1
|
Zieff G, Cornwall J, Blue MN, Smith-Ryan AE, Stoner L. Ultrasound-based measurement of central adiposity: Key considerations and guidelines. Obes Rev 2024; 25:e13716. [PMID: 38418428 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Central adiposity, which is visceral and subcutaneous adiposity in the abdominal region, is a known risk factor for developing chronic cardiometabolic diseases. Central adiposity can be measured relatively inexpensively using ultrasound. Ultrasound has been shown to be precise and reliable, with measurement accuracy comparable to computed tomography and magnetic resonance. Despite the advantages conferred by ultrasound, widespread adoption has been hindered by lack of reliable standard operating procedures. To consolidate the literature and bring clarity to the use of ultrasound-derived measures of central adiposity, this review outlines (i) the [patho]physiological importance of central adiposity to cardiometabolic disease risk; (ii) an overview of the history and main technical aspects of ultrasound methodology; (iii) key measurement considerations, including transducer selection, subject preparation, image acquisition, image analysis, and operator training; and (iv) guidelines for standardized ultrasound protocols for measuring central adiposity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Zieff
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Human Movement Science Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jon Cornwall
- Centre for Early Learning in Medicine, Otago Medical School, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Malia N Blue
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Abbie E Smith-Ryan
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lee Stoner
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tsartsapakis I, Bagioka I, Fountoukidou F, Kellis E. A Comparison between Core Stability Exercises and Muscle Thickness Using Two Different Activation Maneuvers. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2024; 9:70. [PMID: 38651428 PMCID: PMC11036226 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk9020070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Core stability training is crucial for competitive athletes, individuals who want to improve their health and physical performance, and those undergoing clinical rehabilitation. This study compared the ultrasound (US) muscle thickness of the abdominals and lumbar multifidus (LM) muscles between seven popular trunk stability exercises performed using hollowing and bracing maneuvers. Forty-four healthy young adults, aged between 21 and 32 years, performed a plank, bird dog, beast crawl, dead bug, Pilates tap, bridge, and side planks using the bracing and the hollowing maneuver. The thickness of the transversus abdominis (TrA), internal oblique (IO), and LM muscles was measured simultaneously using two ultrasound machines. Analysis of variance designs indicated that during hollowing, the bird dog and side plank exercises resulted in the greatest increase in the muscle's relative thickness overall. The relative thickness of all muscles was significantly greater (p < 0.001) during hollowing (22.7 ± 7.80 to 106 ± 24.5% of rest) compared to bracing (18.7 ± 7.40 to 87.1 ± 20.9% of rest). The TrA showed the greatest increase in thickness (p < 0.001) compared to the IO and LM. Additionally, the IO had a greater increase in thickness (p < 0.001) than the LM. In conclusion, our findings indicate that the bird dog and side plank exercises, when performed with hollowing, showed the most significant total muscle thickness increase. Notably, the hollowing maneuver enhances the thickness of the TrA, IO, and LM muscles more than the bracing maneuver. This contributes to the discussion on optimal strategies for dynamic core stabilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Tsartsapakis
- Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 62100 Serres, Greece
| | | | | | - Eleftherios Kellis
- Laboratory of Neuromechanics, Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 62100 Serres, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kim M, Yoon K, Lee S, Shin MS, Kim KG. Development of an Artificial Soft Solid Gel Using Gelatin Material for High-Quality Ultrasound Diagnosis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:335. [PMID: 38337851 PMCID: PMC10855452 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14030335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
For ultrasound diagnosis, a gel is applied to the skin. Ultrasound gel serves to block air exposure and match impedance between the skin and the probe, enhancing imaging efficiency. However, if use of the ultrasound gel exceeds a certain period of time, it may dry out and be exposed to air, causing impedance mismatch and reducing imaging resolution. In such cases, the use of a soft, solid gel proves advantageous, as it can be employed for an extended period without succumbing to the drying phenomenon and can be reused after disinfection. Its soft consistency ensures excellent skin adhesion. Our soft solid gel demonstrated approximately 1.2 times better performance than water, silicone, and traditional ultrasound gels. When comparing the dimensions of grayscale, dead zone, vertical, and horizontal regions, the measurements for the traditional ultrasound gel were 93.79 mm, 45.32 mm, 103.13 mm, 83.86 mm, and 83.86 mm, respectively. In contrast, the proposed soft solid gel exhibited dimensions of 105.64 mm, 34.48 mm, 141.1 mm, and 102.8 mm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minchan Kim
- Medical Devices R&D Center, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, 21, 774 Beon-gil, Namdong-daero, Namdong-gu, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea; (M.K.); (K.Y.); (S.L.)
