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Uronnachi E, Nakpheng T, Gugu T, Srichana T. Formulation and Antimycotic Evaluation of Colloidal Itraconazole-Loaded Metered Dose Sprays for Treating Superficial Mycoses. AAPS PharmSciTech 2024; 25:156. [PMID: 38981986 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-024-02879-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Commercial topical formulations containing itraconazole (poorly water soluble), for mycotic infections, have poor penetration to infection sites beneath the nails and skin thereby necessitating oral administration. To improve penetration, colloidal solutions of itraconazole (G1-G4) containing Poloxamer 188, tween 80, ethanol, and propylene glycol were prepared and incorporated into HFA-134-containing sprays. Formulations were characterized using particle size, drug content, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). In vitro permeation studies were performed using Franz diffusion cells for 8 h. Antimycotic activity on Candida albicans and Trichophyton rubrum was performed using broth micro-dilution and flow cytometry, while cytotoxicity was tested on HaCaT cell lines. Particle size ranged from 39.35-116.80 nm. FTIR and drug content revealed that G1 was the most stable formulation (optimized formulation). In vitro release over 2 h was 45% for G1 and 34% for the cream. There was a twofold increase in skin permeation, fivefold intradermal retention, and a sevenfold increase in nail penetration of G1 over the cream. Minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFC) against C. albicans were 0.156 and 0.313 µg/mL for G1 and cream, respectively. The formulations showed optimum killing kinetics after 48 h. MFC values against T. rubrum were 0.312 and 0.625 µg/mL for the G1 and cream, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy revealed organelle destruction and cell leakage for G1 in both organisms and penetration of keratin layers to destroy T. rubrum. Cytotoxicity evaluation of G1 showed relative safety for skin cells. The G1 formulation showed superior skin permeation, nail penetration, and fungicidal activity compared with the cream formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Uronnachi
- Drug Delivery Systems Excellence Center and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90112, Songkhla, Thailand
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Agulu, Anambra State, Nigeria
| | - Titpawan Nakpheng
- Drug Delivery Systems Excellence Center and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90112, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Thaddeus Gugu
- Drug Delivery Systems Excellence Center and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90112, Songkhla, Thailand
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria
| | - Teerapol Srichana
- Drug Delivery Systems Excellence Center and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90112, Songkhla, Thailand.
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Lunter D, Klang V, Eichner A, Savic SM, Savic S, Lian G, Erdő F. Progress in Topical and Transdermal Drug Delivery Research-Focus on Nanoformulations. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:817. [PMID: 38931938 PMCID: PMC11207871 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Skin is the largest organ and a multifunctional interface between the body and its environment. It acts as a barrier against cold, heat, injuries, infections, chemicals, radiations or other exogeneous factors, and it is also known as the mirror of the soul. The skin is involved in body temperature regulation by the storage of fat and water. It is an interesting tissue in regard to the local and transdermal application of active ingredients for prevention or treatment of pathological conditions. Topical and transdermal delivery is an emerging route of drug and cosmetic administration. It is beneficial for avoiding side effects and rapid metabolism. Many pharmaceutical, technological and cosmetic innovations have been described and patented recently in the field. In this review, the main features of skin morphology and physiology are presented and are being followed by the description of classical and novel nanoparticulate dermal and transdermal drug formulations. The biophysical aspects of the penetration of drugs and cosmetics into or across the dermal barrier and their investigation in diffusion chambers, skin-on-a-chip devices, high-throughput measuring systems or with advanced analytical techniques are also shown. The current knowledge about mathematical modeling of skin penetration and the future perspectives are briefly discussed in the end, all also involving nanoparticulated systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Lunter
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany;
| | - Victoria Klang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Vienna, 1010 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Adina Eichner
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06108 Halle, Germany;
- Institute of Applied Dermatopharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (IADP) e.V., 06108 Halle, Germany
| | - Sanela M. Savic
- Faculty of Technology in Leskovac, University of Niš, 16000 Leskovac, Serbia;
- R&D Sector, DCP Hemigal, 16000 Leskovac, Serbia
| | - Snezana Savic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Cosmetology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Guoping Lian
