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, 1 pl. Akademika Kurchatova, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (P.D.); (G.P.)
| | - Georgy Peters
- National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, 1 pl. Akademika Kurchatova, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (P.D.); (G.P.)
| | - Yan Zubavichus
- Federal Research Center Boreskov Institute of Catalysis, Lavrentiev Ave. 5, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
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16
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Sharma G, Alle M, Chakraborty C, Kim JC. Strategies for transdermal drug delivery against bone disorders: A preclinical and clinical update. J Control Release 2021; 336:375-395. [PMID: 34175368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The transdermal drug delivery system is an exceptionally safe and well-tolerable therapeutic approach that has immense potential for delivering active components against bone-related pathologies. However, its use is limited in the current clinical practices due to the low skin permeability of most active drugs in the formulation. Thus, innovations in the methodologies of skin permeation enhancement techniques are suggested to overcome this limitation. Although various transdermal drug delivery systems are studied to date, there are insufficient studies comparing the therapeutic efficacy of transdermal delivery systems to oral delivery systems. Thus, creating a decision-making dilemma between oral or transdermal therapies. Therefore, a timely review is inevitable to develop a platform for future researchers to develop next-generation transdermal drug delivery strategies against skeletal diseases that must be convenient and cost-effective for the patients with improved therapeutic efficacy. Here, we will outline the most recent strategies that can overcome the choice limitation of the drug and enhance the transdermal adsorption of various types of drugs to treat bone disorders. For the first time, in this review paper, we will highlight the preclinical and clinical studies on the different transdermal delivery methods. Thus, providing insight into the current therapeutic approaches and suggesting new directions for the advancements in transdermal drug delivery systems against bone disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Sharma
- Department of Biomedical Science & Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Madhusudhan Alle
- Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Chiranjib Chakraborty
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Adamas University, Barasat-Barrackpore Rd, Kolkata, West Bengal 700126, India
| | - Jin-Chul Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science & Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea.
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Saberi-Riseh R, Moradi-Pour M, Mohammadinejad R, Thakur VK. Biopolymers for Biological Control of Plant Pathogens: Advances in Microencapsulation of Beneficial Microorganisms. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1938. [PMID: 34200966 PMCID: PMC8230584 DOI: 10.3390/polym13121938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of biofertilizers, including biocontrol agents such as Pseudomonas and Bacillus in agriculture can increase soil characteristics and plant acquisition of nutrients and enhancement the efficiency of manure and mineral fertilizer. Despite the problems that liquid and solid formulations have in maintaining the viability of microbial agents, encapsulation can improve their application with extended shelf-life, and controlled release from formulations. Research into novel formulation methods especially encapsulation techniques has increased in recent years due to the mounting demand for microbial biological control. The application of polymeric materials in agriculture has developed recently as a replacement for traditional materials and considered an improvement in technological processes in the growing of crops. This study aims to overview of types of biopolymers and methods used for encapsulation of living biological control agents, especially microbial organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roohallah Saberi-Riseh
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan 7718893514, Iran;
| | - Mojde Moradi-Pour
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan 7718893514, Iran;
| | - Reza Mohammadinejad
- Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7618866749, Iran;
| | - Vijay Kumar Thakur
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
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Magli S, Rossi L, Consentino C, Bertini S, Nicotra F, Russo L. Combined Analytical Approaches to Standardize and Characterize Biomaterials Formulations: Application to Chitosan-Gelatin Cross-Linked Hydrogels. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11050683. [PMID: 34062918 PMCID: PMC8147276 DOI: 10.3390/biom11050683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A protocol based on the combination of different analytical methodologies is proposed to standardize the experimental conditions for reproducible formulations of hybrid hydrogels. The final hybrid material, based on the combination of gelatin and chitosan functionalized with methylfuran and cross-linked with 4-arm-PEG-maleimide, is able to mimic role, dynamism, and structural complexity of the extracellular matrix. Physical-chemical properties of starting polymers and finals constructs were characterized exploiting the combination of HP-SEC-TDA, UV, FT-IR, NMR, and TGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Magli
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (S.M.); (L.R.); (F.N.)
- BioNanoMedicine Center, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Rossi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (S.M.); (L.R.); (F.N.)
- BioNanoMedicine Center, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Cesare Consentino
- G. Ronzoni Institute for Chemical and Biochemical Research, 20126 Milan, Italy; (C.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Sabrina Bertini
- G. Ronzoni Institute for Chemical and Biochemical Research, 20126 Milan, Italy; (C.C.); (S.B.)
| | - Francesco Nicotra
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (S.M.); (L.R.); (F.N.)
- BioNanoMedicine Center, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Russo
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (S.M.); (L.R.); (F.N.)
- BioNanoMedicine Center, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
- CÚRAM SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0264483462
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