| | - Kicheol Yoon
- Medical Devices R&D Center, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, 21, 774 Beon-gil, Namdong-daero, Namdong-gu, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea; (M.K.); (K.Y.); (S.L.)
- Premedicine Course, College of Medicine, Gachon University, 38-13, 3 Beon-gil, Dokjom-ro 3, Namdong-gu, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangyun Lee
- Medical Devices R&D Center, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, 21, 774 Beon-gil, Namdong-daero, Namdong-gu, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea; (M.K.); (K.Y.); (S.L.)
- Department of Health and Safety Convergence Sciences & Health and Environmental Convergence Sciences, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Seung Shin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, 21 Namdong-daero 774 Beon-gil, Namdong-gu, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Gi Kim
- Medical Devices R&D Center, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, 21, 774 Beon-gil, Namdong-daero, Namdong-gu, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea; (M.K.); (K.Y.); (S.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science, Gachon University, 191 Hambak-moero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (GAIHST), Gachon University, 38-13, 3 Beon-gil, Dokjom-ro, Namdong-gu, Incheon 21565, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Thaker N, Dhande R, Parihar P. Role of Transvaginal Sonography in the Diagnosis of Female Infertility: A Comprehensive Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e50048. [PMID: 38186406 PMCID: PMC10767472 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.50048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Female infertility, a complex and emotionally challenging condition, impacts millions of women worldwide. Timely and accurate diagnosis is crucial for tailoring effective solutions to overcome fertility challenges. Transvaginal sonography, a real-time and non-invasive imaging modality, is pivotal in this diagnostic process. This review focuses on the structural abnormalities of the female reproductive system related to female infertility, particularly highlighting the capabilities of transvaginal sonography in assessing ovulatory disorders, structural anomalies, endometrial conditions, ovarian reserve, and other contributing factors. It is important to note that while transvaginal sonography excels in detecting structural abnormalities, it may not effectively identify lifestyle and hormonal changes. This limitation underscores the necessity for a comprehensive diagnostic approach that includes additional modalities to address the multifaceted nature of female infertility. Despite acknowledging the inherent limitations and operator dependence of transvaginal sonography, we emphasize its significance in guiding clinicians toward well-informed decisions and personalized treatment plans. Looking forward, we anticipate the continual evolution of sonographic technology, offering enhanced diagnostic capabilities. The commitment to improving fertility outcomes for individuals and couples navigating the intricate path toward parenthood remains paramount. In conclusion, a holistic diagnostic approach incorporating various modalities is essential for a thorough understanding and effective management of female infertility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nirja Thaker
- Radiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Rajasbala Dhande
- Radiodiagnosis, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Pratapsingh Parihar
- Radiology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Du Y, Du W, Lin D, Ai M, Li S, Zhang L. Recent Progress on Hydrogel-Based Piezoelectric Devices for Biomedical Applications. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:167. [PMID: 36677228 PMCID: PMC9862259 DOI: 10.3390/mi14010167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Flexible electronics have great potential in the application of wearable and implantable devices. Through suitable chemical alteration, hydrogels, which are three-dimensional polymeric networks, demonstrate amazing stretchability and flexibility. Hydrogel-based electronics have been widely used in wearable sensing devices because of their biomimetic structure, biocompatibility, and stimuli-responsive electrical properties. Recently, hydrogel-based piezoelectric devices have attracted intensive attention because of the combination of their unique piezoelectric performance and conductive hydrogel configuration. This mini review is to give a summary of this exciting topic with a new insight into the design and strategy of hydrogel-based piezoelectric devices. We first briefly review the representative synthesis methods and strategies of hydrogels. Subsequently, this review provides several promising biomedical applications, such as bio-signal sensing, energy harvesting, wound healing, and ultrasonic stimulation. In the end, we also provide a personal perspective on the future strategies and address the remaining challenges on hydrogel-based piezoelectric electronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Du
- Department of Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90018, USA
| | - Wenya Du
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Dabin Lin
- Shaanxi Province Key Laboratory of Thin Films Technology and Optical Test, School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Xi’an Technological University, Xi’an 710032, China
| | - Minghao Ai
- College of Engineering and Computer Science, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13202, USA
| | - Songhang Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Franklin & Marshall College, Lancaster, PA 17604, USA
| | - Lin Zhang
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Editorial on Special Issue: "Dynamics of Gels and Its Applications". Gels 2022; 8:gels8120805. [PMID: 36547329 PMCID: PMC9777818 DOI: 10.3390/gels8120805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gels are polymer networks swollen in various solvents [...].