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK;
- Unilever R&D Colworth, Sharnbrook, Bedford MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Franciska Erdő
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
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Raut S, Azheruddin M, Kumar R, Singh S, Giram PS, Datta D. Lecithin Organogel: A Promising Carrier for the Treatment of Skin Diseases. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:9865-9885. [PMID: 38463343 PMCID: PMC10918684 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Skin is the largest organ of the human body, as it protects the body from the external environment. Nowadays, skin diseases and skin problems are more common, and millions of people are affected daily. Skin diseases are due to numerous infectious pathogens or inflammatory conditions. The increasing demand for theoretical research and practical applications has led to the rising prominence of gel as a semisolid material. To this end, organogels has been widely explored due to their unique composition, which includes organic solvents and mineral or vegetable oils, among others. Organogels can be described as semisolid systems wherein an organic liquid phase is confined within a three-dimensional framework consisting of self-assembled, cross-linked, or entangled gelator fibers. These gels have the ability to undergo significant expansion and retain substantial amounts of the liquid phase, reaching up to 99% swelling capacity. Furthermore, they respond to a range of physical and chemical stimuli, including temperature, light, pH, and mechanical deformation. Notably, due to their distinctive properties, they have aroused significant interest in a variety of practical applications. Organogels favor the significant encapsulation and enhanced permeation of hydrophobic molecules when compared with hydrogels. Accordingly, organogels are characterized into lecithin organogels, pluronic lecithin organogels, sorbitan monostearate-based organogels, and eudragit organogels, among others, based on the nature of their network and the solvent system. Lecithin organogels contain lecithin (natural and safe as a living cell component) as an organogelator. It acts as a good penetration enhancer. In this review, first we have summarized the fundamental concepts related to the elemental structure of organogels, including their various forms, distinctive features, methods of manufacture, and diverse applications. Nonetheless, this review also sheds light on the delivery of therapeutic molecules entrapped in the lecithin organogel system into deep tissue for the management of skin diseases and provides a synopsis of their clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil Raut
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Dr. DY Patil Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra 411018, India
| | - Mohammed Azheruddin
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Dr. DY Patil Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra 411018, India
| | - Rajeev Kumar
- Lloyd
Institute of Management and Technology, Plot No. 11, Knowledge Park-II, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201306, India
| | - Shivani Singh
- Lloyd
Institute of Management and Technology, Plot No. 11, Knowledge Park-II, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201306, India
| | - Prabhanjan S. Giram
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Dr. DY Patil Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra 411018, India
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at
Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260, United States
| | - Deepanjan Datta
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
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Hathout RM, Ishak RAH, Shakshak DH. Do the chitosan nanoparticles really augment the drugs' transdermal fluxes: ending the debate using meta-analysis. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2024; 21:325-335. [PMID: 38340063 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2024.2317935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Transdermal delivery has been extensively investigated as a successful alternative to the oral and parenteral routes of administration. The use of polymeric nanoparticles as drug delivery systems through this route has always been controversial. The use of meta-analyses is a useful quantitative means to decide upon the efficiency of this type of vehicles transporting drugs through the skin. AREAS COVERED In this meta-analysis study, polymeric nanoparticles were quantitatively compared to conventional formulations in order to investigate the feasibility of using these particles in transdermal delivery. Natural versus synthetic polymeric sub-groups were also contrasted to determine the most efficient class for transdermal drug enhancement. EXPERT OPINION Meta-analyses are gaining ground in the drug delivery field as they can exploit the mines of the literature and pick up by statistical evidence the superior formulations administered through several routes of administration. This is the first study that utilized the transdermal fluxes as the meta-analysis study effect and could prove the superiority of natural polymeric nanoparticles in transdermal delivery. In our opinion, there is paucity in research work regarding this type of nanocarriers, specifically on chitosan nanoparticles. More studies are warranted for full exploitation of its benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania M Hathout
