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Iguarbe V, Romero P, Elduque A, Giménez R. Silver Dendritic Gels with Luminescence and Aggregation-Induced Emission Effect. Gels 2024; 10:291. [PMID: 38786209 PMCID: PMC11120864 DOI: 10.3390/gels10050291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This work reports on a novel family of silver metallogels based on discrete coordination complexes. Structurally, they consist of dendrimers containing a trinuclear silver metallacycle at the core, with the general formula [M(μ-pz)]3, and poly(benzyl)ether branched structures with different numbers or terminal alkoxy chains at the periphery. These silver metallodendrimers are able to gel low-polarity solvents such as dodecane or cyclohexane, giving rise to luminescent organogels at room temperature with the property of aggregation-induced emission (AIE). This property means that in solution or the sol state, they are weak emitters, but in the gel state, luminescence is considerably increased. In this particular case, they exhibit blue luminescence. Two different dendritic scaffolds have been studied, finding significant differences in solubility, gel formation and dependence of luminescence on temperature. The results show that properly tailored silver gelators can show luminescence in the gel state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Iguarbe
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pilar Romero
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Anabel Elduque
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Raquel Giménez
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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Grover G, Brothers AB, Weiss RG. Molecular and Aggregate Structural, Thermal, Mechanical and Photophysical Properties of Long-Chain Amide Gelators Containing an α-Diketo Group in the Presence or Absence of a Tertiary Amine Group. Gels 2022; 9:gels9010036. [PMID: 36661803 PMCID: PMC9857964 DOI: 10.3390/gels9010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Three structurally related gelators, each containing octadecyl chains, an α-diketo group at the 9,10 positions, and each with a different N-amide group-isobutyl (DIBA), isopentyl (DIPA) or N-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl) (DMEA)-have been synthesized. Their neat structures as well as the thermal mechanical, and photophysical properties in their gel states with various liquids have been investigated. The gelator networks of DIBA and DIPA in octane, hexylbenzene and silicone oil consist of bundles of fibers. These gels are partially thixotropic and mechanically, thermally (to above their melting or silicone oil gelation temperatures), and photophysically stable. They are mechanically and thermally stronger than the gels formed with DMEA, the gelator with a tertiary amine group. The lone pair of electrons of the tertiary amine group leads to an intra-molecular or inter-molecular charge-transfer interaction, depending on whether the sample is a solution, sol, or gel. Neat, solid DMEA does not undergo the charge-transfer process because its amino and diketo groups are separated spatially by a large distance in the crystalline state and cannot diffuse into proximity. However, the solution of DIPA upon the addition of triethylamine becomes unstable over time at room temperature in the dark or (more rapidly) when irradiated, which initiates the aforementioned charge-transfer processes. The eventual reaction of the gelators in the presence of a tertiary amine group is ascribed to electron transfer from the lone-pair on nitrogen to an α-diketo group, followed by proton transfer to an oxygen atom on the anion radical of the α-diketo group from a methyl or methylene group attached to the nitrogen atom of the cation radical. Finally, the formation of an α-diketyl radical leads to irreversible electronic and structural changes that are observed over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girishma Grover
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Soft Matter Synthesis and Metrology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | | | - Richard G. Weiss
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Soft Matter Synthesis and Metrology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Correspondence:
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Mondal B, Gupta VK, Hansda B, Bhoumik A, Mondal T, Majumder HK, Edwards-Gayle CJC, Hamley IW, Jaisankar P, Banerjee A. Amino acid containing amphiphilic hydrogelators with antibacterial and antiparasitic activities. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:7201-7216. [PMID: 36098333 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00562j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale self-assembly of peptide constructs represents a promising means to present bioactive motifs to develop new functional materials. Here, we present a series of peptide amphiphiles which form hydrogels based on β-sheet nanofibril networks, several of which have very promising anti-microbial and anti-parasitic activities, in particular against multiple strains of Leishmania including drug-resistant ones. Aromatic amino acid based amphiphilic supramolecular gelators C14-Phe-CONH-(CH2)n-NH2 (n = 6 for P1 and n = 2 for P3) and C14-Trp-CONH-(CH2)n-NH2 (n = 6 for P2 and n = 2 for P4) have been synthesized and characterized, and their self-assembly and gelation behaviour have been investigated in the presence of ultrapure water (P1, P2, and P4) or 2% DMSO(v/v) in ultrapure water (P3). The rheological, morphological and structural properties of the gels have been comprehensively examined. The amphiphilic gelators (P1 and P3) were found to be active against both Gram-positive bacteria B. subtilis and Gram-negative bacteria E. coli and P. aeruginosa. Interestingly, amphiphiles P1 and P3 containing an L-phenylalanine residue show both antibacterial and antiparasitic activities. Herein, we report that synthetic amphiphiles with an amino acid residue exhibit a potent anti-protozoan activity and are cytotoxic towards a wide array of protozoal parasites, which includes Indian varieties of Leishmania donovani and also kill resistant parasitic strains including BHU-575, MILR and CPTR cells. These gelators are highly cytotoxic to promastigotes of Leishmania and trigger apoptotic-like events inside the parasite. The mechanism of killing the parasite is shown and these gelators are non-cytotoxic to host macrophage cells indicating the potential use of these gels as therapeutic agents against multiple forms of leishmaniasis in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biplab Mondal
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India.