Collapse
|
7
|
Oglat AA. Performance Evaluation of an Ultrasonic Imaging System Using Tissue-Mimicking Phantoms for Quality Assurance. Biomimetics (Basel) 2022; 7:biomimetics7030130. [PMID: 36134934 PMCID: PMC9496229 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics7030130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnostic ultrasound or sonography is an image that can provide valuable information for diagnosing and treating a variety of diseases and conditions. The aim of this research study is to examine the performance and accuracy of the ultrasonic imaging system for the guarantee of diagnosis quality assurance, and to adjust the penetration settings to minimize the time of repeat scans and maintenance duration during research experiments. Measurements in this experiment included the resolution (axial and lateral) and focal zones. Moreover, the evaluation was done by completing all the measurements at different depths on a multipurpose phantom model 539. The phantom was bought from the market and was not fabricated by the author. The measurements were achieved by applying two different transducers: curved and linear (flat). The ultrasound images were obtained and tested by using calipers (electronic), and the estimations and observations were read by using all the taken measurements and images. As a result, because the phantom depths were different, the penetration settings were different too, indicating that the depth impacted the penetrations of the created ultrasound image. Moreover, after the comparison of the recorded measurements and results, it was found that all measurements were within the accepted (standard) value and that the true value was specified by the production of the phantom.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ammar A Oglat
- Department of Medical Imaging, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sakran W, Abdel-Rashid RS, Saleh F, Abdel-Monem R. Ethosomal gel for rectal transmucosal delivery of domperidone: design of experiment, in vitro, and in vivo evaluation. Drug Deliv 2022; 29:1477-1491. [PMID: 35543451 PMCID: PMC9103489 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2022.2072542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite high efficiency of domperidone (DOM) in prophylaxis of emesis accompanied with radiotherapy and chemotherapy, it still can bother cancer patients by its powerful side effects and difficulty of its oral administration. The study was designed to develop and optimize DOM loaded ethosomal gel for rectal transmucosal delivery. Ethosomal formulations were prepared using a 21, 51 full-factorial design where the impact of lecithin concentration and additives were investigated. The optimum ethosomal vesicles were subsequently incorporated in Carbopol gel base where rheological behavior, spreadability, mucoadhesion, and in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters were studied. Based on Design Expert® software (Stat Ease, Inc., Minneapolis, MN), the optimum formulation illustrated entrapment efficiency of 70.02%±5.52%, and vesicular size of 112 ± 3.3 nm, polydispersity index of 0.32 ± 0.01, zeta potential of −59 ± 0.28 mV, and % drug released after 6 h of 76.30%±2.45%. Moreover, ex vivo permeation through rabbit intestinal mucosa increased four times compared to free DOM suspension. The gel loaded with ethosomes showed excellent mucoadhesion to rectal mucosa. DOM ethosomal gel showed a raise in Cmax and AUC0–48 of DOM by twofolds compared to free DOM gel. The study suggested that ethosomes incorporated in gels could be an efficient candidate for rectal transmucosal delivery of DOM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wedad Sakran
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rania S Abdel-Rashid
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Fatma Saleh
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Raghda Abdel-Monem
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|