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Rania A H Ishak
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Doaa H Shakshak
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Zahra FT, Quick Q, Mu R. Electrospun PVA Fibers for Drug Delivery: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3837. [PMID: 37765691 PMCID: PMC10536586 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Innovation in biomedical science is always a field of interest for researchers. Drug delivery, being one of the key areas of biomedical science, has gained considerable significance. The utilization of simple yet effective techniques such as electrospinning has undergone significant development in the field of drug delivery. Various polymers such as PEG (polyethylene glycol), PLGA (Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)), PLA(Polylactic acid), and PCA (poly(methacrylate citric acid)) have been utilized to prepare electrospinning-based drug delivery systems (DDSs). Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) has recently gained attention because of its biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity, and ideal mechanical properties as these are the key factors in developing DDSs. Moreover, it has shown promising results in developing DDSs individually and when combined with natural and synthetic polymers such as chitosan and polycaprolactone (PCL). Considering the outstanding properties of PVA, the aim of this review paper was therefore to summarize these recent advances by highlighting the potential of electrospun PVA for drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima T. Zahra
- TIGER Institute, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA
| | - Quincy Quick
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA
| | - Richard Mu
- TIGER Institute, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA
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Shah SM, Joshi D, Chbib C, Roni MA, Uddin MN. The Autoinducer N-Octanoyl-L-Homoserine Lactone (C8-HSL) as a Potential Adjuvant in Vaccine Formulations. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16050713. [PMID: 37242496 DOI: 10.3390/ph16050713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoinducers AI-1 and AI-2 play an important role in bacterial quorum sensing (QS), a form of chemical communication between bacteria. The autoinducer N-octanoyl-L-Homoserinehomoserine lactone (C8-HSL) serves as a major inter- and intraspecies communicator or 'signal', mainly for Gram-negative bacteria. C8-HSL is proposed to have immunogenic properties. The aim of this project is to evaluate C8-HSL as a potential vaccine adjuvant. For this purpose, a microparticulate formulation was developed. The C8-HSL microparticles (MPs) were formulated by a water/oil/water (W/O/W) double-emulsion solvent evaporation method using PLGA (poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)) polymer. We tested C8-HSL MPs with two spray-dried bovine serum albumin (BSA)-encapsulated bacterial antigens: colonization factor antigen I (CFA/I) from Escherichia coli (E. coli.) and the inactive protective antigen (PA) from Bacillus anthracis (B. anthracis). We formulated and tested C8-HSL MP to determine its immunogenicity potential and its ability to serve as an adjuvant with particulate vaccine formulations. An in vitro immunogenicity assessment was performed using Griess's assay, which indirectly measures the nitric oxide radical (NOˑ) released by dendritic cells (DCs). The C8-HSL MP adjuvant was compared with FDA-approved adjuvants to determine its immunogenicity potential. C8-HSL MP was combined with particulate vaccines for measles, Zika and the marketed influenza vaccine. The cytotoxicity study showed that MPs were non-cytotoxic toward DCs. Griess's assay showed a comparable release of NOˑ from DCs when exposed to CFA and PA bacterial antigens. Nitric oxide radical (NOˑ) release was significantly higher when C8-HSL MPs were combined with particulate vaccines for measles and Zika. C8-HSL MPs showed immunostimulatory potential when combined with the influenza vaccine. The results showed that C8-HSL MPs were as immunogenic as FDA-approved adjuvants such as alum, MF59, and CpG. This proof-of-concept study showed that C8-HSL MP displayed adjuvant potential when combined with several particulate vaccines, indicating that C8-HSL MPs can increase the immunogenicity of both bacterial and viral vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarthak M Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Devyani Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
| | - Christiane Chbib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Larkin University, Miami, FL 33169, USA
| | - Monzurul A Roni
- Department of Health Sciences Education and Pathology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Peoria, IL 61605, USA
| | - Mohammad N Uddin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA 30341, USA