| | - Vivek Kumar Gupta
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Chemical Biology, Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata-700 032, India.
| | - Biswanath Hansda
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India.
| | - Arpita Bhoumik
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata-700 032, India
| | - Tanushree Mondal
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India.
| | - Hemanta K Majumder
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata-700 032, India
| | | | - Ian W Hamley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AD, UK
| | - Parasuraman Jaisankar
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Chemical Biology, Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata-700 032, India.
| | - Arindam Banerjee
- School of Biological Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India.
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Rajasekar M, Lavanya M. Gel scaffolds and emerging applications in biomedicine. RSC Adv 2022; 12:15925-15949. [PMID: 35733685 PMCID: PMC9134220 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00924b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, gels are formed by small molecules self-assembling under the influence of various non-covalent interactions. They can be easily perturbed, which allows for the careful tweaking of their properties. They are kinetically confined, and following production, they usually do not demonstrate time-variable changes in material properties. When exposed to external stimuli such as temperature, pH, light, enzymes, redox, and chemical analytes, such materials may become switchable, leading to the reconfiguration of the gel matrix into a different type of network. The transformations allow gel-to-gel transitions, while the changes in the molecular aggregation result in the alteration of the physical and chemical properties of the gel with time. Here, we discuss various methods used to achieve gel-to-gel transitions by modifying a pre-formed gel material through external perturbation. The dynamic modification of gels allows the construction of an array of gels with various properties from a single material, which eventually extends the limit of application of the gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mani Rajasekar
- Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed to be University) Chennai - 600 119 Tamilnadu India +91-44-24503814 +91-9710230530
| | - Manivannan Lavanya
- Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology (Deemed to be University) Chennai - 600 119 Tamilnadu India +91-44-24503814 +91-9710230530
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Walunj MB, Srivatsan SG. Heterocycle-modified 2'-Deoxyguanosine Nucleolipid Analogs Stabilize Guanosine Gels and Self-assemble to Form Green Fluorescent Gels. Chem Asian J 2021; 17:e202101163. [PMID: 34817121 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202101163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoside-lipid conjugates are very useful supramolecular building blocks to construct self-assembled architectures suited for biomedical and material applications. Such nucleoside derivatives can be further synthetically manipulated to endow additional functionalities that could augment the assembling process and impart interesting properties. Here, we report the design, synthesis and self-assembling process of multifunctional supramolecular nucleolipid synthons containing an environment-sensitive fluorescent guanine. The amphiphilic synthons are composed of an 8-(2-(benzofuran-2-yl)vinyl)-guanine core and alkyl chains attached to 3'-O and 5'-O-positions of 2'-deoxyguanosine. The 2-(benzofuran-2-yl)vinyl (BFV) moiety attached at the C8 position of the nucleobase adopted a syn conformation about the glycosidic bond, which facilitated the self-assembly process through the formation of a G-tetrad as the basic unit. While 3',5'-diacylated BFV-modified dG analog stabilized the guanosine hydrogel by hampering the crystallization process and imparted fluorescence, BFV-modified dGs containing longer alkyl chains formed a green fluorescent organogel, which transformed into a yellow fluorescent gel in the presence of a complementary non-fluorescent cytidine nucleolipid. The ability of the dG analog containing short alkyl chains to modulate the mechanical property of a gel, and interesting fluorescence properties and self-assembling behavior exhibited by the dG analogs containing long alkyl chains in response to heat and complementary base underscore the potential use of these new supramolecular synthons in material applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha B Walunj
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India
| | - Seergazhi G Srivatsan
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune, 411008, India
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Makeiff D, Cho J, Godbert N, Smith B, Azyat K, Wagner A, Kulka M, Carlini R. Supramolecular gels from alkylated benzimidazolone derivatives. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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