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Elsayed SI, Girgis GNS, El-Dahan MS. Formulation and Evaluation of Pravastatin Sodium-Loaded PLGA Nanoparticles: In vitro-in vivo Studies Assessment. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:721-742. [PMID: 36816332 PMCID: PMC9936887 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s394701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Pravastatin sodium (PVS) is a hypolipidemic drug which suffers from extensive first-pass metabolism and short half-life. Poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) is considered a promising carrier to improve its hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective activities. Methods PVS-loaded PLGA nanoparticles (PVS-PLGA-NPs) were prepared by double emulsion method using a full 32 factorial design. The in vitro release and the physical stability studies of the optimized PVS-PLGA-NPs (F5) were performed. Finally, both hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective activities of the optimized F5 NPs were studied and compared to PVS solution. Results All the studied physical parameters of the prepared NPs were found in the accepted range. The particle size (PS) ranged from 90 ± 0.125 nm to 179.33 ± 4.509 nm, the poly dispersity index (PDI) ranged from 0.121 ± 0.018 to 0.158 ± 0.014. The optimized NPs (F5) have the highest entrapment efficiency (EE%) (51.7 ± 5%), reasonable PS (168.4 ± 2.506 nm) as well as reasonable zeta potential (ZP) (-28.3 ± 1.18mv). Solid-state characterization indicated that PVS is well entrapped into NPs. All NPs have distinct spherical shape with smooth surface. The prepared NPs showed a controlled release profile. F5 showed good stability at 4 ± 2°C during the whole storage period of 3 months. In vivo study and histopathological examination indicated that F5 NPs showed significant increase in PVS hypolipidemic as well as hepatoprotective activity compared to PVS solution. Conclusion The PVS-PLGA-NPs could be considered a promising model to evade the first-pass effect and showed improvement in the hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective activities compared to PVS solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seham I Elsayed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Dakahlia, Egypt,Correspondence: Seham I Elsayed, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, El-Gomhoria Street, Mansoura, Dakahlia, Egypt, Tel +201066300417, Fax +20504730097, Email
| | - Germeen N S Girgis
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Dakahlia, Egypt
| | - Marwa S El-Dahan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Dakahlia, Egypt
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Kumar L, Kukreti G, Rana R, Chaurasia H, Sharma A, Sharma N, Komal. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic) Acid (PLGA) Nanoparticles and Transdermal Drug Delivery: An Overview. Curr Pharm Des 2023; 29:2940-2953. [PMID: 38173050 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128275385231027054743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles have garnered pharmaceutical industry attention throughout the past decade. PLGA [Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)] is an excellent biodegradable polymer explored for the preparation of nanoparticles that are administered through various routes like intravenous and transdermal. PLGA's versatility makes it a good choice for the preparation of nanoparticles. OBJECTIVE The main objective of this review paper was to summarize methods of preparation and characterization of PLGA nanoparticles along with their role in the transdermal delivery of various therapeutic agents. METHODS A literature survey for the present review paper was done using various search engines like Pubmed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct. RESULTS In comparison to traditional transdermal administration systems, PLGA nanoparticles have demonstrated several benefits in preclinical investigations, including fewer side effects, low dosage frequency, high skin permeability, and simplicity of application. CONCLUSION PLGA nanoparticles can be considered efficient nanocarriers for the transdermal delivery of drugs. Nevertheless, the clinical investigation of PLGA nanoparticles for the transdermal administration of therapeutic agents remains a formidable obstacle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalit Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, GNA School of Pharmacy, GNA University, Phagwara, Punjab 144401, India
| | - Gauree Kukreti
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Sardar Bhagwan Singh University, Balawala Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248161, India
| | - Ritesh Rana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmaceutics), Himachal Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (HIPER), Bela-Nadaun, District-Hamirpur, H.P. 177033, India
| | - Himanshu Chaurasia
- Department of Pharmacy, Quantum School of Health Science, Quantum University, Vill. Mandawar (N.H.73) Roorkee-Dehradun Highway, Roorkee, Uttrakhand 247662, India
| | - Anchal Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shiva Institute of Pharmacy, Chandpur, District-Bilaspur, H.P. 174004, India
| | - Neelam Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Pharmacology), Himachal Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (HIPER), Bela-Nadaun, District-Hamirpur, H.P. 177033, India
| | - Komal
- Department of Pharmacology, Chandigarh College of Pharmacy, Landran, Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar, Punjab 140307, India
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